Female Head Of State Research Articles

Unemployment and COVID-19: A Comparative Study of OECD Countries based on Gender of Head of State

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the leadership in controlling COVID-19 and its effects on unemployment growth in OECD countries. We have divided the countries into two groups, countries with a male head of state and countries with a female head of state. Our sample period covers three waves of COVID-19. We have performed the wavelet analysis to evaluate the unemployment movement and effect of daily new cases per million and daily deaths per million. The results of continuous wavelet analysis have shown a significant variation in unemployment in the countries with the male head of state, as compared to the other group of countries. Wavelet Transform Coherence analysis shows that daily deaths per million have positively affected the unemployment growth at the beginning of the pandemic. However, a small effect of daily deaths per million is observed in the countries with the female head of state during August 2020. Otherwise, unemployment growth remains unaffected at the start of the pandemic, unlike countries with the male head of state. These results suggest that women tend to follow a proactive leadership style.

ВПИВ ПОСИЛЕННЯ ЖІНОЧОГО ПРЕДСТАВНИЦТВА НА ПОЛІТИЧНІЙ АРЕНІ НА ЕКОНОМІЧНУ ГЕНДЕРНУ РІВНІСТЬ У КРАЇНАХ ПРИЧОРНОМОРСЬКОГО РЕГІОНУ

The article reveals the interplay between economic opportunity and participation gender equity and female political empowerment for Black Sea Region countries, namely, Bulgaria, Georgia, Moldova, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. We analyzed the impact of the following indicators, ratios of females with seats in parliament over male value, females at ministerial level over male value, and number of years with a female head of state (last 50 years) over male value. We verified our hypothesis that three key factors are significant for economic opportunity and participation index of the abovementioned countries. We took the level of significance, t-statistic probability of 5 percent, so that, if α < 0,05, then our hypothesis is correct. Our hypothesis was proved only for Moldova concerning the influence of the ratio of females at ministerial level over male value on economic opportunity and participation. Our calculations showed that changes in economic gender equity are explained by changes in ratio of females and males at ministerial positions by 66.64 percent. There is a positive correlation between these two variables, so that the maximum theoretical level of economic gender equity could be 0,9 due to the high starting point. Our results indicated that females currently are not able to transform their growing political influence into economic gains, therefore, investigations of methods of converting female political emancipation into economic gender equity become topical.

Gender disparity as a threat to the mental well-being of young Sri Lankan women.

Sri Lanka ranks highest in the region for human development. Despite producing the first female head of state in the world, the country has failed to achieve substantial gains in the gender inequality indices in the past decade. In recent years, the proportion of females in secondary education has equalled that of males, and young women have become the majority among the university entrants. These educated young women are likely to face psychosocial distress in a patriarchal society where they would be expected to fulfil traditional gender roles. This article describes gender disparities that could affect the mental well-being of young Sri Lankan women and the need for awareness among mental health professionals in the country.

Nepal and Bhutan in 2015

Nepal faced massive earthquakes, which killed, displaced, or traumatized thousands of people, but it also ratified a new constitution and elected its first female head of state. Bhutan celebrated the legacy of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, made advances in its hydropower infrastructure, and strengthened political relationships with its neighbors.

A Critical Departure for Women Executives or More of the Same? The Powers of Chancellor Merkel

Applying a typology of political systems and executive power, this article focuses on German Chancellor Angela Merkel's powers and autonomy in relation to other female executives worldwide. Like most women leaders, Merkel operates within a dual executive system and is subject to a vote of no confidence. Powers are exercised within a cabinet, suggesting collaborative governance. Coalition politics requires Merkel's cooperation with other actors. State powers also compete with the Federal government. In these ways, Merkel supports the prevailing model of the more constrained female executive. However, German presidential powers are generally symbolic, positioning Merkel as the dominant executive. She also enjoys greater insularity from dismissal than most prime ministers. As the only female head of state in a G-8 country, Merkel plays a visible and central role in global politics. In these ways, Merkel ultimately challenges the weaker model of the female executive, suggesting a mixed pattern overall.

Chancellor Angela Merkel—A Sign of Hope or the Exception That Proves the Rule?

Recently there has been an extraordinary increase in female political leaders across the globe. In addition to Chile, Finland, Germany and Liberia—considered in this issue—Ukraine, Argentina, India, and several other countries have recently inaugurated their first female executives. A closer examination, however, reveals that female executives are not exactly poised to take over the world. Most of the new female executives are not running geopolitically powerful countries. In that sense, Angela Merkel is not a typical exemplar of the new female executive. Merkel is the only woman leading a Group of Eight (G8) country. She is also the only female head of state in NATO and the only female head of state in the European Union.

Empire and romance: Historia de la linda Melosina

This article studies the relationship between literature and politics in the chivalric romance, Historia de la linda Melosina (1489), an Old Spanish translation of Jean d'Arras' Melusine. The work, both in the original French and Spanish translation, portrays the folkloric, literary representation of the fairy princess Melusina and her line, as well as drawing on the classical tale of Dido as subtext to the Melusine foundation myth of Lusignan. Through the presentation of Melusina as founder and female head of state, Jean d'Arras' Melusine reflects the contemporary politics of the Hundred Years' War and the ambitions of the Duke of Berry and his family. The romance also has political resonance in the Iberian Peninsula through its references to Aragon and Catalunya and the connection of the Count of Cardona with Thomas of Lusignan. Moreover, the publication Melusina in Spanish coincides with the Isabeline period and reflects in Melusina's courtly governance and empire-building the spirit of that age. The Melusina romance underscores the themes of empire and governance as integral parts of Peninsular romances printed during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs.