Fellow Group Members Research Articles

Bringing leaders of network subgroups closer together does not facilitate consensus

Consensus formation is a complex process, particularly in networked groups. When individuals are incentivized to dig in and refuse to compromise, leaders may be essential to guiding the group to consensus. Specifically, the relative geodesic position of leaders could be important for reaching consensus. Separately, groups searching for consensus can be confounded by noisy signals in which individuals are given false information about the actions of their fellow group members. We tested the effects of the geodesic distance between leaders (geodesic distance ranging from 1 to 4) and of noise (noise levels at 0%, 5%, and 10%) by recruiting participants (N = 3,456) for a set of experiments (n = 216 groups). We find that noise makes groups less likely to reach consensus, and the groups that do reach consensus take longer to find it. We find that leadership changes the behavior of both leaders and followers in important ways (for instance, being labeled a leader makes people more likely to ‘go with the flow’). However, we find no evidence that the geodesic distance between leaders is a significant factor in the probability of reaching consensus. While other network properties of leaders undoubtedly affect consensus formation, the distance between leaders in network subgroups appears not to matter.

Seasonal variation in aggression and physiological stress in wild female and male redfronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons)

Intraspecific competition with fellow group members represents an unavoidable cost of group living. However, the causes of competition can vary among group members, and ecological and reproductive challenges faced by individuals throughout the year can trigger physical conflicts and or physiological responses. To date, few studies in mammals have described both physiological and behavioral responses to competition simultaneously across the year in both males and females. However, such an approach may shed light on ultimate drivers of sex-specific competitive strategies. In this six-year study on multiple groups of wild redfronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons), a primate species from Madagascar, we intended to identify the relative importance of feeding vs. reproductive competition for both sexes. We combined data on fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGCM) levels, a proxy for the physiological stress response, with behavioral observations on agonistic interactions during ecologically and socially challenging phases across the year. We found that while FGCM levels increased in both sexes with decreasing fruit consumption, this increase was not accompanied by concomitant changes in agonistic behavior. Female aggression and FGCM levels instead peaked during the birth season, while for males, aggression remained fairly constant across the year. Our results suggest that redfronted lemurs have mechanisms to avoid direct competition through aggression at times when individuals may need to conserve energy.

Prosocial preferences can escalate intergroup conflicts by countering selfish motivations to leave

When defending against hostile enemies, individual group members can benefit from others staying in the group and fighting. However, individuals themselves may be better off by leaving the group and avoiding the personal risks associated with fighting. While fleeing is indeed commonly observed, when and why defenders fight or flee remains poorly understood and is addressed here with three incentivized and preregistered experiments (total n = 602). In stylized attacker-defender contest games in which defenders could stay and fight or leave, we show that the less costly leaving is, the more likely individuals are to abandon their group. In addition, more risk-averse individuals are more likely to leave. Conversely, individuals more likely stay and fight when they have pro-social preferences and when fellow group members cannot leave. However, those who stay not always contribute fully to group defense, to some degree free-riding on the efforts of other group members. Nonetheless, staying increased intergroup conflict and its associated costs.

Development and Validation of the Individual Teamwork Behaviors Questionnaire

Although there has been significant research investigating the processes that facilitate how individuals work collectively as a team, there has been little attention to the specific behaviors that individual team members need to exhibit to support teamwork. Despite two such measures currently existing in the literature, both suffer from a few important limitations, which makes it difficult to ensure individual team members are contributing to the team and targeted for the most appropriate developmental efforts. Through a series of studies, we inductively develop the dimensions for such a measure, establish its convergent and discriminant validity against an established peer-evaluated measure, and then show how it fits in the nomological network of established teamwork measures. The resulting measure supports the strengths of a multi-source, peer-rated scale by capturing observable behaviors that can more clearly be evaluated by fellow group members and which are applicable to various organizational environments.

Penggunaan Model Problem Based Learning Untuk Meningkatkan Komunikasi dan Kolaborasi Peserta Didik Kelas X

This study aims to improve communication and collaboration of students in class X-3 SMA Islam Sultan Agung 1 Semarang in learning Biology virus material through Problem Based Learning model. Problem Based Learning is a learner-centered learning model, where learners face real problems that require solutions through collaboration and active communication with discussion groups and classmates. This type of research is a class action research (PTK) consisting of two cycles, in each cycle there are two meetings. Each cycle has three stages, namely planning (Plan), implementation (Do), and reflection (See). The subjects in this study were X-3 class students totaling 30 female students. Each research cycle, students were given a problem relevant to the virus material and they were expected to work together in groups to solve the problem. During this process, they had to communicate with fellow group members, discuss, and design solutions to the problem. Data collection techniques used through observation sheets, and documentation as research data. Data analysis was made descriptively qualitative. The results showed that the application of Problem Based Learning can improve students' communication and collaboration skills on virus material. This can be seen from cycle 1 the recapitulation of communication results of 68.60% increased to 80.80% in cycle 2. The increase in collaboration skills from cycle 1 amounted to 71.60% to 89.67% in cycle 2. The conclusion of this study is that by using the Problem Based Learning learning model there is an increase in communication and collaboration skills of students.

Improving Students Learning Activeness in Social Studies Subjects through Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) Cooperative Learning Model

This research is motivated by the problems found in class VII E at SMPN 2 Pamekasan, namely the low level of student learning activeness in social studies lessons, in the classroom the teacher still uses the lecture method in explaining the learning material and continued with practice questions, as a result learning activities become unvaried and limited. cooperative learning model type Student Teams Achivement Division (STAD) is used to increase student activeness. This research used classroom action research (PTK) which was carried out in two cycles, each cycle consisting of four stages, namely the planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The subjects of this study were students of class VII E consisting of 32 students. The research instruments used in this study were observation guidelines for student learning activeness, and field notes. While the data collection techniques used in this research are participatory observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis used is qualitative data analysis, which consists of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing, and quantitative data analysis with a percentage of the assessment of student learning activeness in the application of the Student Teams Achivement Division (STAD) type cooperative learning model. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that there is an increase in student learning activeness in social studies learning from cycle I to cycle II. Indicators pay attention to the teacher's explanation increased 12.51% from cycle I to cycle II. Indicators record or summarize the subject matter increased 28.13% from cycle I to cycle II. Indicators asking questions to teachers or friends experienced an increase of 26.57% from cycle I to cycle II. Indicators answering questions from teachers or friends increased 39.06% from cycle I to cycle II. Indicators discussing with group members in solving problems increased 21.88% from cycle I to cycle II. Indicators helping fellow group members in understanding the subject matter increased 14.07% from cycle I to cycle II. The indicator of doing tasks given by the teacher increased 28.12% from cycle I to cycle II. The indicator of doing quizzes individually increased 39.06% from cycle I to cycle II. And student learning activeness showed a score of 93.75% at the end of the cycle.

Relative Performance Information and Rule-Breaking: The Moderating Effect of Group Identity

ABSTRACT Firms frequently provide relative performance information (RPI) in different environmental contexts. In this experimental study, we investigate how RPI (absent versus present) affects rule-breaking under different levels of group identity (lower versus higher). We refer to performance-improving rule-breaking that increases not only one’s own performance but also overall firm performance. We predict and find that RPI triggers a stronger increase in rule-breaking in cases of higher group identity than in cases of lower group identity. We argue that in the case of lower group identity, individuals mainly follow their own moral standards independently of RPI provision. In contrast, we reason that individuals with higher group identity generally want to impress their fellow group members when RPI is absent by following the rules, but when RPI is present by achieving a high rank through rule-breaking. Our results inform managers about the importance of considering RPI in conjunction with group identity. Data Availability: Data are available from Sandra Winkelmann. JEL Classifications: M40; M41.

MENINGKATKAN TANGGUNG JAWAB SISWA TERHADAP PERATURAN SEKOLAH MELALUI LAYANAN KONSELING KELOMPOK

<span lang="FI">Student responsibility for school regulations is a reflection of students who are disciplined and have character. To form this attitude and responsibility requires an example and habituation that starts from the environment around him. The most effective way to train students to be responsible is to provide group counseling services, namely as a group training students to be brave and able to interact with fellow group members so that individuals who have weak points can be overcome and become responsible individuals by discussing problems together with the group. through group dynamics. The formulation of the problem in this research is how group counseling can increase students' responsibility for school regulations in class The aim of this research is to find out whether group counseling services can increase students' responsibility towards school regulations. To see the aspect of responsibility towards school regulations as a KKp participant, researchers determined eight aspects of indicators of student responsibility towards school regulations. Progress is monitored at each activity stage of implementing group counseling services which includes the formation stage, transition stage, activities and termination or closing stage. Of the eight indicators determined, overall students can achieve improvement as seen by changes in cycle I to cycle II, if averaged in cycle I, the percentage obtained is 30% in KKp 1, increasing to 50% in KKp 2 and increasing again in cycle II starting from KKp 1 amounted to 72.5% and the increase increased to KKp 2 amounting to 92.5%. In this way, group counseling services can increase students' responsibility for school regulations, meaning that the research hypothesis is accepted.</span>

Personality variation is eroded by simple social behaviours in collective foragers.

The movement of groups can be heavily influenced by 'leader' individuals who differ from the others in some way. A major source of differences between individuals is the repeatability and consistency of their behaviour, commonly considered as their 'personality', which can influence both position within a group as well as the tendency to lead. However, links between personality and behaviour may also depend upon the immediate social environment of the individual; individuals who behave consistently in one way when alone may not express the same behaviour socially, when they may be conforming with the behaviour of others. Experimental evidence shows that personality differences can be eroded in social situations, but there is currently a lack of theory to identify the conditions where we would expect personality to be suppressed. Here, we develop a simple individual-based framework considering a small group of individuals with differing tendencies to perform risky behaviours when travelling away from a safe home site towards a foraging site, and compare the group behaviours when the individuals follow differing rules for aggregation behaviour determining how much attention they pay to the actions of their fellow group-members. We find that if individuals pay attention to the other members of the group, the group will tend to remain at the safe site for longer, but then travel faster towards the foraging site. This demonstrates that simple social behaviours can result in the repression of consistent inter-individual differences in behaviour, giving the first theoretical consideration of the social mechanisms behind personality suppression.

Women’s Empowerment for Peasant Women`s Groups

The Peasant Women's Group is an organization that functions as a vehicle for counseling and driving the activities of its members. Non-formally bound farmer groups are formed based on shared interests and environmental conditions to improve and develop member businesses. The existence of women's empowerment through farmer groups has a social impact on peasant women. The process of empowering women through non-formal education programs must begin with the awareness of the target community. The awareness step is intended to enable people to identify needs and formulate learning or life goals. What is apparent is that the role of women extends not only as labor in farming activities but they act as decision-makers on the use of means of production and the technology used in farming activities. Insights develop because of the input of fellow group members, from the experiences of successful people presented by the group as speakers in an extension and training activity and the active role of extension workers providing information about a technological innovation that makes it easier for women to adopt technology in agricultural business. Keywords: Empowerment, Women, Peasant Women's Group

Small group size promotes more egalitarian societies as modeled by the hawk-dove game.

The social organization of groups varies greatly across primate species, ranging from egalitarian to despotic. Moreover, the typical or average size of groups varies greatly across primate species. Yet we know little about how group size affects social organization across primate species. Here we used the hawk-dove game (HDG) to model the evolution of social organization as a function of maximum group size and used the evolved frequency of hawks as a measure of egalitarian/despotism in societies. That is, the lower the frequency of hawks, the more egalitarian a society is, and the higher the frequency of hawks, the more despotic it is. To do this, we built an agent-based model in which agents live in groups and play the HDG with fellow group members to obtain resources to reproduce offspring. Offspring inherit the strategy of their parent (hawk or dove) with a low mutation rate. When groups reach a specified maximum size, they are randomly divided into two groups. We show that the evolved frequency of hawks is dramatically lower for relatively small maximum group sizes than predicted analytically for the HDG. We discuss the relevance of group size for understanding and modeling primate social systems, including the transition from hunter-gather societies to agricultural societies of the Neolithic era. We conclude that group size should be included in our theoretical understanding of the organization of primate social systems.

Group chorusing as an intragroup signal in the greater ani, a communally breeding bird

AbstractGroup living often requires maintaining dynamic and varied relationships with fellow group members, while simultaneously monitoring and interacting with external competitors. Group members in many social species vocalize together to produce duets or choruses—coordinated, often conspicuous vocal displays—that may play a role in these interactions. Compared with male–female duets, however, relatively little research exists on the function and adaptive significance of group choruses, which involve three or more individuals. Here we investigate chorusing behavior in the greater ani (Crotophaga major), a communally breeding cuckoo that nests in stable social groups of four to eight unrelated individuals. Groups may remain together for several years on the same nesting territory, and groups occasionally destroy each other's clutches in conflicts over high‐quality territories. We asked whether the raucous, highly stereotyped choruses performed by ani groups are primarily used for intra‐ or intergroup communication, and whether they contain information about the identity of the social group and the number of birds vocalizing. Behavioral observations and acoustic recordings from three breeding seasons revealed that choruses typically occurred during social interactions within the group (78% of choruses) or in response to a predator or extra‐group individual (17%) and only rarely in intergroup interactions (4%). Consistent with this finding, choruses did not reliably reflect the number of birds vocalizing, and we found only limited evidence for group‐specific acoustic signatures (driven by a single group whose choruses were highly distinct). These results suggest that group choruses play an important role in intra‐group signaling, potentially in contexts such as group formation, reinforcement of social bonds within the group, and/or collective decision‐making, and they motivate new research questions about the role of collective signaling in social evolution.

Aspirational leaders help us change: Ingroup prototypicality enables effective group psychotherapy leadership.

Research suggests that leaders are effective when they are ingroup prototypical (represent the identity of the group they seek to lead). However, it is unclear whether leaders should represent the group's current identity ("who we are") or aspired identity ("who we want to be"). This study investigated which of these forms of prototypicality best predicted leadership effectiveness in group psychotherapy. Longitudinal study. 519 questionnaire responses were obtained from 112 women attending a four-session body acceptance program. Focal measures included participant ratings of how often they thought their psychotherapy leaders and fellow group members would (a) engage in dieting thoughts and behaviours and (b) approve of dieting. Given the program's body acceptance focus, leader prototypicality was conceptualized as the difference between participants' perceptions of how often their leaders, versus group members, would diet at the start of therapy. Leadership effectiveness was conceptualized as reductions in perceived group approval of dieting across therapy. Two therapeutic outcomes were considered: body satisfaction and dieting intentions. A mixed-effects repeated measures analysis indicated that group approval of dieting decreased more rapidly when participants perceived their leaders to be aspirational (thought that group leaders dieted less frequently than group members) than when they perceived them to be exemplary (thought that group leaders dieted as frequently as group members). Changes in group approval of dieting mediated the relationship between leader prototypicality and improved therapeutic outcomes. Findings suggest that group psychotherapy leaders may increase their effectiveness by striving to embody their group's aspired identity.

Kebermaknaan Konseling Kelompok dalam Menanggulangi Masalah Kehidupan

Every human being must have problems; what distinguishes them is how individuals respond and live them. Hence, it takes someone who is an expert (counsellor) to accompany people experiencing problems (clients) to take on the responsibility of their lives and become happy individuals. Group counselling is one of the services that counsellors can provide to help clients or group members solve their life problems because the purpose of this service is to alleviate client problems by utilizing group dynamics to establish a sense of empathy and mutual understanding and help between fellow group members. In this article, we will discuss in more detail the meaning of group counselling in overcoming human life problems, starting from discussing the meaning of group counselling, the differences between group counselling and individual counselling, the function of group counselling in overcoming life problems, the purpose of holding group counselling, principles of group counselling, and therapy that can be used in group counselling

Analisis Relasi Pertemanan melalui Perilaku Asertif pada Mahasiswa IAIN Parepare

This research aims to find out how to build friendship relationships through assertive behavior. As well as the positive and negative impacts of friendship relationships built through assertive behavior. The research subjects were IAIN Parepare students. The type of research is qualitative descriptive research. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis technique is using qualitative data analysis. The results of this research show that efforts to build friendships through assertive behavior can be done by: students paying more attention to the person they are talking to so they know more about the meaning they want to convey, students must have a sense of empathy, especially when a friend faces a problem, a student shows the right action to fellow group members. The positive impact is encouraging new discoveries in terms of helping each other with college assignments, promoting an attitude of mutual assistance. Meanwhile, the negative impact of friendship relations is excessive solidarity in a group, the formation of various groups based on classmates, school friends or residence and triggering conflicts between students when one member of the group has problems with other people or members of other groups.

Problem-solving in groups of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): more than the sum of its parts.

Human hypercooperativity and the emergence of division of labor enables us to solve problems not only effectively within a group but also collectively. Collective problem-solving occurs when groups perform better than the additive performance of separate individuals. Currently, it is unknown whether this is unique to humans. To investigate the evolutionary origin of collective problem-solving and potential precursors, we propose a continuum of group effects on problem-solving, from simple to complex ones, eventually culminating in collective problem-solving. We tested captive common marmosets with a series of problem-solving tasks, either alone or in a group. To test whether the performance of a group was more than the sum of its parts, we compared real groups to virtual groups (pooled scores of animals tested alone). Marmosets in real groups were both more likely to solve problems than marmosets within the virtual groups and to do so faster. Although individuals within real groups approached the problem faster, a reduction in neophobia was not sufficient to explain the greater success. Success within real groups arose because animals showed higher perseverance, especially after a fellow group member had found the solution in complex tasks. These results are consistent with the idea that group problem-solving evolved alongside a continuum, with performance improving beyond baseline as societies move from social tolerance to opportunities for diffusion of information to active exchange of information. We suggest that increasing interdependence and the adoption of cooperative breeding pushed our ancestors up this scale.

Whistleblowing and Group Affiliation: The Role of Group Cohesion and the Locus of the Wrongdoer in Reporting Decisions

Conventional accounts describe whistleblowing as prosocial behavior, where whistleblowers are largely driven by a desire to help or improve their organization. Yet individuals are not only members of their organization; they also belong to internal social groups that affect behavior and influence decision making. In this paper, we focus on these intraorganizational dynamics and theorize two ways in which group affiliations are likely to affect whistleblowing. When an individual observes wrongdoing committed by a person affiliated with the same group, higher group cohesion decreases the likelihood of blowing the whistle because of potential whistleblowers’ greater loyalties toward group members and a desire to protect the reputation of the group. When an individual observes wrongdoing committed by a person not affiliated with the same group, higher group cohesion increases the likelihood of blowing the whistle, as potential whistleblowers feel they have the support of fellow group members, lessening fears of retaliation. Using unique data on actual and hypothetical whistleblowing among U.S. federal employees in 24 departments and agencies coupled with a vignette experiment, we find support for our arguments. By showing how group affiliations inform whistleblowing decisions, we reveal how variation in social structure leads to heterogeneity in responses to wrongdoing. Together, these results reveal tradeoffs in the detection of misconduct and help explain why wrongdoing in organizations may be so difficult to eradicate.

The Hot Seat: Supervision With Philip Bromberg

The author along with Jean Petrucelli, Ph.D., Jill Howard, Ph.D., and Peter Lessem, Ph.D. was in Group Supervision with Philip Bromberg, Ph.D. for more than a decade. This article addresses the author’s experience of sitting across from Philip Bromberg in “The Hot Seat” during group supervisory sessions. The impact of Dr. Bromberg’s ideas on interpersonal and relational psychoanalytic theory is addressed. Concepts such as self-states, and Sullivan’s ideas on the uniqueness of me-patterns of relating are addressed. The author reflects on the last time he and his fellow group member Jill Howard visited with Dr. Bromberg.

Interpersonal bonds with fellow nationals, blind patriotism and preference for Immigrants' acculturation.

Strong interpersonal bonds between group members have been found to either increase intergroup antipathy or improve intergroup attitudes, depending on the intergroup situation. However, the question of whether close ties with fellow group members can contribute positively and negatively to intergroup attitudes at the same time remains unexplored. We explore this question in the context of a national group taking the example of Finns' acculturation attitudes toward immigrants. One adolescent sample (N = 401) and one adult student sample (N = 285) completed surveys assessing these factors. Across both studies, strong interpersonal bonds with fellow nationals showed a negative effect on acculturation attitudes toward immigrants via an increase in blind patriotism. At the same time, interpersonal bonds also had a direct and positive effect on attitudes toward contact with Finns and (among younger respondents only) attitudes toward cultural maintenance. Our results indicate that the strength of interpersonal bonds with fellow nationals has simultaneous and opposing associations with acculturation attitudes via a combination of direct and indirect pathways. Based on these results we argue that groups can be simultaneously both caring and moral communities.

Oxytocin promotes social proximity and decreases vigilance in groups of African lions

SummaryOxytocin modulates mammalian social behavior; however, behavioral responses to intranasal oxytocin can vary across species and contexts. The complexity of social interactions increases with group dynamics, and the impacts of oxytocin on both within- and between-group contexts are unknown. We tested the effects of intranasal administration of oxytocin on social and non-social behaviors within in-group and out-group contexts in African lions. We hypothesized that, post intranasal oxytocin administration, lions would be in closer proximity with fellow group members, whereas out-group stimuli could either produce a heightened vigilance response or an attenuated one. Compared to control trials, post oxytocin administration, lions increased their time spent in close proximity (reducing their distance to the nearest neighbor) and decreased vigilance toward out-group intruders (reducing their vocalizations following a roar-playback). These results not only have important implications for understanding the evolution of social circuitry but may also have practical applications for conservation efforts.