ANSYS FEM Research Articles

Structural design and material comparison for aircraft wing box beam panel

This paper aims to present a comprehensive investigation to obtain the structural calculations needed to design a rigid panel of aluminum alloy for the wing box beam of an ATR 72–500 aircraft. For this design process, several types of materials, including composites like CFRP, are considered so it is possible to compare the actual existing part made of aluminum to them, thus checking the advantages these new materials offer. The research presents an introduction to structural design and provides a study of the relevant literature. The aircraft's principal characteristics and performance abilities were collected so that structural loads can be computed. Research used several methods, a design using conventional methods, applying the theory of elasticity is performed using the Theory of Farrar, allowing us to obtain an analytical solution to the problem, followed by checking the obtained results using Ansys FEM software combined with the parts being designed with CATIA. Furthermore, this same panel is calculated using composite materials instead of conventional aluminum, allowing us to compare both solutions. This research shed light on the intricate process of aircraft structural design, materials selection, and calculation methodologies, highlighting the ongoing pursuit of new and advanced materials. This paper makes clear that using composite materials presents several advantages over traditional ones, allowing for lighter, safer, more fuel-efficient, and more sustainable aircraft. The use of composite materials in the construction of airplane structures is driven by many factors. The results show that the chosen composite materials reduce weight, are durable, have low maintenance requirements, reduce noise, enhance fuel economy, and are resistant to corrosion.

Determination of the Magnetic Intermediate Permeability of Special Materials Based on FEM-Simulation and Hall-Sensor Measurement

This document presents the process flow and the experimental conditions for calculating the static magnetic intermediate permeability of a specimen with a dedicated geometrical contour and surface for simulation parameter of metal detection systems. In this case, intermediate is explained and defined as probes with a magnetic permeability between 10 and 1000. An analysis of recent and current measurement standards as well as similar simulation principles leads to the contribution value of this new hybrid process flow. To calculate the permeability value in a first step, an electromagnetic circuit was constructed and excited with a defined electrical DC current with a dedicated tolerance for generating a static approximated homogenic magnetic field in a defined air gap space sector. Additionally, to the H-field generation part double copper coil, two magnetic ferrite cylinders with known permeability were used. The electrical and magnetic circuit has been modeled by an Ansys FEM Electronic Desktop software; the solver is magnetic static. Specifically, the simulated magnetic field distribution of the airgap was evaluated by using different Hall sensor elements with different tolerances. Subsequently, the electromagnetic circuit was expanded by implementing different cylindrical and cube shaped probes on a defined position inside the air gap sector with homogenic magnetization. Moreover, based on the analysis of the air gap structure without the probes, a detailed 3D-FEM model of the air gap magnetic field with special probes was established, which provides the environmental field distribution of the probes. The simulation models were compared with the corresponding Hall sensor measurements, which proved the high accuracy experimental validity of the models established in this paper. Finally, some key features related to parameter variations in the electromagnetic circuit were extracted, which can significantly reflect the characteristics of the robustness of the measurement principle. The main findings reported in this paper will be beneficial for magnetic parameter settings in electromagnetic simulation.

Topology Optimization of a Steering Knuckle

Steering knuckle is an important component from safety point of view since they are subjected to large amount of stresses. Hence to study the stress pattern in steering knuckle. ANSYS static structural workbench model is used. For analysis purpose basic model is prepared by picking data from available literature. For numerical analysis steering knuckle is prepared by using the software CATIA V5 and the stress analysis is done by FEM in ANSYS. Topology optimization have been performed for optimization of the volume and reduce the materials from the steering knuckle by using topology optimization module in ANSYS. Comparison between the results from post and pre-optimization will be done and discussed.

Dynamic Behavior of Composite Sandwich Panel with CFRP Outer Layers

Sandwich panel with laminate faces is used for free vibration analysis. The periodic microstructure and Mori- Tanaka model are used for homogenization of unidirectional fiber reinforced composite. The Shear Deformation Theory is considered for analytical and numerical analysis. FEM in ANSYS is used for numerical analysis. The effect of sandwich design parameters such as panel length, core thickness and fiber reinforced angle on vibration response is investigated. Natural frequencies of sandwich panel versus sandwich design parameters are presented in graphical form. From the results can be concluded that sandwich design parameters affect the natural frequencies of sandwich panels, and this effect is important for designing of sandwich panels under dynamic load.

