Female Patriotism Research Articles

The Early Plays; The Middle Period Plays; The Late Plays

The Early Plays; The Middle Period Plays; The Late Plays

Female Patriotism

The American Revolution and the Founding of the American government often reflects the famous figures of Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin and many more male figures. This article focuses on the female experience, looking at two very different women who contributed significantly for the fight for freedom and liberty. Deborah Sampson and Esther Reed reflect two distinct activities of woman’s contributions for the American Revolution. Sampson was a fighter for American freedom by joining the battle, disguising herself as a male solider. Reed stayed within the domestic sphere but would break boundaries within her patriotic role by forming the Ladies Association of Philadelphia. These women and many others perform brave and patriotic actions during the American Revolution and should be recognized just as significant as their male counterparts. A focus on their roles and efforts during the war will reflect their significance.

Політична пропаганда та українська національна ідея у часописі «Українка».

The main topic, genres, articles of the magazine of the Ukrainian Union «Ukrainka» are analyzed. Materials in which women promoted the national idea and formed the national consciousness were investigated. The main thematic content of the patriotic edition is highlighted. The organization of the work of the editorial staff was studied: columns and departments. The main publications in which the authors of the articles carried out political propaganda against the Polish occupation authorities are presented. It is found that the publication of the Ukrainian Union «Ukrainka» shaped female patriotism, aroused political consciousness. The main directions of activity of the women’s patriotic organization of the Union of Ukrainians, which operated in Galicia in the first half of the twentieth century, are indicated.The Ukrainian national idea became a cross-cutting idea for the magazine. The body of the patriotic Ukrainian women’s organization of the Union of Ukrainians played an important role in the political life of Galicia in the first half of the twentieth century, as it united patriotic women in the struggle for political freedoms. The activity of the woman-mother, the woman-guardian of the family hearth, the woman-patriot was supported by the publication as the main ideological component of many articles. Political propaganda in the front pages of «Ukrainka» magazine formed public opinion, first of all, of rural women, who were not always able to read and learn.The article analyzes several important publications that demonstrate the main thematic areas. The «Ukrainka» promoted healthy lifestyles among rural women, and also shaped national values among the population: love of mother tongue, traditions, customs, culture, and homeland. The activities of the Union of Ukrainians and the edition of Ukrainka have become widespread in the country, so the Polish occupation regime has repeatedly confiscated regular numbers and numbers. The importance, influence and role of «Ukrainka» among the Galician population are significant, as political propaganda against hostile authorities and the Ukrainian national idea contributed to the liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people.

The girl who wanted to go to war: female patriotism and gender construction in Australia’s Great War

On the very first Anzac Day commemoration, a young coal miner’s daughter from Kurri Kurri in regional NSW was arrested and charged for illegally wearing the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) uniform. This was the third time that Maud Butler had impersonated a soldier: on the first two occasions, she had actually managed to get aboard a troopship before being discovered by the authorities. Butler’s ‘nonsensical escapades’ (as one reporter termed them) offer an insight into the unstable constructions of gender difference and female patriotism during wartime. This article considers the controversies that surrounded her thwarted attempts to ‘pass’ as a male soldier, in the wider context of patriotism, masculinity and militarism during the First World War. Dissent of anti-war women in Australia in this period challenged masculine control of public space, but it is clear that the activities of pro-war women could do the same. As the authorities’ bemused interventions and the discussions that ensued highlighted, such female enthusiasm for the war effort that Butler displayed threatened existing gender norms and social order. Reframing Butler’s actions to shame reluctant men into enlisting could only imperfectly resolve the challenge her transgressions posed to Australian society, at a time of profound social change and upheaval.

Staging Early Modern Women

A review of Peggy Thompson’s Coyness and Crime in Restoration Comedy: Women’s Desire, Deception, and Agency (Bucknell University Press, 2012) and Brett Wilson’s A Race of Female Patriots: Women and Public Spirit on the British Stage, 1688–1745 (Bucknell University Press, 2012).

