Female Judges Research Articles

Linking Organizational Justice and Psychological Conditions to Chinese Judges’ Turnover Intention

In recent years, more and more Chinese judges have resigned from courts, making the judicial profession less attractive. Many reasons shape judges’ turnover intention, with organizational justice being one of the potentially important yet overlooked contributing factors. Based on survey data collected from 458 judges in a northern Chinese province, this study tests a theoretical framework linking supervisor, peer, and litigant justice directly to judges’ intention to resign and indirectly through occupational stress and satisfaction. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results indicate that supervisor and litigant justice are directly related to lower turnover intention, but peer justice is connected to higher turnover intention among Chinese judges. The association between supervisor justice and judges’ turnover intention is also mediated by occupational stress and job satisfaction, while the relationships between peer and litigant justice and judges’ turnover intention are mainly mediated by job satisfaction. In addition, seasoned and female judges have lower turnover intention.

Barriers to the Advancement of Women Judges in the Judicial Profession in Spain

Despite women being the majority in the Spanish judiciary, they rarely hold the most powerful positions. The aim of this work is to explore why Spanish women judges fail to occupy such positions. To this end, a cross-sectional, exploratory study with a qualitative design was carried out. Specifically, 29 semi-structured interviews were conducted with judges working in the judiciary in Spain, 11 men and 18 women. Almost all those interviewed asserted that access to the judicial profession is the same for men and women, but not all of the respondents believed that there were equal opportunities for promotion. The opinions and perceptions of both the male and female judges evidence that the gender dynamics in the judicial system hinder the ascension of women in the judiciary. Moreover, gender blindness conceals such dynamics and complicates the proposal of corrective measures.

Judicial Ethics and the Position of Women Judges

This study aims to analyze the ethics of judges in the judiciary and the position of female judges which includes knowing the learning system related to the ethics of judges in the judiciary and the position of female judges at SMA N 01 Lebong. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The results showed that the system in learning the ethics of judges in the judiciary and the position of women judges was good. This is assessed from several things including giving punishment that is in accordance with proper punishment procedures by not physically attacking students, the use of lecture and discussion methods in learning is a test of a teacher's professionalism skills when using oral media, the teams games tournament model in learning that must pay attention to whether it is suitable for the material and suitable for the conditions of students, the existence of media in learning can help and facilitate teachers when delivering learning materials, the suitability of lecture and discussion methods for the material on the ethics of judges in the judiciary and the position of female judges which are considered suitable but must still pay attention to several things, and the determination of suitable methods in learning that still pay attention to learning objectives.

Keterlibatan Hakim Perempuan Sebagai Pekerja Publik Sekaligus Istri Dalam Mencipatakan Keluarga Yang Harmonis Perspektif Hukum Islam

A female judge has a dual role when the judge is married. It's not just work that needs to be done. However, work as a wife and housewife must also be considered. A female judge certainly has high consequences for work. Not only is he responsible for his work, a judge must of course be ready to be transferred to various court areas throughout Indonesia. Moreover, a female judge, who is basically a woman, also plays an important role in the family, especially. For example, serving your husband and having to educate and give love to your children. The focus of the research is related to the role of female judges in earning a living and in creating family harmony when they have to be transferred to areas far from their families. This thesis is a qualitative research type of field research with a normative approach. Meanwhile, technical data collection involves conducting interviews and documentation. The analysis used in this research is descriptive analysis with an inductive method.

Factors explaining differences in wine experts’ ratings: The case of gender, credentials, occupation and peer effects

The aim of this article is to better understand why experts give different scores to the same wines in identical tasting environments. This research focuses on the personal characteristics of experts (or judges), such as their gender, industry credentials, and occupation within the wine industry, and examines how judges respond to their peers’ characteristics. Using a dataset of 5,395 wines judged in the 2022 International Wine and Spirits Competition, we analyse 18,224 scores from different judges. We estimate a series of grade equations at the judge level to understand why a same wine received different scores from judges. A first model makes use of the panel structure of the dataset, incorporates wine fixed effects, and focuses on the personal characteristics of judges. A second model encompasses characteristics of the judging team, without the inclusion of wine fixed effects. At large, on-trade buyers give lower scores than off-trade buyers, as well as female judges compared to male ones. While credentials are not a very significant factor per se, they do have the potential to generate peer effects. Judges tend to be more generous in their assessments when they are assigned to a team with Master of Wine judges. Conversely, they are also consistently more severe when the number of female judges on the team increases. Estimation results converge across sub-datasets, with the exception of sparkling wines. Given the feminisation of the wine industry, in terms of producers, consumers, and experts, the severity of female judges could be beneficial in terms of social welfare.