Assessing the nonlinear static stiffness of rail pad using finite element method

The unintended vibrations and sound emerging from train operation have an enormous impact on the surroundings, including the deterioration of the way, buildings, and structures. One proposed strategy to mitigate this issue is the installation of a rail pad inserted between the steel rail and concrete sleeper to provide flexibility to the track and cushion the shocks and vibrations generated by the train wheels’ movement. These materials have nonlinear, dissipative properties influenced by service conditions like temperature and toe load. This work aimed to investigate the static stiffness of different materials of the rail pad under the influence of temperature and toe load. The rail pads were categorized as soft, medium, or hard based on static stiffness. A 3D model of the rail pad, steel rail, and concrete sleeper was simulated and analyzed using ANSYS FEM software. The neo-Hookean model was used to model the rail pad, and the isotropic elasticity model was used for the steel rail and concrete sleeper. The static stiffness of the ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) pad was 85.42 kN/mm, lower than that of thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs, 138.98 kN/mm) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA, 303.70 kN/mm) under reference conditions (20 °C), without including toe load effects. Increasing the temperature decreased the rail pad’s static stiffness, with the highest reduction of 53.49 %. However, increasing the toe load contributed up to a 23.53 % increase in the static stiffness of the rail pad.

A Self-Activated Fault Current Limiter for Distribution Network Protection

Rapid protection of modern electric networks using fault current limiters (FCLs) is often delayed and limited by the inherent controller, sensor, and power electronic unit delays. This article proposes a novel self-activated FCL (SAFCL), comprising a dc saturation winding, series ac limiter windings, and ac parallel reactor, which limits the fault current in less than 0.4 ms. Furthermore, the advantage of this SAFCL, when compared to a traditional saturated core FCL (SCFCL), is that it does not rely on any external controller, sensor, controllable solid-state switch, and battery. In the normal state, the SAFCL behaves like a saturated reactor with a very low impedance and in the fault state, cores are entered to the unsaturation region without relying on an external controller which imposes a high impedance to limit the fault, rapidly. The performance of the SAFCL is evaluated through off-line MATLAB and Maxwell ANSYS FEM simulations, and is also validated by experimental studies conducted on a scaled-down prototype.

A Numerical Study on Mode II Fatigue Delamination Growth in Composite Laminates

AbstractIn this paper, a numerical tool, able to mimic the delamination growth under cyclic loading conditions, has been adopted to investigate the mode II interlaminar damage growth in composite laminates. An improved Virtual Crack Closure Technique based model, mesh and time step independent, has been combined with a Paris‐Law equations‐based model to account for the effects of cycling loading conditions on the structural behavior of a specimen under an End‐Notched Flexure (ENF) test. The ANSYS FEM environment has been adopted for the numerical simulations and the numerical model has been implemented in ANSYS by adopting the Ansys Parametric Design Language (APDL). Comparisons at the coupon level with literature experimental data on unidirectional ENF samples have demonstrated the ability of the numerical model to simulate the Mode II fatigue delamination growth. Actually, useful indications on the damage propagation under fatigue loading condition have been provided by the proposed numerical model in conjunction with the experimental data taken from literature.

Investigating the Variation of Molten Plastic on the Strength of Interlocking Bricks Using Response Surface Methodology

This studied investigate the variation of molten plastic on the strength of plastic interlocking brick using response surface method and ANSYS FEM software. plastics, being one of the most commonly generated waste in today's culture and also one of the most easily recyclable materials that may be able to replace traditional clay and sand bricks Plastics interlocking bricks tests include compressive strength tests, in which the brick specimen is placed in a bricks testing machine that gradually increases the load until the specimen's resistance to the growing pressure breaks down and it can no longer tolerate any further strain. This increased from 10.5N/mm2 to 14.0N/mm2 by volume after 7days with a control specimen of M1. The maximum increase in flexural strength test for M5 and M6 was in order of 6.4N/mm2 and 7.1N/mm2 respectively.

Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Calcite Reinforced Polypropylene by Using Digimat-Mean Field Homogenization and Ansys Fem

Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Calcite Reinforced Polypropylene by Using Digimat-Mean Field Homogenization and Ansys Fem

Towards Localized Tactile Feedback on Touch Surfaces: Finite Element Analysis of a Vibrating Touch Screen Actuated by Piezo Patches

Surface haptics technologies offer an augmented user experience by providing a unique and distinctive interaction between the finger and touchscreen. In this study, we focus on a touch screen design to display vibrotactile tactile feedback to the user through piezo patches located on its surface. We investigated the effects of boundary conditions, piezo configurations, and materials of the touch surface and piezo patches that will achieve the highest deformation on the touch surface, considering the most sensible human tactile perception frequency using the ANSYS FEM software package. In our analysis, we used three different touch surface and piezo patch materials, three different boundary conditions, four different piezo patch locations, and three different touch surface thicknesses. The results showed that the boundary conditions and thickness of the glass have a significant effect on the first natural frequency of the touch surface, and the results leading to best human tactile perception were obtained by fixing four piezo patches at four sides of the touch surface. Based on the determined configuration in the modal analyses, we performed a response surface optimization study to estimate the geometry of the touch surface (width, height, thickness), which will result in maximum deformation on the touch surface. We achieved the best configuration (max total deformation at about 250 Hz first modal frequency) with 160 × 90 × 0.28 mm and 190 × 110 × 0.4 mm dimensions. In the future, we will develop models to render localized tactile feedback on a touchscreen-based on piezo patches operating at various combinations (i.e., sequence, amplitude, frequency), which will be predicted based on the FEM simulations.

The feasibility study on development of porous ceramic composites for ion-exchanger

During normal operation of the nuclear reactor, several corrosion elements (CRUD) can be produced due to the degradation of the reactor structural materials. These impurities must be removed from the reactor coolant system to preserve the performance of the reactor coolant. We are developing a new porous ceramic adsorption material to replace current bead-type polystyrene resins at the ion exchanger. We performed experimental and numerical studies to investigate the feasibility of using Zeolite as a ceramic ion-exchange composite, which is stable at high temperatures and has high adsorption capacity for the constituent elements of CRUD. We are also proposing a new configuration of the ceramic composite, which is a Twisted Honeycomb shape printed by a 3D printer. First, the experimental analysis was performed to find the optimal sintering temperature of Zeolite in terms of removal rate and material strength, and a compressive strength test for a 3D printed ceramic composite was carried out to confirm structural integrity. Then, we conducted a CFD analysis to investigate the effect of flow velocity and pressure drop distribution through the conventional packed bead ion exchange (PB-IEX) resins and the proposed Twisted Honeycomb ion exchanger (TH-IEX). We focused on the pressure force distribution, which is important for ion exchange immobilization and degradation. The flow velocity and retention time through the ion exchanger play an essential role regarding the adsorption rate. A wide range of beads diameter [0.001–1.0 mm] has been analyzed. Larger beads decrease the pressure drop with a reduction of removal rate. The proposed twisted honeycomb shape shows better flow velocity distribution and less pressure drop. Finally, structural analysis was performed using ANSYS FEM to investigate the influence of flow distribution on the integrity of the Twisted Honeycomb ion exchanger, in which the FEM model was validated against the compressive strength experimental data. As a result, we are proposing the prototype of high efficiency ion exchanger.

Electromagnetic design of high-speed permanent magnet synchronous motor for flywheel energy storage system

Flywheel energy storage system (FESS) has significant advantages such as high power density, high efficiency, short charging time, fast response speed, long service life, maintenance free, and no geographical environment restrictions. Motor is the energy conversion core of FESS and plays a significant role on system performance. In this paper, the design features of the motor for FESS are analyzed first. Then, a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with a rated speed of 12000 rpm and a rated power of 250 kW is designed. Thirdly, aiming at the key problem of difficult heat dissipation of rotor, an improved rotor structure with “1” rotor permanent magnets layered and divided where placed in tangential and radial directions is proposed, which can reduce eddy current loss by 22.8%. Finally, based on Ansys FEM software, electromagnetic characteristics of the designed motor at no-load and full-load conditions are simulated and analyzed. The results show that the designed electromagnetic scheme meets the expected performance requirements and has guiding significance for prototype.

