Female Body Parts Research Articles

Pursuance of a Yoruba name for cervical cancer in Southwest Nigeria: a case study

ObjectivesParticipants’ comprehension of research process affects the quality of research output, which is the reason why translation of research instruments into local languages is standard practice. Literature has consistently reported...

From words to gender: Quantitative analysis of body part descriptions within literature in Portuguese

This article presents a quantitative analysis of gender representation within literature in Portuguese, focusing on the descriptions of male and female body parts. We investigate a corpus of 34 literary works from our 80,000-sized dataset. By leveraging Natural Language Processing techniques, we analyze over 50 body part descriptions of 315 unique characters identified through predetermined lists from Wikipedia and Todo Estudo. To assess gender, we consider two different gender detection approaches that achieve F1 scores above 90%. Overall, our analyses quantify the frequency, specificity, and objectification of body part descriptions and provide empirical evidence of gender portrayal in literature written in Portuguese. The findings reveal specific differences in the frequency and choice of adjectives used for male and female body parts, shedding light on prevalent gender stereotypes in literary works. This research advances the discourse on gender representation, employing quantitative methods to expand our understanding of gender dynamics within a distinct literary dataset. It may further serve as a resource for gender studies, literature analysis, and computational linguistics.

Evaluation of potential reference genes in the biting midge Culicoides sonorensis for real-time quantitative PCR analyses

Studies examining differentially expressed genes and gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) require a set of stably expressed reference genes for accurate normalization. The biting midge Culicoides sonorensis is an important vector of livestock pathogens and is often used as a model species for biting midge research. Here, we examine the stable expression of six candidate reference genes in C. sonorensis: actin, β-tubulin, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ribosomal protein subunit (RPS) 18, vacuolar ATPase subunit A (VhaA), and elongation factor 1-beta (EF1b). Gene expression was assessed under seven conditions, including cells treated with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), 3rd and 4th instar larvae treated with dsRNA, six developmental stages, four adult female body parts or tissue groups, and females injected with bluetongue virus or vesicular stomatitis virus. Stable gene expression was assessed using RefFinder, NormFinder, geNorm, and BestKeeper. The ranked results for each analysis tool under each condition and a comprehensive ranking for each condition are presented. The data show that optimal reference genes vary between conditions and that just two reference genes were necessary for each condition. These findings provide reference genes for use under these conditions in future studies using real-time quantitative PCR to evaluate gene expression in C. sonorensis.

Morphological and Molecular Identification of Helopeltis Species on Cocoa from Kaliwining Experimental Station, Jember, Indonesia

Severe crop loss of cocoa in Indonesia has long been reported to be caused by Helopeltis. It has been noted that cocoa and Helopeltis have existed in Kaliwining Experimental Station of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), Jember, Indonesia, for about 100 years, and the species have developed during that time. Our study aimed for examining the Helopeltis species that attacked cocoa in this experimental station both morphologically, morphometrically, and molecularly and to compare the species with the one attacking cocoa in Java and Nusa Tenggara, preserved at the GenBank. Helopeltis was sampled from infested cocoa pods collected representatively from cocoa at the Kaliwining ES and then reared in the Crop Protection Laboratory of ICCRI. Adults of Helopeltis laboratory-reared insects were identified, 30 females 30 males were selected. Weexamined the morphology and morphometry of the samples, and their identifica tion was based on an insect identification key. Morphometry measurement of male and female body parts includes body length, antenna segments, head, eyes, collar, wing, tibia, and femur. In addition, the molecular identification of Helopeltissp. was made through DNA extraction, amplification, and sequence analysis of DNA target regions using the COI part of mitochondrial DNA. External morphological identification, supported by morphometry of the Helopeltis specimen from Kaliwning, the white bands on all femora, body length, and the ratio of the firstantennal segment to the posterior width of the pronotum suggested that the insect belongs to Helopeltis bradyi. Similarly, molecular identification using PCR amplification through specific primers from COI gene sequences confirmed that Helopeltis specimens from Kaliwining are classified as Helopeltis bradyi.