Perspective of Islamic Law and Ulama Polemics about Women Judges (Gender Analysis and Moderation of Fiqh)

This study aims to investigate and debate the validity of women's opinions founded on the normative Islamic viewpoint known as fiqh. This research endeavor endeavors to scrutinize the arguments of various ulama, or Muslim scholars, concerning female judges while maintaining a foundation in fiqh, the body of Islamic law. This study's technique combines focus group discussions (FGD) and content analysis with qualitative approaches. FGD is held with numerous lecturers and specialists in Islamic law at the Faculty of Sharia and Law at Institut Agama Islam Negeri Syekh Nurjati Cirebon. The study's conclusions, which come from at least three well-known ulama or Muslim scholars, indicate that the debate among fiqh experts on the standing of women judges was affected by several factors.

Amy Coney Barrett is Not Enough: How Descriptive and Substantive Representation Shape Trust and Legitimacy of the Federal Courts

Public trust and perceptions of institutional legitimacy are vital to the functioning of the federal court system, and recent work challenges the long-standing belief that these attitudes are relatively stable in the populace. We posit that one threat to perceptions of trust and legitimacy is the lack of representation for women in the federal judiciary. Using a series of experiments, we show that, while women desire descriptive representation, this is an insufficient condition for preserving support for the institution. Substantive representation on issues critical to women leads to significantly increased trust and legitimacy and lowered perceptions of institutional bias among women. While female judges may bring their own social identities to bear in their decision-making, our work suggests that efforts to diversify the federal judiciary, while important, are unlikely to bolster public support for the courts if the new judges and justices fail to substantively represent the communities of interest.

Achieving Gender Parity: A Comprehensive Analysis of Women’s Underrepresentation on the International Court of Justice and Strategies for Future Reforms

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the highest judicial entity within the United Nations, resolving international conflicts to maintain global peace. The current judge selection process for the ICJ ensures diverse geographic representation with judges of varied nationalities, races, and cultures. However, female judges are underrepresented, comprising only 4.6% of judges in the court’s history. This research article aims to examine the connection between this lack of female representation and the judge selection process, starting from the nomination phase and extending through the election process. It is argued that there are four primary drivers for female underrepresentation on the ICJ: almost exclusively focusing on geographical representation, a male-dominated nomination process, the preference of judicial qualities aligned with expertise in male-dominated professions, and re-elections allowing judges to serve multiple terms. A diverse ICJ bench is imperative to ensure impartial case outcomes because they have the potential to impact entire societies. Consequently, equitable representation of the global population at large is inevitable. This research article proposes strategic reforms focused on refining the nomination and election procedures to achieve gender parity on the ICJ.

Examining Illocutionary Acts: Male and Female Judges’ Comments on Indonesia’s Next Top Model

This article delves into the linguistic and discursive aspects of communication, exploring the application of theories proposed by J.L. Austin (1975) and John Searle (1969) to understand the illocutionary acts employed by the male and female judges in Indonesia's Next Top Model. Within the context of reality television, where judgments and critiques are integral components, the language used by judges holds particular significance. This study aims to delve into the illocutionary acts employed by male and female judges in the popular television show "Indonesia's Next Top Model Cycle 3." The research method for this study employed a qualitative research approach, involved describing data from real-life situations or phenomena in their natural context within the reality show to explore the nuances and meanings of illocutionary acts in judges' comments. A sample of episodes from Indonesia's Next Top Model Cycle 3 was selected for analysis, ensuring representation of both male and female judges' comments. The dataset consisted of 266 utterances, 132 utterances from male judges' comments and 134 utterances from female judges' comments. In this study, it is found that the female judges had a greater variety of speech acts where they used all types of speech acts when giving comments. Whereas male judges only used three types of speech acts. The most dominant type of speech act of both male and female judges is assertives/representatives. It is inferred that both male and female judges are having or showing a confident and forceful personality in their utterances. In this study, it can also be seen that female judges are more to the point or overt than male judges.

Sexism and women's access to justice: Feminist judging in Indonesian Islamic judiciary

Sexism in the judicial system is a persistent problem in countries where women frequently are held to a different moral standard than men. As such, some advocates and legal experts argue that feminist judging practices are necessary for ensuring women's access to justice. While many studies focus on the effect of sexism on gender inequality in politics, the extent to which sexism may lead to further gender inequality in the judiciary remains understudied. Additionally, much research on feminist judging relies on qualitative data from trial or court transcripts to determine judges' approaches, but quantitative examinations of feminist judging are still few. Drawing on a mixed methods sequential explanatory approach, our study examines how sexism contributes to shaping the support for feminist judging in the Indonesian Islamic judiciary. We use several cases of polygamy, marriage dispensation, divorce involving domestic violence, and post-divorce alimony as proxies to measure the support for feminist judging. The findings show that hostile sexism is not statistically associated with the support for feminist judging, but benevolent sexism facilitates judges' support for feminist approaches. Female judges are more likely to support feminist judging than male judges.

Women in the judicial system

This paper mainly discusses the role of female judges in pushing forward gender justice through their unique living experience and their knowledge of gender discrimination. This paper first explains how gender discrimination discourage women from entering legal professions and from influencing the decision-making process in the judicial system. Using cases from the supreme court, this paper then discusses why female judges consider gender justice an important agenda and how they change the current legal framework. This paper then moves on to consider the question of intersectionality, unraveling the role of race in women’s liberation and how it is reflected in the effort of female legal professionals. This paper concludes that while not all female judges share the same opinion on gender justice, their presence in the legal system constitutes a pivotal victory of feminist movements.

“They don't let us speak”: Gender, collegiality, and interruptions in deliberations in the Brazilian Supreme Court

AbstractIn this paper, we examine a database containing court rulings and debates (acórdãos) of the Brazilian Supreme Court (“STF”) spanning from 1999 to 2018. Our objective is to analyze the relationship between gender and how judges behave when interacting with each other. Specifically, we investigate whether female judges are more likely to be interrupted by their colleagues during oral debates. Our data are built on real‐time public interactions between the judges, as recorded in the Court's transcripts. The results show that female STF judges are interrupted more often than their male counterparts. While male judges display no specific effects, all three female judges in our data display a very significant and positive probability of being interrupted, as compared to their male colleagues participating in the same deliberations. These results show that, even in institutions designed to protect rights of political minorities, including women, gender dynamics, stereotypes and hierarchies can affect the functioning of courts in visible ways, with potential impacts on the rest of the judiciary and the legal profession. They also suggest that merely increasing the number of female judges, without addressing underlying gender dynamics and procedural rules in the judicial decision‐making process, is insufficient to tackle the disadvantages women face within those institutions.

Interaction Between Gender of Judges and Judicial Decisions: Take the US Supreme Court as an Example

With the rise of feminist movements and calls for equal rights around the globe, people have become concerned about the gender ratio in various fields, including distribution of male and female judges in courts, and has thus led to the question of whether the judges gender influences their judgements. To further explore the question, this essay takes the US Supreme Court as the research object. The paper studies the basic professionalism of judges, judges decisions in famous jurisprudence on womens rights in the history of the U.S. Supreme Court (which often lead into the discussion of whether female judges are influenced by their own gender when making judgemental decisions), as well as relevant statistical data like the ratio of judges that incline to different partisanship at the Supreme Court. By studying the above, the paper has come to the conclusion that gender of the judges do not necessarily influence their judgements.

Gender Attitudes in the Judiciary: Evidence from US Circuit Courts

Do gender attitudes influence interactions with female judges in US circuit courts? In this paper, we propose a judge-specific measure of gender attitudes based on use of gender-stereotyped language in the judge’s authored opinions. Exploiting quasi-random assignment of judges to cases and conditioning on judges’ characteristics, we validate the measure showing that higher-slant judges vote more conservatively in gender-related cases. Higher-slant judges interact differently with female colleagues: they are more likely to reverse lower court decisions if the lower court judge is a woman than a man, are less likely to assign opinions to female judges, and cite fewer female-authored opinions. (JEL D91, J16, K41)

Equal Representation of Women in the Superior Judiciary: A Comparative Analysis between Pakistan and the United Kingdom

Abstract Pakistan does not have a senior judiciary that is representative of its population. Women are under-represented. There had never been any female Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan until January 2022, when Justice Ayesha Malik was appointed as the first female Supreme Court judge. Although there is no constitutional bar to appointing women to be judges, the system for appointing judges is based on outmoded notions of seniority that are hostile to women’s desire for career progression. The United Kingdom (UK) provides a valid comparison since the legal system of Pakistan is based on English law. The UK has been marginally more successful in promoting female judges. The UK features a more open and transparent system, from which Pakistan should consider borrowing elements, specifically, an independent Judicial Appointments Commission (jac). The UK model suggests that more positive change may occur in the future. A quota system may be effective in increasing appointments in Pakistan, although this may create its own difficulties. More fundamentally, building into the appointments process the recognition that women may have different social responsibilities than men may also facilitate change.

Would Justice Be Better Served in the U.S. if More Supreme Court Judges Were Women?

This paper support that justice would be better served in the U.S. if Supreme Court judges included more women. Considering the powerful influence of the Supreme Court rulings, this paper focuses on the importance of diversity on the bench and females decision-making characteristics. Diversity on the bench could effectively enhance the fairness of verdicts and positively influence colleagues, as female judges would make decisions with different life experiences. Their presence creates a more fair and open courtroom environment. Also, a diverse bench would increase confidence in U.S. citizens of the Supreme Court. Compared to males, Females decision-making characteristics would provide a fresh perspective on the bench since these characteristics are essential and beneficial for courtroom decisions.

Would justice be better served in the United States if more Supreme Court judges were women?

Judges are people who are officially appointed to preside over a court or conduct hearings and decide disputes and enforce the law. With the development of time and social progress, more and more women are getting rid of the drudgery of household chores. They began to receive education and work. In the legal profession, judges also began to appear as women. However, the emergence of women was accompanied by prejudice. This article will start with the social prejudice against women, and meanwhile, give a brief description of such difficulties faced by women. However, women do play important roles in some specific events, based on their gender attributes. In the legal profession, some female judges have made influenced social progress. But from an objective view, there is no evidence to suggest which gender would better contribute to the achievement of justice. Finally, it will propose the main points of the paper: there’s no necessary connection between legal decisions and the gender of the judge.

The pragmatics of advice-giving in the media discourse

Abstract This study investigated how the gender of the contestants in TV talent competitions affects male and female judges’ management of their advice, exemplified by evaluative talks in two Taiwan-based talent contests. In addition to the pragmatic configuration of the advising acts, the internal and external modifiers of the advising speech events were also analyzed in an attempt to gain insights into whether and how the advice messages are instrumental in the construction of gender identities. Results showed that deviating from the stereotypical gendered style of communication, the female judges utilized significantly fewer politeness mechanisms than did their male counterparts to moderate their advice. Besides, the psychological needs and face want of the male and female advice-receivers remarkably influenced the discursive moves of the given advice comments. These findings suggested that in the public media discourse, the speech context outweighs the socially prescribed gendered styles of communication on one’s advice-giving behavior.

Who Shapes the Law? Gender and Racial Bias in Judicial Citations

In this letter, we assess whether the contributions of judges from underrepresented groups are undervalued or overlooked, thereby reducing these judges’ influence on legal policy. Drawing on an original dataset of discretionary citations to over 2,000 published federal appellate decisions, we find that the majority of opinions written by female judges receive less attention from other courts than those by similarly situated men and that this is largely attributable to disparities in citing Black women and Latinas. We also find that additional efforts by Black and Latinx judges to ground their opinions in precedent yield a much lower rate of return in subsequent citations by outside circuits than comparable work by white men and women judges. This suggests that, despite gains in diversification in the federal judiciary, stereotypes about social identities will play a powerful role in determining whose ideas receive recognition.

“Something has to change”

“Something has to change”