Artificial neural network base on grey relational analysis estimate displacement of bridge-type amplifier

The power of complaint mechanisms is able for a dramatic reduction in the number of parts required to compass a specified task. It may reduce manufacturing and assembly time and cost. Reduce the number of joints can also increase mechanism precision. The output displacement must be larger than input displacement with lower stress. Thus, Optimize geometry-shape for besting parameter design of the structure was investigated in this paper. The part was designed by Autodesk Inventor and determined displacement amplifier and stress by FEM in ANSYS. We estimate the displacement of a bridge-type amplifier using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and regression method (RM) base on Grey relational analysis (GRA). The variability of the thickness, the incline angle, the length and the width of the flexure hinges (FH) affects the variability of target displacement (DI) and stress (ST). The influence of the width and the area of the location force is very small and not clear. The result of the simulation is verified by ANOVA and also compared with the predicted value of ANN, GRA, and RM. The displacement of a bridge-type amplifier is reached 0.95 mm with displacement input 0.01 mm. The ratio amplifier is got 95 times.

DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF PROSTHESIS HIP JOINT USING FEM AND DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT APPROACH

In the present era, hip joint replacement is a well-known medical issue to which the male patients are mostly prone to. There are different designs available for the hip replacement process; however, each design has its benefits as well as its limitations. This study provides the optimum design solution for the hip joint replacement by changing the dimensional parameters of the hip joint. The three geometrical parameters, ball diameter, Neck length and stem length of the hip joint, are selected for the base design. Furthermore, parameters i.e. ball material and stem material are also considered in this study to reduce the weight. The above-mentioned factors have four levels, which help to generate experimental design by using design of experiment methodology. The titanium alloy, Co–Cr-alloy, stainless steel and ultra-high molecule weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) have been selected as working material for modeling of the hip joint. The L[Formula: see text] orthogonal array is simulated in ANSYS FEM solver (Version-14.5). The FEM simulation techniques have been applied, and modeling steps are also developed. Two responses i.e. Von mises stress and body weight are selected to optimize the base design for further study. The signal-to-noise ratio analysis for stress shows that the most significant factor is ball diameter and least significant factor is neck length of the hip joint. For reducing the weight of the entire model, material of stem body is the most significant factor whereas the least significant factor is stem length.

Update of electromagnetic loads on HCPB breeding blanked for DEMO 2017 configuration

Abstract The research carried out over the past years within the Breeding Blanket (BB) project has demonstrated the importance of considering electromagnetic (EM) loads for the structural assessment of BB segments and the design of some interface components (e.g. attachment system with VV). These loads act on the structure during normal and off-normal operation and their distribution and magnitude strongly depend on the tokamak magnetic configuration, BB segment design and its electrical connections with the other conductive structures, as well as on the considered plasma scenario. The following work focuses on the Helium Cooled Pebble Bed (HCPB) BB. It reports an update of the electromagnetic loads for the DEMO2017 baseline during the plasma flat top and a VDE-up with a current quench time of 74 ms. Ferromagnetic and Lorentz loads (comprehensive of halo current contribution) have been calculated using an ANSYS FEM model. The obtained results are compared with the previous one (DEMO2015 baseline), showing the impact due to the change in the HCPB design and electrical contacts with the VV.

Analysis of the Behavior of a Square Plate in Free Vibration by FEM in Ansys

In the realization of mechanical structures, achieving stability and balance is a problem commonly encountered by engineers in the field of civil engineering, mechanics, aeronautics, biomechanics and many others. The study of plate behavior is a very sensitive subject because it is part of the structural elements. The study of the dynamic behavior of free vibration structures is done by modal analysis in order to calculate natural frequencies and modal deformations. In this paper, we present the modal analysis of a thin rectangular plate simply supported. The analytical solution of the differential equation is obtained by applying the method of separating the variables. We are talking about the exact solution of the problem to the limit values. However, numerical methods such as the finite element method allow us to approximate these functions with greater accuracy. It is one of the most powerful computational methods for predicting dynamic response in a complex structure subject to arbitrary boundary conditions. The results obtained by MEF through Ansys 15.0 are then compared with those obtained by the analytical method.