Beards and Texts. Images of Masculinity in Medieval German Literature

Beards and Texts. Images of Masculinity in Medieval German Literature

빨간 구두의 굴레와 여성주의적 재해석

For Hans Christian Andersen the red shoes syndrome indicates the supposedly feminine vanity and pride; contemporary feminist writers unveil the womanly innate desire for artistic behavior represented by the syndrome. But since this feminine desire had been a taboo, they had to interiorize it, but were not able to completely dampen it, hence often-times their desperate attempt to satisfy it, coupled with death instinct. This essay explores the red shoes syndrome in the works of Anne Sexton, Kathryn Davis, and Yideum Kim (a contemporary Korean poetess), as well as Alice Walker and a couple of others, with the special intention to demonstrate the shared desire among women a generation after another. As was already shown in “The Red Shoes” by Andersen, the shoe cannot be detached from human body and won’t stop dancing even after being separated. In the final analysis, this paper argues that the undying shoe is a zombie, which has only one-dimensional principle of behavior just like an object or a machine thus programmed. A zombie is, in this regard, an object the way that the red shoes are. In turn, the unremovable red shoes from the feet can be equivalent to a certain non-organic part of female body. Human body already has lots of non-organic ingredients in it, which are, of course, objects. The object of the red shoe, the non-organic bodily part, generates the affect of artistic satisfaction in our (especially, women’s) body.

Descriptive versus causal morphology: gynandromorphism and intersexuality

In animal species with separate sexes, abnormal individuals with a mix of phenotypically male and phenotypically female body parts are generally indicated as gynandromorphs, whereas individuals with intermediate sexual phenotypic traits are generally indicated as intersexes. However, this distinction, clear as it may seem, is neither universally agreed upon, nor free of critical issues. In consideration of the role of sex anomalies in understanding normal development, we reassess these phenomena of abnormal sexual development, taking into consideration the more recent advances in the study of sex determination and sexual differentiation. We argue that a distinction between gynandromorphism and intersexuality, although useful for descriptive purposes, is not always possible or sensible. We discuss the conceptual and terminological intricacies of the literature on this subject and provide reasons for largely, although not strictly, preferring a terminology based on descriptive rather than causal morphology, that is, on the observed phenotypic patterns rather on the causal process behind them.

How Customers Evaluate Genitalia versus Torso Sex Toys on Amazon.com: A Content Analysis of Product Reviews

Sex toys are widely marketed on the Internet. Browsing for, buying, and reviewing sex toys online are popular cybersexual activities. The aim of this study was to investigate consumers’ experiences with different types of realistic sex toys via online product reviews on Amazon.com. Toys were categorized in a 2 × 2 design regarding their representation of the human body (genitalia sex toys representing reproductive organs only versus torso toys representing larger parts of the human body) and their depiction of gender (toys representing female versus male body parts). Informed by feminist discourses on sex toys as well as sexual script theory and consumer research, the study explored the overall evaluations (RQ1), most frequently addressed characteristics (RQ2), usage patterns (RQ3), and perceived effects (RQ4) of the four groups of sex toys. A quantitative manual content analysis of N = 778 online sex toy reviews showed that 79% of consumers gave popular realistic sex toys positive ratings (RQ1). The most frequently mentioned characteristics were quality, material, and shape (RQ2). Most reviewers were men and used sex toys for solo sexual activities (RQ3). An additional qualitative analysis of n = 69 reviews addressing the perceived effects of sex toy use revealed that consumers predominantly mentioned positive effects (RQ4). Genitalia sex toys received better evaluations than torso sex toys and were perceived to be complementary tools to enhance sexual arousal, whereas the use of torso toys entailed anthropomorphization and symbolic social interactions. Implications for future research and design of different types of sex toys are discussed.

Analysis of cuticular chemical profiles of Latrodectus geometricus (Araneae: Theridiidae) females and juveniles using GC×GC/qMS

Communication in spiders can occur by several mechanisms, such as chemical cues and the cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) play an important role in intraspecific recognition. Several techniques have been used to evaluate CHCs in spiders, such as Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection, Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometric detection and recently Fourier Transformed Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. In this study, rapid-scanning two-dimensional gas chromatography with quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC×GC/qMS) was employed to assess the CHCs of L. geometricus females and juveniles of different ages. The results demonstrate that there is variation in CHCs of different body parts of females, with abdomen presenting greater number of compounds, as well as between adults and juveniles. Branched alkanes represented the majority of compounds in all samples, followed by linear alkanes, and alkenes were only present in adult’s abdomen and cephalothorax. The compounds 10-methyloctacosaneand 14-methyloctacosane; and 10-methyltriacontane and 14-methyltriacontane showed the same retention time in the 1D and were separated in the 2D. According to the results, rapid-scanning GC×GC/qMS can be considered a reliable technique to assess CHCs since it was possible to identify the spider’s cuticular compounds, and detect and separate two cases of chromatographic coelution.

