Serval Research Articles

The importance of rodents to a specialist carnivore in an industrialized site

Abstract Specialist carnivores are often among the first species disappearing from transformed, human-dominated landscapes. However, some carnivore species can exploit abundant food sources in human-dominated landscapes. In this study, we investigated the diet of a specialist carnivore, the serval (Leptailurus serval), inhabiting artificial and natural landscapes surrounding a petrochemical plant in the Highveld of Mpumalanga, South Africa. From 2013 to 2018, for each year, we collected and analysed a total of 264 scat samples. We found that rodent species dominated the serval diet, while other prey items like birds, insects, and unidentified prey contributed little to the diet. In terms of biomass consumed, Otomys sp (56.94 %), Mastomys sp (19.12 %), and Rhabdomys sp (8.68 %) were the most important rodent prey. We further found that biomass consumed is only affected by species, not season or species–season interactions. Our results concur with previous studies that serval is primarily a rodent specialist and that specialisation holds even in human-altered landscapes.

Human-wild mammal interaction and the local people’s attitudes towards the mammals in Gara Bilita (Belete Gera) forest, South-West Ethiopia

ABSTRACT The study investigated human-wild mammal interactions and the attitudes of the local people in southwest Ethiopia. Systematic random sampling techniques were used to select villages and respondents. Data was gathered through a questionnaire (open- and closed-ended questions). A total of 130 households from three krebeles were chosen (Sebeka Debiye = 27, Atiro Gefere = 54, and Sombo Deru = 49). Crop damage was the main impact from wild animals. The major mammals responsible for the crop damage were Papio anubis, Cercopithecus aethiops, Sus scrofa, Phacochoerus africanus, and Hystrix cristata, respectively. The identified predators were Crocuta crocuta, Panthera pardus, Leptailurus serval, Panthera leo, and Papio anubis. Habitat disturbance, agricultural expansion, and deforestation were the suspected causes of the damage. Local farmers used guards, scarecrows, chasing, and smoking to prevent crop raiders. The implementation of community-based conservation strategies and practical management plans for the coexistence of wild mammals and people is required.

An occupancy analysis of the factors affecting the presence of carnivores at the national park‐human community interface in Rwanda

AbstractPeople, livestock and carnivores are constantly interacting especially at the interface between community and protected areas. The carnivore guild category in Volcanoes National Park is important, and if well studied, could lead to additional research opportunities for improved wildlife management. We used single season occupancy models with multi‐species data, to understand the factors affecting species occurrence, detection and distribution among native carnivores of Volcanoes National Park while accounting for imperfect detection and the effects of site variables on the observed trends. Our findings showed that six native carnivores use the park edge, where the side‐striped jackal (Canis adustus) and serval (Leptailurus serval) are the most widespread with ψ = 0.904 (SE 0.051) and ψ = 0.415 (SE 0.086), respectively, followed by African golden cat (Caracal aurata) with ψ = 0.198 (SE 0.066), while the servaline genet (Genetta servalina), slender mongoose (Herpestes sanguineus) and spotted hyaena (Crocuta Crocuta) have very low probability of occupancy with ψ = 0.087 (SE 0.045), ψ = 0.044 (SE 0.032) and ψ = 0.022 (SE 0.022) respectively. In addition, there is high occurrence of feral dogs and human presence in the park edge. Overall, the occupancy of native carnivores increases as distance from settlements increase (β = 0.559 [SE 0.195]) except for hyaena and mongoose which showed a decrease in occupancy as distance to settlements increased. In general, native carnivores preferred sites located close to pasture areas, compared to areas used for agriculture and agroforestry. High overlapping activity between native carnivores and other wildlife varied greatly between species. This study provides the baseline information for the understanding of native carnivores using the park edge and insights on their interactions with other wildlife, livestock and human activities at the interface between the park and local communities. The co‐occurrence of livestock, feral dogs and humans, and native wildlife is a challenge for both wildlife conservation inside the protected area and local communities who might be negatively affected in different ways including interspecific competition, disease exposure and increased conflicts. We anticipate that some of the current livestock keeping are hindered by the challenges of having native carnivores dwelling along the park edge and community interface.

Influence of microhabitat structure on large‐ and medium‐sized mammals in South African forests

AbstractMicrohabitats play a significant role in the persistence of mammalian species and communities. In South Africa, the forest biome is the smallest. It includes the naturally fragmented Southern Mistbelt Forest group, where little is known about contemporary mammalian assemblage dynamics concerning these forest's microhabitats. We determined the microhabitat characteristics that best explained mammalian species' presence and absence in these forests in the northern Eastern Cape and southern KwaZulu‐Natal provinces. We deployed a minimum of 60 camera traps at any time for 24 h/day to monitor mammalian species' presence/absence. We recorded a habitat foliage profile within a 20 m radius around each camera trap. The species most often photographed were Tragelaphus scriptus and Cercopithecus albogularis labiatus, with the least photographed species being Leptailurus serval and Felis silvestris cafra. All mammalian species detected in our study had a negative association with bare ground. Cercopithecus albogularis labiatus, an arboreal species that requires a dense connecting canopy for movement, showed a positive association with crown closure. Our study highlighted that microhabitat variables: leaf litter, crown closure and grass cover played an important role in the presence and persistence of large and medium‐sized mammalian species that inhabit the Southern Mistbelt Forests, which benefits forest conservation management plans.

First record of the servaline morph in a serval (Leptailurus serval Schreber, 1776) in Akagera National Park, Rwanda

Abstract The serval (Leptailurus serval) is a medium-sized felid that is widespread throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. We report on the first scientific record of the servaline morph in a serval in Akagera National Park, Rwanda. Though this morph has been documented in the forested ecosystems of West and Central Africa, the servaline morph has not been recorded in a predominantly savannah ecosystem. Further research into the prevalence of this morph outside of forest ecosystems and the adaptive advantage of the servaline coat pattern in servals is recommended. Our findings highlight the importance of conserving savannah ecosystems to preserve morphological diversity in a species.

The effects of the addition of two environmental enrichments on the behavior and fecal cortisol levels of three small felids species (Caracal caracal, Leptailurus serval, Leopardus pardalis) in captivity

The effects of the addition of two environmental enrichments on the behavior and fecal cortisol levels of three small felids species (Caracal caracal, Leptailurus serval, Leopardus pardalis) in captivity

Enriching Lives in Captivity: A Case Study on Stress Reduction in Leptailurus serval through Environmental Enrichment

This case report describes the application of environmental enrichment in a Leptailurus serval with the aim of reducing stress and stereotypic behaviors observed in the animal. The study was conducted on a private property in São Paulo, Brazil, for a period of four months. The feline was housed in an enclosure measuring 46.4 m2, which included sand substrate, grassy area, trees, a pond, a bed, a den, and platforms. Prior to the study, both normal behaviors and stress-related behaviors were observed. Environmental enrichment actions were planned, involving olfactory, physical, and feeding stimuli. Natural odors such as catnip, chamomile, mint, lemon balm, anise, and high-quality hay were used. These odors were presented to the animal through sachets, toys, and structures scattered throughout the enclosure. Portions of raw chicken were hidden to stimulate hunting behavior. The results showed different levels of interaction between the animal and the environmental enrichment stimuli. There was greater interest and interaction with catnip, chamomile, and mint, while lemon balm and anise resulted in low interaction. High-quality hay generated intense interaction. In conclusion, environmental enrichment provided sensory, physical, and feeding stimuli to the Leptailurus serval, contributing to its well-being, reducing stress, and minimizing stereotypic behaviors. These practices simulated aspects of the animal's natural environment, enriching its life in captivity and promoting its physical and mental health.

Successful hand-rearing of serval cat Leptailurus serval (Schreber, 1776) at Sardar Patel Zoological park, Gujarat, India

The Sardar Patel Zoological Park (SPZP) is captive leaving of Serval cat Leptailurus serval currently which one of the out Indian zoos. The two kitten birth over the 69 days of gestation. Unfortunately observed filicide behaviour and one kitten death; another neonate separated immediately and decide to hand rearing. Report present up to 250 days observation and collecting data of kitten weaning as well as body weight. Our knowledge significantly with the successful breeding and hand rearing of this serval cat kitten. The experience has provided the surety the ability to rear neonates if intervention is ever required. The work being carried out at SPZP contributes to the maximum efforts to conserve these Carnivores species of mammals

Biocultural conflicts: understanding complex interconnections between a traditional ceremony and threatened carnivores in north Kenya

AbstractBiological and cultural diversity are inextricably linked and rapidly eroding worldwide. As a response, many conservation efforts foster synergies between cultural and biological diversity agendas through biocultural approaches. However, such approaches do not always address biocultural conflicts, where certain cultural practices can lead to biodiversity loss and, in turn, threaten the continuance of such practices. In this study, we examined a biocultural conflict in the Dimi ceremony, the most important rite of passage of the Daasanach agro-pastoralists of north Kenya, in which skins from threatened carnivore species are used extensively as traditional ornaments. We quantified the current use of skins in Dimi as well as changes in the cultural ceremony that exacerbate its impacts on wildlife. We collected field-based data on the context of the use of skins through structured interviews, focus-group discussions, participant observation and counts of skins in two Dimi ceremonies. We counted a total of 121 skins of four carnivore species being used in a single ceremony. We also found that Dimi has become environmentally unsustainable, threatening distant cheetah Acinonyx jubatus and leopard Panthera pardus populations and local species with spotted skins (African civet Civettictis civetta, common genet Genetta genetta and serval Leptailurus serval). The young Daasanach are deeply concerned about the lack of availability of skins in their area, as well as the prohibitive prices, and they are calling for alternatives to the use of skins in Dimi. Overall, our study shows that acknowledging biocultural conflicts and opening space for dialogue with local communities are essential for the maintenance of both biological and cultural diversity.

The First Case of Cytauxzoon spp. in Russia: The Parasite Conquers Eurasia.

Simple SummaryCytauxzoon felis was first described more than 40 years ago in the US, later (in the 21st century) similar pathogens were detected in Eurasian and Iberian lynxes, European wildcats and domestic cats in Southern and Central Europe. Our findings have shown the previously unrecorded presence of this parasite in Russia (50 km from Moscow). We described the crucial decrease in the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes, as well as in hemoglobin concentration, throughout the captive serval’s disease, and their increase during the animal’s recovery over six months. Molecular genetic methods allowed us to detect and describe this parasite in four cat species in captivity. The analysis showed high genetic variability and high occurrence of the parasites, which suggests their presence in free-ranging domestic cats and wild felids in Russia.Over the last two decades, Cytauxzoon spp. has been conquering Eurasia, although this fact has only been brought to light through recent more intensive research after the discovery of C. manul in Pallas’ cat. In Europe, Cytauxzoon was detected mainly in southern countries and later in central Europe. This pathogen has now been found in Russia for the first time (50 km from Moscow), this being the most northern sighting in Eurasia. A captive serval (Leptailurus serval) was found to be infected. Hematological analysis showed a crucial decrease in the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes, as well as in hemoglobin concentration. Genetic analysis confirmed the presence of Cytauxzoon spp. in serval blood at the beginning of the disease period. The identical pathogen was found in one bobcat at the same breeding center. Two other haplotypes of Cytauxzoon spp. were obtained from domestic cats at the same location, identical to the samples from Italy. One new haplotype, which was sequenced for the first time, was found in 7/7 investigated Amur wildcats (100%). The high occurrence and diversity of these pathogens suggest that they are present in free-ranging domestic cats and wild felids in Russia, and may be considered a potential threat to the endangered species. Current research shows that the genetic diversity of this pathogen may be even higher than it was suggested previously. Further genetic research is necessary to describe the diversity and phylogeny of this pathogen in Eurasia.

The Determinants of Mesocarnivore Activity Patterns in Highveld Grassland and Riparian Habitats

Despite the diversity of mesocarnivores and the broad geographic ranges of these species, our understanding of their behaviour and ecology at multi-species and community levels is limited. Our study was conducted between April and mid-July 2015 and used data collected over 105 days from 39 camera traps to quantify activity patterns of sympatric mesocarnivores in riparian and grassland habitats of Telperion Nature Reserve, South Africa. A total of 13 mesocarnivore species were detected within this relatively small (∼7350 ha) reserve. Sufficient records (≥10 records) were obtained for rusty-spotted genet (Genetta maculata), black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas), otter species (African clawless otter, Aonyx capensis, and spotted-necked otter, Hydrictis maculicollis), serval (Leptailurus serval ), slender mongoose (Galerella sanguinea), yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata) and marsh mongoose (Atilax paludinosus). Generalized linear models were used to investigate whether species ID, temperature, vegetation characteristics or moon phase best predicted temporal activity. To assess which species had the highest potential for competitive interaction, we also quantified the coefficient of activity overlap. Our results show that species ID and temperature were the best predictors of mesocarnivore activity. Slender and yellow mongooses displayed the highest coefficient of activity overlap (0.90), followed by marsh mongoose and rusty-spotted genet (0.80), and serval and rusty-spotted genet (0.79). These species are likely to have the highest potential for competitive interactions, but preferences for different vegetation characteristics and variations in the estimated relative abundance may point to coexistence through spatial and fine-scale temporal partitioning. The other species exhibited lower coefficients of activity overlap with each other, suggesting they may coexist through temporal partitioning of resources.

Variation in the sacroiliac joint in Felidae.

Felidae species show a great diversity in their diet, foraging and hunting strategies, from small to large prey. Whether they belong to solitary or group hunters, the behavior of cats to subdue resisting small or large prey presents crucial differences. It is assumed that pack hunting reduces the per capita risk of each individual. We hypothesize that the sacroiliac articulation plays a key role in stabilizing the predator while subduing and killing prey. Using CT-scan from 59 felid coxal bones, we calculated the angle between both iliac articular surfaces. Correlation of this inter-iliac angle with body size was calculated and ecological stressors were evaluated on inter-iliac angle. Body size significantly influences inter-iliac angle with small cats having a wider angle than big cats. Arboreal species have a significantly larger angle compared to cursorial felids with the smallest value, and to scansorial and terrestrial species with intermediate angles. Felids hunting large prey have a smaller angle than felids hunting small and mixed prey. Within the Panthera lineage, pack hunters (lions) have a larger angle than all other species using solitary hunting strategy. According to the inter-iliac angle, two main groups of felids are determined: (i) predators with an angle of around 40° include small cats (i.e., Felis silvestris, Leopardus wiedii, Leptailurus serval, Lynx Canadensis, L. rufus; median = 43.45°), the only pack-hunting species (i.e., Panthera leo; median = 37.90°), and arboreal cats (i.e., L. wiedii, Neofelis nebulosa; median = 49.05°), (ii) predators with an angle of around 30° include solitary-hunting big cats (i.e., Acinonyx jubatus, P. onca, P. pardus, P. tigris, P. uncia; median = 31.80°). We suggest different pressures of selection to interpret these results. The tightening of the iliac wings around the sacrum probably enhances big cats’ ability for high speed and large prey control. In contrast, pack hunting in lions reduced the selective pressure for large prey.

Viral Prevalence in Wild Serval Population is Driven by Season and Sex

One of the key factors influencing the population dynamics of threatened species such as felids is disease, but long-term studies of the factors influencing seroprevalence of wild felids are extremely rare, hindering conservation efforts. We set out to determine seroprevalence of six viral diseases (feline panleukopenia virus, feline leukemia virus, feline coronavirus, feline calicivirus, feline herpes virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus) among a population of serval (Leptailurus serval) with an extremely high density in South Africa. We captured 55 individuals over four years and screened blood samples for antibodies to each virus. We found that seroprevalence were high (ranging from 30.0% positive for a single virus to 1.8% positive for up to five viruses) and that seroprevalence was influenced by season and sex, but not body condition. We suggest further monitoring of this population and recommend that long-term studies are conducted for serval and other felids to determine whether these trends are representative on a broader scale.

Comparison of the Morphology and Developmental Potential of Oocytes Obtained from Prepubertal and Adult Domestic and Wild Cats.

Simple SummaryThis study was conducted with the aim of determining the morphological similarities and developmental potential of oocytes obtained from adult and prepubertal domestic cats (Felis catus) and wild cats. The results of our research showed that ovaries obtained from prepubertal felids may be a rich source of good quality oocytes that are competent for in vitro maturation and able to reach blastocyst stage after in vitro fertilization. The results are important in the context of the possibility of using oocytes from prepubertal felids threatened with extinction in conservation programs based on assisted reproductive techniques (ART).The aim of the study was to compare the morphology and developmental potential of oocytes obtained from adult and prepubertal domestic cats (Felis catus) and wild cats (Lynx lynx, Leptailurus serval, Felis manul, Panthera tigris altaica). The average number of oocytes obtained from an adult domestic cat was 23 ± 11, which was significantly lower than from kittens (43 ± 29). A similar number of oocytes was derived from adult Pallas’s cats (28 ± 8), and serval (30). The lowest number of oocytes was collected from the lynx (5 ± 3). No oocytes were obtained from newborn Amur tiger while in the case of older domestic and Pallas’s cat and lynx kittens (1–3 months) 43, 48 and 41 oocytes were collected, respectively. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed between the number of oocytes with dark cytoplasm from adult and prepubertal animals of all analyzed species. The diameter of oocytes from adult and prepubertal animals was similar in all species, and was on average 161 ± 4 µm for oocytes with dark cytoplasm and 150 ± 18 µm for oocytes with light cytoplasm. In all species, oocytes with light cytoplasm were significantly smaller (p < 0.05) than dark ones, and their population was more diverse. Results of in vitro maturation of the domestic and wild cat′s oocytes obtained from adult and prepubertal females were similar (47–52%). The cleavage rate after in vitro fertilization (IVF) was lower for prepubertal than adult domestic cats (42 vs. 51%; p < 0.05%). Moreover, we observed differences in the quantity (28 vs. 39%; p < 0.05) and quality of blastocysts and even greater problems with hatching blastocysts from prepubertal kittens (8 vs. 19%; p < 0.001). More blastomeres were detected in blastocysts of adult cats. They also demonstrated significantly higher number of inner cell mass (ICM) (p < 0.001) and higher number of trophoblast cells (TE) (p < 0.05).

Large Mammal Diversity in Nensebo Forest, Southern Ethiopia

There is a lack of information on mammalian faunal resources of remote forests in Ethiopia; as a result, the findings of the research on large wild mammals at Nensebo forest is one of the steps in a continuing effort to document and describe the diversity and distribution of Ethiopian mammals in remote and less accessible forests. The survey was conducted to assess the species composition and relative abundance of large mammals. Two standardized survey techniques, direct (sighting/hearing) and indirect (scat/footprint), were employed using systematically established transect lines and field plots in two dominant habitat types (modified moist Afromontane forest and intact moist Afromontane natural forest) of the study area. A total of 16 species were recorded including two endemic mammals, namely, Tragelaphus buxtoni and Tragelaphus scriptus meneliki. Abundance of species among different habitat types was not significantly different (χ2 = 0.125, df = 1,p&gt;0.05), and Colobus guereza was the most abundant species. In contrast, Felis serval, Panthera leo, and Tragelaphus buxtoni were the least abundant species. The highest diversity index was recorded in the natural forest habitat (H′ = 2.188), and the modified forest had the lowest diversity index (H′ = 1.373). There is an urgent need to minimize threats and mitigate impacts.

Dental Pathology in a Wild Serval (Leptailurus serval) Population

Members of the family Felidae suffer from a wide range of dental, oral and maxillofacial conditions that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Although many dental, oral and maxillofacial anomalies of the domestic cat (Felis catus) also occur in wild felines, we could find no investigations of these conditions in servals (Leptailurus serval). The objective of this study was to describe the dental, oral and maxillofacial pathology of a wild serval population in South Africa. Detailed extraoral and intraoral examinations and full-mouth dental radiographs on 30 wild servals revealed 14 different dental conditions but no other oral or maxillofacial pathology.

Spatial and temporal overlap of caracal and serval in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania

AbstractUnderstanding activity and habitat use are important for identifying mechanisms facilitating species co‐occurrence. We studied habitat use and activity patterns of caracals (Caracal caracal) and servals (Leptailurus serval), primarily nocturnal, mid‐sized felids that prey extensively on small mammals and co‐occur in portions of sub‐Saharan Africa. Spatial and temporal patterns of segregation were investigated in a 1,085‐km2 area of Serengeti National Park, Tanzania from 2010–2012. We used occupancy analysis to quantify habitat use and kernel density estimators and Mardia–Watson–Wheleer tests to analyse activity patterns. We found evidence for habitat divergence but high temporal overlap between species. Servals selected for grassland and avoided shrubland and wooded grassland. In contrast, the findings showed that caracals avoided grassland and woodland–shrubland; however, 73% of caracals were detected in wooded grassland. Overall, caracals and servals co‐occurred independently, Species Interaction Factor, (phi = 1). This indicates that differential use of habitats in part facilitated coexistence of caracals and servals. Proper management of the declining grasslands including other habitats are recommended to facilitate continued coexistence. Additional studies, including feeding ecology, would be important to further understand mechanisms facilitating coexistence between caracals and servals.

Large Mammal Diversity and Endemism at Geremba Mountain Fragment, Southern Ethiopia

Outside protected areas in Ethiopia, there is a lack of information concerning mammalian diversity and ecology. Consequently, the findings of the research on large mammals at Geremba Mountain constitute one of the steps towards a continuing effort to document the diversity and distribution of Ethiopian mammals. The survey was conducted to investigate the species composition, relative abundance, and population structure of large mammals at Geremba Mountain fragment from August 2017 to February 2018, covering both dry and wet seasons. Direct (sighting) and indirect (scat) survey techniques were employed using systematically established transect lines and sampling plots, respectively. Transects and plots were established across three dominant habitat types (modified dry ever green Afromontane forest, alpine bamboo forest, and Erica scrubland). A total of 10 large mammal species were recorded including two endemic mammals, namely, Chlorocebus djamdjamensis and Tragelaphus scriptus meneliki. There was a statistically significant difference in the abundance of species among habitat types at Geremba Mountain. The highest diversity index was recorded in the alpine bamboo forest habitat (D = 7.142, H′ = 2.052), and the Erica scrubland had the lowest. Papio anubis was the most abundant species while Felis serval was the least abundant species. The populations of most of the species were characterized by more adult and more female individuals. However, promising young individuals of the endemic mammals (C. djamdjamensis and T. s. meneliki) and Papio anubis were recorded. The mountain fragment is an isolated island that is totally disconnected with other fragments in the region, so attempts should be made to connect the fragment with other fragments using wildlife corridors.

The Effect of Behind-The-Scenes Encounters and Interactive Presentations on the Welfare of Captive Servals (Leptailurus serval).

Simple SummaryLive animal encounter programs are an increasingly popular occurrence in the modern zoo. The effects of such encounters on program animal welfare have not been studied extensively to date. The aim of this study was, therefore, to explore animal welfare effects associated with encounter programs in a small felid, the serval, which is commonly involved as a program animal in zoos. Specifically, this study investigated how serval behaviour and adrenocortical activity (level of faecal cortisol metabolites) were affected by short-term variations in encounter frequency. Over the course of the study, the frequency of encounters was manipulated so that servals alternated between four different treatments, involving interactive presentations, behind-the-scenes encounters, both activities combined, or no interaction at all. The cats exhibited a significant reduction in stereotypic pacing on weeks when participating in interactive presentations, or the two activities combined. However, behavioural diversity (total number of behaviours exhibited) was strongly reduced on weeks when cats participated in both activities. Adrenocortical activity did not vary significantly between treatments. The reduction in stereotypic pacing suggests that involvement in an encounter program may exert a positive short-term welfare effect on the individual servals. A reduction in behavioural diversity, which was not considered a negative welfare effect in the short term, may, however, warrant some need for caution if a more frequent encounter program was to be implemented long-term. These findings contribute to the current knowledge of visitor–animal interaction in zoo-housed felids, which is very limited to date, and could also provide valuable guidance to zoo professionals that are currently engaging in an encounter program with servals or planning on implementing such a program in the future.The serval (Leptailurus serval) is a small African felid that is well represented in zoos and often serves as an animal ambassador in encounter programs with zoo visitors. The impact on serval welfare in relation to such programs has not been investigated to date, and the aim of this study was to assess short-term welfare effects of varying levels of visitor interaction in two captive servals. Weekly blocks of four different treatments were imposed three times on each animal over 12 weeks, and the treatments involved (1) Presentations (serval undertaking a routine training session in a designated presentation space, typically attracting high visitor numbers), (2) Behind-the-scenes (BTS, a close encounter allowing a small group of visitors to interact closely with the cat in its enclosure), (3) Presentations and BTS combined, and (4) No visitor interaction. Serval activity budgets as well as behavioural diversity were created from behaviours observed from Close Circuit Television (CCTV) footage during four daily recording sessions per animal over three consecutive days per treatment, using instantaneous scan sampling every 60 s. Individual faecal samples were collected daily to monitor changes in faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentration. Results indicate that the mean number of scans with stereotypic pacing was significantly reduced (p = 0.01) during Treatments 1 and 3, when cats participated in presentations only, or the two activities combined. Conversely, a significant reduction in behavioural diversity (p < 0.001) was observed when cats participated in Treatment 3, i.e., cats expressed fewer behaviours when interaction with visitors was more frequent. FGM concentrations did not vary significantly with treatment (p > 0.05). Given the reduction in stereotypic pacing, these findings suggest that involvement in an encounter program appears to exert an overall positive short-term welfare effect on the individual servals in this study. Although a reduction in behavioural diversity was not considered a negative welfare effect in the short term, potential long-term negative welfare effects resulting from a more frequent encounter program could not be ruled out in the present study.

Assessing Risks to Wildlife from Free-Roaming Hybrid Cats: The Proposed Introduction of Pet Savannah Cats to Australia as a Case Study.

Simple SummaryThe domestic cat, Felis catus, is often cross-bred with other species in the cat family to produce hybrid or ‘designer’ cats that are sought by people as pets. However, hybrid cats are often surrendered to wildlife shelters, or released, which leads to concern that they may establish free-roaming populations and damage native wildlife. In 2008, the Australian government rejected an application, on precautionary grounds, to import savannah cats (hybrids of the domestic cat and serval Leptailurus serval) into the country. We review the limited information informing this decision and then present a framework that identifies the native mammal species likely to have been most at risk of predation from savannah cats if importation and establishment had occurred. Assuming that savannah cats hunt similar prey to those that are hunted by both parent species, we estimate that 91% of Australia’s extant terrestrial mammal fauna would likely face some risk of predation from savannah cats, including 93% of non-volant mammal species that have threatened conservation status. The framework results strongly validate the decision to ban savannah cats from Australia. We suggest that our framework approach could be adapted to assess the likely risks that are posed by the arrival of other hybrid cats or hybrids of other animals.Hybrid cats—created by crossing different species within the family Felidae—are popular pets, but they could potentially threaten native species if they escape and establish free-roaming populations. To forestall this possibility, the Australian government imposed a specific ban on importation of the savannah cat, a hybrid created by crossing the domestic cat Felis catus and serval Leptailurus serval, in 2008. We develop a decision–framework that identifies those species of non-volant native mammals in Australia that would likely have been susceptible to predation by savannah cats if importation and establishment had occurred. We assumed that savannah cats would hunt ecologically similar prey to those that are depredated by both the domestic cat and the serval, and categorised native mammals as having different levels of susceptibility to predation by savannah cats based on their size, habitat range, and behaviour. Using this framework, we assessed savannah cats as likely to add at least 28 extant native mammal species to the 168 that are known already to be susceptible to predation by the domestic cat, posing a risk to 91% of Australia’s extant non-volant terrestrial mammal species (n = 216) and to 93% of threatened mammal species. The framework could be generalised to assess risks from any other hybrid taxa.