A Race of Female Patriots: Women and Public Spirit on the Stage, 1688–1745 by Brett D. Wilson

A Race of Female Patriots: Women and Public Spirit on the Stage, 1688–1745 by Brett D. Wilson

Brett D. Wilson A Race of Female Patriots: Women and Public Spirit on the British Stage, 1688–1745A Race of Female Patriots: Women and Public Spirit on the British Stage, 1688–1745. Brett D. Wilson. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2012. Pp. 293.

<i>Brett D. Wilson</i> A Race of Female Patriots: Women and Public Spirit on the British Stage, 1688–1745<i>A Race of Female Patriots: Women and Public Spirit on the British Stage, 1688–1745</i>. Brett D. Wilson. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2012. Pp. 293.

Sotherton and the Geography of Empire: The Landscapes of Mansfield Park

LYNN VOSKUIL Sotherton and the Geography ofEmpire: The Landscapes of Mansfield Park W ITH ITS RESTORATION OF ORDER AND HARMONY ON THE ESTATE, THE conclusion to Mansfield Park has often been read as Jane Austen’s paean to conservative ideology and the triumph of empire.1 By the final chapter, the adulterous Maria Bertram has been ostracized along with her prolix Aunt Norris; the rakish Tom has reformed after an extended, chas­ tening illness; and Edmund and Fanny have acceded to the living at Mansfield. On the event of Mr. Grant’s death, as the novel concludes in its final, awkward sentence, Fanny and Edmund removed to Mansfield, and the parsonage there, which, under each of its two former owners, Fanny had never been able to approach but with some painful sensation of restraint or alarm, soon grew as dear to her heart, and as thoroughly perfect in her eyes, as everything else, within the view and patronage of Mansfield Park, had long been.2 This picture of sedate and ordered well-being does indeed seem to depict what Moira Ferguson has called “a kinder, gentler plantocracy,” a privi­ leged vision of ease, concord, and familiarity that contrasts starkly with the I am grateful to the Victorian Studies Seminar at Rice University for reading and discuss­ ing an earlier draft ofthis essay, with special thanks to Helena Michie for her encouragement and support. 1. See, for example, Alistair M. Duckworth, The Improvement of the Estate: A Study ofJane Austen’s Novels (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971), 80; John Halperin, “The Trouble with Mansfield Park,” Studies in the Novel 7, no. 1 (1975): 21—22; John Mee, “Austen’s Treacherous Ivory: Female Patriotism, Domestic Ideology, and Empire,” in The PostcolonialJane Austen, eds. You-me Park and Rajeswari Sunder Rajan (London: Routledge, 2000), 83, 91; and Savi Munjal, “Imagined Geographies: Mapping the Oriental Habitus in Three Nineteenth-Century Novels,” Postcolonial Text 4, no. 1 (2008): 4. 2. Jane Austen, Mansfield Park, ed. June Sturrock (Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2001), 468. Further references to the novel will be indicated by page number within the text of the essay. SiR, 53 (Winter 2014) 591 592 LYNN VOSKUIL squalor of Portsmouth, the decadence of London, and the otherness of an Antigua that can only be imagined by most ofMansfield’s inhabitants.3 The “perfection” of Mansfield Park depicted at the end of this novel seems al­ most “doctrinaire,” to quote Claudia L. Johnson, a concluding scene that “appears to let conservative ideologues have it their way.”4 It is thus striking that Austen chooses to reintroduce the spatial perspec­ tive of landscape gardening into these final phrases—a profession that is critiqued elsewhere in the novel—positioning Fanny along with the par­ sonage and everything else she treasures “within the view and patronage of Mansfield.” The views of and from landed estates are matters for heated debate in this novel, with Humphry Repton, Austen’s contemporary and the most celebrated landscape designer of his day, invoked several times by name when the oafish Rushworth seeks to “improve” his estate. In a novel set among genteel country houses in early nineteenth-century England, it is not surprising that Repton’s figure would appear or that Austen would use her last sentence to take the long view (as if from the house) of the property surrounding Mansfield. It is surprising, however, that Repton’s landscapes—and the question of the novel’s landscapes in general—have not figured more prominently in recent postcolonial analyses of Mansfield Park. Spurred initially by Edward Said’s controversial interpretation of this novel, a small postcolonial industry has variably considered the imperialist implications of Austen’s gender politics, her aesthetic practices, and her awareness of British abolitionist debates and the condition of slaves in Antigua, to mention just a few topics that have recently occupied critics of her work.5 While such critics have opened up important issues in our con­ sideration of Austen’s fiction, however, they have tended on the whole to read between the lines and in the margins—focusing on the novel’s 3. Ferguson, “Mansfield Park-. Slavery, Colonialism, and Gender,” Oxford Literary Review 13, no. 1...