Experimental and computational investigation of fluid structure interaction of flexible tube’s dynamic properties

Flexible tubes are often used in hydraulic measurement, be it connection between pieces of hydraulic equipment or an extension from point of measurement to measuring sensor or as a substitute for a different material e.g. biological tissue. Such tube material allows for rather large deformation and therefore influences measured parameters. Laboratory set up consisting of pressure sensors and piston pulsator was used to gather experimental data. Frequency response and properties were obtained in a range of frequencies. Fluid structure interaction simulation using ANSYS FEM and Fluent CFD packages and simulation in ANSYS Mechanical with acoustic-capabilities were used to compare experimental and computational data. Results show correlation between different approaches. Suitability of flexible tubes is discussed regarding the obtained properties.

Biomechanical analysis of new constructions of adhesive bridge prostheses

The purpose of the study was a numerical analysis of the stress-strain state of novel designs of fixed adhesive dental bridges made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to replace the missing second premolar of the mandible with first premolar and molar as abutments. Three-dimensional models of dental bridges (with the traditional (vertical) (T) insertion direction, as well as those developed with the vestibulo-oral (VO) insertion direction and the oral-vestibular (OV) insertion direction) were obtained by scanning with 3D scanner S600 ARI (ZirkonZahn GmbH) and subsequent processing in the Modellier program (ZirkonZahn GmbH). To evaluate the stress-strain state of the adhesive dental bridges, the ANSYS FEM software was used. 100 N force acting in the oral-vestibular direction was applied at various angles to the nodes localized in the areas of enamel ridges to simulate the occlusal contacts of antagonistic teeth. It was established that the direction of the occlusal force vector has a significant effect on the values of equivalent (von Mises) stresses and displacements in the dental bridge. It was shown that the lowest displacements and stresses occurred in the type (T) adhesive bridge, while the highest displacements and stresses occurred in the type (OV) over the entire range of the load angle variation. An increase in the elastic modulus of the bridge material leads to a decrease in maximum displacements, while the stresses in the prosthesis change very slightly. The numerical calculation showed that the PMMA-manufactured dental bridges’ durability equals to 233 days for (OV), 780 days for (VO) and 1458 days for (T) with an average chewing load of 100 N, which indicates the possibility of using these novel designs as temporary dental bridges.

Mechanics and FEM estimation of gaps generated in star-ring active contacts of ORBIT motor during operation

We estimate deformations or gaps occurring at all the ideally form-closed contacts, that separate the chambers, in epitrochoid (cycloidal class) generated star-ring gears of ORBIT® motors. The direct measurement of these deformations and gaps is not an easy task as the contact positions are inaccessible for installing any measuring device. Therefore, we target the accurate theoretical estimation of these deformations and gaps for any pressure or torque load. The problem poses statically indeterminate, as there are multiple contacts. We use FEM in Ansys® environment to model the problem and its solution. We develop the model to its final stage with gradual improvement in assessing more accurate and realistic boundary conditions as well as loading patterns. We make an elaborate presentation of this process in this investigation report. Interestingly, in ORBIT motor momentary occurrence of gap at the transition active contact, i.e., the contact separating the two adjacent chambers with one in high pressure and the other in low pressure, is unavoidable. This occurs for a substantial period of a power cycle and sometimes in both transition contacts, that separate the overall high pressure zone and the low pressure zone. The inter-chamber leakages through these gaps are partially responsible for lowering the volumetric efficiency. The present investigation is limited to establishing a method of estimating deformation and gaps at the active contacts of such units. Our proposed method can be used for any such unit of any geometric design data and kinematic model.

Computer Modeling Application of Fluid Outflow from Vessels

The aim of the paper is to evaluate numerical analysis of the fluid flow during the outflow from vessel orifices at various locations. The problems of the outflow velocities and pressure fields were well-chosen for the given purposes. The selected fluid flow problems were solved by numerical simulation using FEM in ANSYS. For numerical simulation, we used the basic steps to design an abstract model in the ANSYS virtual environment. Numerical simulation requires a geometric model complemented by physical properties of flowing fluids as well as both the initial and boundary conditions. It is then possible to calculate the velocity and pressure fields by numerical simulation for a particular fluid type. The results obtained from the numerical simulation were compared with those of the analytical solution. The results obtained from modeling and numerical simulation correspond to the actual values ​​with minimum deviations. The demonstrated type of the problem solved by numerical simulation and modeling confirmed the advantages and possibilities of flexible solutions for any combination of problems in the field of ​​fluid dynamics. Modeling and numerical simulation of fluid flow can provide results regarding the speed and the pressure fields in vessels and pipelines.