Not so hysterical now? Psychotherapy, menopause, and hysterectomy

In the context of the body, the essentially female; wombs, menstrual cycles, and concurrent hormones, have seen women ascribed madness, insatiability, untrustworthiness, and danger. Female bodies have been identified in selective parts, considered in abstract, or envisaged as having overwhelming power over the mind. “Hysteria”, the problematic neurosis of uterine origin was at the heart of early psychoanalysis. This diagnosis enshrines a slippage from the physical to the fantastical, and ultimately to the denial of the lived reality of women’s and girl’s bodies. In apparent collusion with patriarchy the neglect of some female bodily experience is perpetuated in contemporary psychoanalytic theory. Nowhere is this more evident than around menopause and hysterectomy (as experienced by either client or therapist). There has been little or no exploration of how practitioners might best support clients for whom menopause is significant, or how we might facilitate women before or after gynaecological surgery. It is as if removal and psychological loss of the same female body parts that our forebears used to so neatly differentiate, diagnose, and pathologise women are now not of note. I am interested as to how we as psychotherapists reclaim female body narratives from this outdated theoretical paradigm to best serve clients experiencing menopause, gynaecological surgery, and mid life in the twenty-first century.

Parts of Me—Relational Risks and Possible Outcomes When Sharing the Decision to Have a Breast Augmentation: A Study of a Swedish Online Forum

A female body part that gains much attention is breasts, and globally, the image of women’s breasts is a “perfect breast.” In order to attain this “perfection,” and for personal reasons, women can decide to augment their breasts by surgery. Despite the cosmetic industry’s increasing popularity, sharing this decision with family and friends can be associated with doubts and worries. This study aims to identify anticipated outcomes when telling close persons about the surgery. Analysis of posts on a Swedish online forum suggests that anticipated reactions include hopes of being accepted and fears of being viewed differently. Aligning with Cooleys “looking-glass self,” it is argued that women see themselves through the imagined eyes of others, and judgment creates feelings of either pride or shame. Breast augmentation seems to be associated with double oppression: first, from surrounding ideals about the perfect breast, and second, from associated shame manifested in social relationships.

Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Position Statement and Guideline: Infant Feeding and Lactation-Related Language and Gender.

Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Position Statement and Guideline: Infant Feeding and Lactation-Related Language and Gender.

Lecture Feminine: A Study of Uzma Aslam Khan’s Novel Thinner than Skin

The present study focuses on feminine writing in the context of Pakistani English writings. This study aims to explain one of the main strands of feminism i.e. l’ecriture feminine which means feminine writing. The current study is based on the representation of l’ecriture feminine in Uzma Aslam Khan’s novel, Thinner than Skin. The researcher has collected the data from the selected novel and made an in-depth analysis of the characters and scenes of this novel. Female body parts are pictured by the narrator at different points in the novel. Female characters remain the center of discussion in the selected narrative. It is identified from the discussion that all the major elements of L’ecriture feminine are portrayed in the text of the novel.

Petits jeux, combat doux und fleurs écloses: Sexualität und ihre Kodierung im französischen Renaissancelied

Abstract Renaissance songs are full of sexual content, which, however, generally appears in an encoded manner. Based on a corpus of 278 texts from an anthology representing a broad range of French Renaissance songs, the article analyses the excerpts that show clear traces of sexual content from both a qualitative and a quantitative perspective. In a qualitative analysis, the study presents the images that describe male and female body parts, the coitus, and orgasm. It categorizes them according to the underlying techniques of codification, such as metaphor, synecdoche, metonymy, metalinguistic reference, and projection, and further subdivides the metaphors into the semantic fields they originate in, such as flora and fauna, physical activity (playing, dancing, planting, fighting), objects (spear, instrument, and others) or fainting and death. Using a quantitative approach, the article shows the distribution of these images, techniques, and sexual content. The metaphor is the most frequently used technique, in terms of tokens, followed by metonymy and synecdoche. The coitus appears, again in terms of tokens, as the dominant encoded content, followed by the orgasm, and male and female body parts. The article hence delivers a corpus-based presentation and evaluation of common euphemisms used for the coding of sexuality, thus allowing a deeper understanding of French Renaissance songs as well as a systematic grasp of the early use of sexual euphemisms in French.