« The first great warrior for the freedom of nations » : Jeanne d’Arc et l’imaginaire américain

This article explores how the figure of Joan of Arc is revisited in John Daly Burk’s Female Patriotism; or, the Death of Joan d’Arc: An Historic Play in V Acts (1798) and Charles McClellan Stevens’ biography of the maid (1918). Although they were published in completely different contexts, both works are informed by a teleological vision of history in which Joan’s life both reenacts and foreshadows the advent of the American nation. They also respond to Shakespeare’s representation of the virgin warrior although their use of the Elizabethan playwright is part and parcel of a legitimizing strategy.

A Race of Female Patriots: Women and Public Spirit on the British Stage, 1688-1745 by Brett D. Wilson (review)

A Race of Female Patriots: Women and Public Spirit on the British Stage, 1688-1745 by Brett D. Wilson (review)

Hysteria's upheavals: emotional fault lines in Cristina di Belgiojoso's health history

This article examines a series of ‘patient-letters' that Cristina di Belgiojoso (1807–1871) wrote to her doctor, Paolo Maspero (1811–1895) over the span of three decades. Belgiojoso's notoriously frail health has been crucial to the construction of her unique and heroic position in the panorama of female patriotism in the Risorgimento. This article focuses on Belgiojoso's ‘patient-voice’ as represented in her letters to Maspero and foregrounds her self-diagnosis of hysteria. This diagnosis provides insight into the emotional and physical upheavals of a woman torn between transgression of and compliance with normative female gender behaviour of her time.

Forgetting the Women: Debates over Female Patriotism in the Aftermath of America's Civil War

Northern women were mobilized in unprecedented numbers during America's Civil War. In its aftermath, it looked like their efforts would be celebrated long into the future, a possibility signaled by the publication of Frank Moore's Women of the War in 1866. Instead, this unique flourishing of female volunteerism was largely forgotten by the turn of the century. This article explains this erasure by analyzing the letters women sent to Moore as he set about memorializing their war work. It demonstrates that women were deeply divided over how to articulate an ideal of patriotic womanhood, and these divisions undermined their ability to advance a coherent story about their efforts. Moreover, most adhered to a standard of humility that worked against remembering women's wartime participation. As a result, memories of the Civil War quickly came to focus solely on the battlefield.

Prostitutes and Female Patriots in the Civil War Era

Prostitutes and Female Patriots in the Civil War Era Carol Faulkner (bio) Judith Kelleher Schafer. Brothels, Depravity, and Abandoned Women: Illegal Sex in Antebellum New Orleans. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009. 221 pp. Halftones, map, notes, bibliography, and index. $32.50. Nina Silber. Gender and the Sectional Conflict. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008. xi +114 pp. Illustrations, notes, and index. $24.95. Perhaps nothing better illustrates the clash between Northern and Southern understandings of gender during the mid-nineteenth century than General Benjamin Butler’s occupation of New Orleans in April 1862. Frustrated by Confederate women’s abusive behavior toward Union troops, Butler issued General Order No. 28, requiring that “when any female shall, by word, gesture, or movement, insult or show contempt for any officer or soldier of the United States, she shall be regarded and held liable to be treated as a woman of the town plying her avocation.”1 One of the women’s rights movement’s greatest political allies after the Civil War, Butler remembered this measure as a success in controlling the actions of female residents and securing the city. But Southerners saw General Order No. 28 as an insult to their region’s virtuous women and called for “Beast” Butler’s capture and execution. Two very different books, Judith Kelleher Schafer’s Brothels, Depravity and Abandoned Women: Illegal Sex in Antebellum New Orleans and Nina Silber’s Gender and the Sectional Conflict, consider the intersection of gender and sectionalism. While Schafer documents New Orleans’ large and vibrant population of prostitutes, Silber explores the competing gendered expectations for women’s wartime loyalty in both North and South. Schafer’s research in over 2,000 case files from the First District Court of New Orleans reveals both similarities and differences between the regions. Silber argues persuasively that gender ideology contributed to divergent ideas about women and citizenship during the Civil War. Schafer’s study of prostitution emerged from rich cases she discovered while writing her previous book, Becoming Free, Remaining Free: Manumission and Enslavement in New Orleans, 1846–1862 (2003). Though prostitution was not [End Page 87] illegal in New Orleans, prostitutes, referred to as “nymphs” or “frail women” in the city’s newspapers (p. 25), appeared in court on a variety of charges, from disorderly conduct and vagrancy to larceny and assault and battery. Schafer also found cases of prostitutes charged with harboring runaway slaves or insulting a white person, revealing a complicated and contentious interracial community of sex workers and their customers. Indeed, Schafer finds little evidence of “sisterhood” among New Orleans prostitutes in the courts; from legal records, she pieces together lives marked by violence. Many of Schafer’s conclusions will not surprise readers familiar with Timothy Gilfoyle’s City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790–1920 (1992) or Patricia Cline Cohen’s The Murder of Helen Jewett (1999). As in New York City, most of the prostitutes in New Orleans lived in brothels owned by prominent businessmen. Examples of brothel landlords include John McDonogh, a plantation owner; Sumpter Turner, a tobacco broker; and Theophilus Freeman, a slave trader. The businessmen, politicians, and police who profited from prostitution also enjoyed male sexual privilege, and they were reluctant to restrict the institution. In many of the cases discovered by Schafer, the prosecuting attorney dropped the charges, a result known as nolle prosequi. When New Orleans finally passed “An Ordinance Concerning Lewd and Abandoned Women” in 1857, which limited prostitution in the most exclusive neighborhood in the city, unhappy landlords and prostitutes challenged the law in court. One of these cases made it to the Louisiana Supreme Court, which ruled in favor of prostitute Eliza Castello, who had been fined for refusing to pay the $250 licensing fee required to operate a brothel. Women who became prostitutes did so for economic reasons. As Schafer acknowledges, prostitutes could potentially earn more money than most wage workers—women or men. Prostitutes used their money to pay rent, but also, like Kate Parker, a free woman of color, to buy “fabulous quantities of female apparel” (p. 77). Regularly hauled to court to pay fines (a reliable source...

A Manufactured Wilderness: Summer Camps and the Shaping of American Youth, 1890–1960 by Abigail A. Van Slyck