Abstract C130: The cultural experiences of gender and sexual minorities accessing preventative breast cancer screenings: Making medical settings more inclusive to increase uptake

Abstract In analyzing the cultural obstacles that gender and sexual minorities (GSM), specifically gender-nonconforming women and transpeople, face when accessing preventative breast cancer screenings, I have uncovered various intersections that are in play. The primary feature for this particular study is specific female body parts, the breasts, which may or may not produce conflicted feelings for GSM. Other intersections include gender performances, sex, race, and sexuality, along with educational status and economic status (which facilitates gaining health insurance) in terms of the importance, affordability, and understanding of breast cancer screenings. This is all done with the backdrop of a terrifying and deadly disease without early detection. GSM are the most underserved within this realm of medicine, and it is my contention that there are specific cultural obstacles causing this. Recently, there has been growing evidence that gender-nonconforming women and transpeople access breast screenings less often than their counterparts (Hiestand, Horne & Levitt, 2007; Wang, Griffiths & Grande, 2017, 2018; Barefoot, Warren & Smalley, 2017; Bazzi, Whorms, King & Potter, 2015; Tabaac, Sutter, Wall & Baker, 2018); however, as of yet, there have been no large-scale analyses to determine exactly what the cultural features are that are causing obstacles for these two groups in getting breast cancer screenings. Themes have emerged from my initial interviews for this project that will guide the much larger study. The underlying cultural features specific to GSM accessing medical settings as well as these themes that have emerged from the data will be the focus of my presentation. Citation Format: Kristi Tredway. The cultural experiences of gender and sexual minorities accessing preventative breast cancer screenings: Making medical settings more inclusive to increase uptake [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr C130.

The Vagina Is the Third Ear

The vagina resembles the fleshy folds of the ear without the cartilage. Like the Third Eye, the Third Ear connotes a supernatural ability of intuition, perception. Female sexuality is broadened and expanded, as the vagina is reimagined and reclaimed from previous definitions. Performances with vibrating surfaces and internal vaginal microphones sonify and activate the vagina in real time. This sonic reveal of female body parts asserts a political radicality beyond the gallery or concert hall.

Undressing Rizal's Message: Clothing and Gender in Noli me tángere

This article explores Jose Rizal’s Noli me tangere as a site and source of rumination on clothing’s historical significance in the Philippines in the late nineteenth century. The characters in the novel represented various social types, whose clothes contribute to our knowledge of nineteenth-century men’s and women’s clothing and to the role clothes played in colonial power relationships, status competition among natives, and gender politics. Clothes suggested a period of ferment when colonial divides were being blurred in part by intermarriages and upward social mobility. Through clothing, the novel also showed how female body parts were sexualized and subjected to the male gaze. KEYWORDS: PHILIPPINE CLOTHING • SPANISH COLONIALISM • CLOTHING AND GENDER • JOSE RIZAL • NOLI ME TANGERE

Micromorphology of the model species pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera, Aphididae) with special emphasis on the sensilla structure

The pea aphid complex [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris 1776)] (Hemiptera, Aphididae), listed among the 14 aphid species of the greatest economic importance, is a globally distributed key pest of pulse crops. Since the pea aphid is a well-studied model organism, an enormous amount of literature has been published about this species. However, comprehensive morphological analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), focused on all body parts of adult viviparous and sexual generations of A. pisum, are lacking. Thus, we present the first detailed morphological description of all body parts of adult wingless and winged viviparous females (parthenogenetic generation) as well as oviparous females, winged and wingless males (sexual generation), representing the most common A. pisum pea biotype. In particular, the sensilla of the body surface, antennae, mouthparts, legs and male genitalia are mapped by the high-resolution scanning electron microscope. The morphological diversity of sensilla is discussed in the context of their function and the biology of aphids.

Gender stereotyping

AbstractAcross languages, the head and sexualized body parts (i.e., vagina, breasts, penis, testicles) are conceptualized in a number of ways, for example as fruits and vegetables: heads are conceptualized as cabbages, vaginas as figs, breasts as melons, penises as carrots, and testicles as olives, to only name a few. The present study draws on the theories of conceptual metaphor and metonymy byLakoff & Johnson (1980)to analyze the conceptualizations of the five body parts as fruits and vegetables in English, Spanish and French. For this purpose, a slang dictionary-based database of 184 conceptualizations was compiled. Research on the head and sexualized body parts is particularly interesting as they represent the core of intellect and sexuality respectively, which makes them prone to being conceptualized in a variety of expressive and euphemistic ways. The results of the present study show that female body parts are primarily conceptualized as sweet fruits, while the penis as well as the head are mostly understood of as savory vegetables. This finding suggests a case of gender stereotyping, whereby sweet-natured women are denied intelligence as the head is stereotypically seen as a male body part (i.e., as a savory vegetable).

The Long Drive to Prison

The Long Drive to Prison