BOOK REVIEWS 1 - - - , lAManufactured Wilderness : I......,......,...............".... Abigail A. Van Slyck. A Manufactured Wilderness: Summer Camps and the Shaping of American Youth, 1890-1960. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press) 2006) 296 pp.1 black-and-white photographs ) plans) hardcover) S34 951 ISBN o-8166-4876-X In her new book, A Nlamgactured fYildemess, architectural historian Abigail Van Slyck, a "failed camper" herself, sets out to understand the changing imperatives in the operation and design of summer camps in the United States, from their first appearance in the late nineteenth-century through the post-\Vorld \~Var II period. This book is not simply about the built environment of summer camps; it also examines the larger issues of race, class, and gender and how these questions shaped the material culture of camp life. In her introduction, Van Slyck argues for the importance of summer camps as institutions second only to public schools in touching children's lives. Indeed, this book illuminates an understudied area of architectural and historical inquiry that has deserved more attention. Van Slyck's astute analysis is carefully researched and elegantly written-even when the subject is as mundane as the personal hygiene of campers. In the introduction, Van Slyck explains hmv her "cultural landscape" approach differs from traditional architectural histories. She chooses to examine buildings within their built and natural context rather than in isolation, but buildings are only part of the story here. Van Slyck also explores what architectural historian Elizabeth Cromley has called "activity arenas," or areas \vhere campers played or worked. According to 58 ARRIS I VO LU ME NINI:.HEN 2008 Van Slyck, these activity arenas vvere neither necessarily permanent nor formalized, but they vvere nonetheless as important as buildings in understanding the camp's landscape. Thus, in defining architecture as "a process in which institutional priorities are translated into material form," Van Slyck shmvs that this process had less to do vvith aesthetics and named architects than with how camp directors and campers used space on a daily basis (p. x;-.cxi). No activity arena- from large-scale assembly buildings to troughs for human vvaste- is left unexamined in Van Slyck's engrossing study. Van Slyck's argument is that at first glance summer camps may appear to oppose the "artificiality of modern life" (p. 224). But, in fact, "manufactured versions of the wilderness implicitly worked to support and maintain modern culture" (p. 224). The first chapter, "Putting Campers in Their Place: Camp Landscapes and Changing Ideas of Childhood," initiates the analysis of this contradiction. This chapter traces the origins of the camp movement to military-style camps, vvhich promoted both manliness (to counteract the over-feminized Victorian home of male campers) and female patriotism (in girls' camps). Follmving the historic trajectory into the post-war years, Van Slyck shovvs how camps were artificial in their protective, picturesque landscapes. Subsequent chapters trace changing notions tovvard play. At the turn of the twentieth century, play tended to be unstructured, but as the century wore on, structured -and therefore, safe- play became more prevalent . This change paralleled nevv attitudes of children as "priceless." New building types emerged in tandem ,,vith structured activities; log cabins, for example, frequently functioned as spaces for making crafts. According to Van Slyck, these buildings evoked a preindustrial, frontier life, highlighting the artificiaJity of this "manufactured" wilderness. Van Slyck also discusses various types of housing and their placement within the camp landscape. Early efforts to use traditional tents were soon abandoned in favor of more substantial cabins that better resembled domestic architecture. The purpose of these cabins was to critique "unscientific" parenting, vvhich was blamed for bO')'S' bad behavior. According to Van Slyck, camp directors took an increasingly scientific approach-for example, taking measurements of boys at the beginning and end of the camp season, in order to counteract what they perceived as bad parenting at home. These home-like cabins, then, served as "seasonal surrogates," offsetting the influence of supposed negative factors at home (p. 122). Van Slyck explains that while early camps involved campers vvith food production, as time passed, kitchen technologies increasingly separated children from the adults who prepared meals. This section of her book relies...

A nation in barracks: modern Germany, military conscription and civil society

Military Conscription and Civil Society: Historical TrajectoriesI. War, Nation, Gender Images: Core Concepts in Conscription in the Early Nineteenth Century * Criticism of Existing Prussian Army Structures * Conscription: Setbacks on the Road to a 'National Army' * The Battle for the Middle Classes * Military Service, Wartime Service, and Manliness * 'Female patriotism'II. 'Both Citizen and Soldier'? Prussia in the Vormrz Period (1815-48) * The Law on Wartime Service: Rules and Practice * The Landwehr as a Citizen's Militia? * Citizenship and Masculinity: The Jewish Population Demands Participation * The Army as the 'Training School' for War and Peace * Soldiers and Civilians: Soldiers as Citizens?III. Military Systems in the 'Third Germany' * The Move from Exemption to Substitution * Army Service: The View from Inside * Civilian Counterparts: An Armed Citizenry and a Man's Right to Bear Arms * Civilian Militias During the Vormrz period and in 1848-9 * The 'Martial Spirit' in Military Associations or Dreams of a Democratic Army IV. War and Peace: Imperial Germany in the Prussian Barracks * Constitutional or Military State: Paving the Way in the Pre-Empire Years * Middle-Class Arrangements: One-Yearers and Reserve Officers * Soldiers at the 'School of Manliness' * The Regiment as a Family: The Potential and Limits of Military Comradeship * Liaisons Dangereuses: The Military and Civil Society V. The Twentieth Century: The (Ex-)Soldier as Citizen * The Post-World War I Years: Militarisation without Military Service * Soldiers and 'Volksgenossen': The Escalation of Violence Under the Nazis * Post-war Germany: From Disarmed to Rearmed State * Civic Spirit and Gender Politics: The End of Conscription?

Reading for England: Austen, taste, and female patriotism

This article focuses on the contexts and political implications of two letters from early 1813, which offer rare surviving examples of Austen commenting—albeit with her usual elusive irony—on her reading of non‐fictional works. In these letters, Austen compares her unexpected enthusiasm for Charles William Pasley’s controversial text of military expansionism, An Essay on the Military Policy and Institutions of the British Empire (1810) with her “love” for Thomas Clarkson’s The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave‐Trade by the British Parliament (1808) and Claudius Buchanan’s proselytising Christian Researches in Asia (1811); she expresses a preference for their evangelically‐inflected reformism over popular but largely descriptive texts such as John Bigland’s Geographical and Historical View of the World (1810), John Carr’s Descriptive Travels in the Southern and Eastern Parts of Spain (1811), Lord Macartney’s Travels in China (1804), and Sir George Steuart Mackenzie’s Travels in the Island of Iceland (1812). Through a reading of Austen’s reading in relation to forms of female patriotism, to what Nigel Leask has called “the new liberal imperialism,” and to gendered, war‐inspired reading tastes as manifest in, for example, The Lady’s Magazine, the paper addresses the question of the relationship between politics and aesthetics in Austen’s thought.

Reviews of Books:Sacred to Female Patriotism: Gender, Class, and Politics in Late Georgian Britain Judith S. Lewis

Reviews of Books:Sacred to Female Patriotism: Gender, Class, and Politics in Late Georgian Britain Judith S. Lewis

Female Patriots: Women, War and the Nation in the Period of the Prussian‐German Anti‐Napoleonic Wars

The period of the wars against Napoleon between 1806 and 1815 represents a central phase in German history for the formation of a national political culture organised along gender lines. Acting as a sort of catalyst, these wars accelerated and intensified the nationalisation of the gender order and the ‘gendering’ of the nation, and also permanently influenced the fundamental structures of the relationship between women, the state and the nation. The article analyses the contents and forms of patriotic national women's activities during this period, as well as the ways in which they were perceived and judged in public discourse. In so doing, it explores the relationship between women, war and the nation.

As a woman I have no country

In this age of political correctness, it is not only acceptable for women to be patriotic citizens and capable soldiers, it is almost mandatory. But this was not always so. Within living memory the idea of women in combat was anathema to most people. Feminist thinkers have struggled with the relationship between women and war. Women's roles in wars of national liberation are even more complicated. A deep but unreconciled conflict exists between identities based on gender and identities based on nationality, and between feminism and patriotism. In 1938, in a passage from which this essay's title is taken, Virginia Woolf strenuously rejected the idea of female patriotism. Arguing that the social contract between state and citizen did not extend to women, she declared that “as a woman I have no country. As a woman I want no country. As a woman my country is the whole world.” But, as this essay examines, the relationship between women and war is complex and perhaps contradictory. While the rhetoric and imagery surrounding wars of national liberation may deeply contradict current ideas of women as capable soldiers, women's active involvement in those wars suggests, contrary to Virginia Woolf, that women do indeed have a country.

Remembering the Great War - Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History. By Jay Winter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pp. x + 310. $34.95. - Dismembering the Male: Men's Bodies, Britain, and the Great War. By Joanna Bourke. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Pp. 336. $32.50. - “White Feathers and Wounded Men:

Remembering the Great War - Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History. By Jay Winter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pp. x + 310. 32.50. - “White Feathers and Wounded Men: Female Patriotism and the Memory of the Great War.” By Nicoletta Gullace. Journal of British Studies36, no. 2 (1997): 178–206. - “Reconstructions: Prosthetics and the Rehabilitation of the Male Body in World War I France.” By Roxanne Panchasi. Differences7, no. 3 (1995): 109–40. - “Re-membering the Modern Subject: The Wounded Body and the Politics of Mourning, 1917–1937.” By Matthew Brady Brower. M.A. thesis, University of Colorado, 1996. - Volume 37 Issue 1