Feeding Trial Data Research Articles

Duck compound probiotics fermented diet alters the growth performance by shaping the gut morphology, microbiota and metabolism

Dietary absorption and digestion are influenced by the microbiota, morphology, and digestive enzymes of intestines, and fermentation is a popular and effective technique to enhance animal rearing growth performance. This study aims to explore the pivotal role of Muscovy duck probiotics fermented feedstuff (FF) in altering the growth performance by reshaping gut morphology, microorganisms and metabolism. The findings showed that FF considerably raised the levels of fatty acids (FA) and small peptides (7-19AA) in the diet. Further feeding trial data reveals that FF greatly increased the Muscovy duck average daily gain (ADG) but had no effect on their daily feed intake (DFI), and the FCR significantly dropped (P < 0.05). Additionally, it was evident that FF improved the integrity of the intestinal mucosa in Muscovy duck by increasing villus height, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, and lowering crypt depth. Then, in comparison to the control group (NC), there was a significant increase in the gene expression of the mucosal tight junction proteins Occludin, Claudin-1, and Zo-1 in the intestine of Muscovy duck. Additionally, there was higher expression of the mucosal transport channels SGLT-1, PepT1, AQP2, AQP3, and AQP10 in the similarly colon site, jejunum, and duodenum. Furthermore, in AB-PAS/PAS-stained duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and similarly colon site, FF markedly increased relative mucus output and goblet cells while decreasing epithelial cell apoptosis. Following 16S sequencing data indicated that the intestinal microbiota was altered and the diversity and richness of gut microbes was greatly enhanced by FF. Particularly, the boost of core probiotics, such as Rothia of duodenum, Limosilactobacillus and Lentilactobacillus of jejunum, Lactococcus and Rothia of ileum, Ligilactobacillus and Entocuccus of similarly colon site, Gallibacterium of caecum. And reduced potentially pathogenic bacteria (Campylobacter, Prevotellaceae, Clostridia-vadinBB60, and Oscillospira). Nontargeted metabolomics assay for intestinal content confirmed an increased organic acids (oxidanesulfonic acid, cholic acid, gallic acid, coumaric acid, pipecollc acid, 13s-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid) and glycosides metabolites (5-hydroxydantrolene, 3-hydroxyguanfacine glucuronide, acetylleucine, astragalin, xanthosine, taxiphylin, sinapine, denudatine, penylalanyl-tyrosine and phenylalanyl-valine). These findings demonstrated that FF, a viable option to improve Muscovy duck growth performance through reconstructed intestinal morphology, microorganisms, and metabolism, subsequently promoted the gut health and increased diet digestion and absorption. The study that is being presented offers scientific proof that FF might be a useful strategy for improving Muscovy duck growth performance.

Effect of urea-molasses-treated highland bamboo leaves supplementation on lactating crossbred dairy cows nutrient utilization, body weight, milk yield and its composition and economic performance under on-farm condition in Guagusa Shikudad district, Ethiopia.

In Ethiopia, locally available feed resources are commendable in livestock production to make the sector sustainable and productive. This on-farm evaluation was conducted to evaluate the effect of urea-molasses-treated highland bamboo (Yushania alpina) leaves (UMTHBL) in lactating crossbred dairy cows' nutrient utilization, body performance, milk yield and quality and economic performance. On-farm feeding trial was conducted using 12 lactating cows with initial body weight (328.08±0.98kg), initial milk yield (3.14±0.78L) of uniform parity (2) and stage of lactation (early) using a Randomized Complete Block Design. Three dietary treatments, namely, 6h grazing (control)+concentrate (T1), control+UMTHBL ad lib (T2), control+untreated BL adlib (T3) with three replications were used. Analysis of variance was employed for the feeding trial data analysis. The UMTHBL increased more dry matter and nutrients intake than untreated. A significant difference (p<0.05) was recorded between UMTHBL feeding (T2) and T1 and T3 in terms of increased milk yield. The highest (6.26L) and the lowest (3.27L) mean milk yield per day were recorded for cows fed UMTHBL and the control group, respectively. Urea-molasses treatment improved the crude protein (CP) and reduced fibres content than untreated. Treatment effects were not-significant (p>0.05) for milk compositions. Similar to milk yield, dairy cows in T2 consumed more CP which is also reflected in higher body weight and economic benefit. It can be concluded that employing treatment technology for highland bamboo leaves could support the crossbred dairy cows' production in smallholder farmers.

Salmonella Prevalence Alone Is Not a Good Indicator of Poultry Food Safety.

Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illness (i.e., salmonellosis) outbreaks, which on occasion are attributed to ground turkey. The poultry industry uses Salmonella prevalence as an indicator of food safety. However, Salmonella prevalence is only one of several factors that determine risk of salmonellosis. Consequently, a model for predicting risk of salmonellosis from individual lots of ground turkey as a function of Salmonella prevalence and other risk factors was developed. Data for Salmonella contamination (prevalence, number, and serotype) of ground turkey were collected at meal preparation. Scenario analysis was used to evaluate effects of model variables on risk of salmonellosis. Epidemiological data were used to simulate Salmonella serotype virulence in a dose-response model that was based on human outbreak and feeding trial data. Salmonella prevalence was 26% (n = 100) per 25 g of ground turkey, whereas Salmonella number ranged from 0 to 1.603 with a median of 0.185 log per 25 g. Risk of salmonellosis (total arbitrary units (AU) per lot) was affected (p ≤ 0.05) by Salmonella prevalence, number, and virulence, by incidence and extent of undercooking, and by food consumption behavior and host resistance but was not (p > 0.05) affected by serving size, serving size distribution, or total bacterial load of ground turkey when all other risk factors were held constant. When other risk factors were not held constant, Salmonella prevalence was not correlated (r = -0.39; p = 0.21) with risk of salmonellosis. Thus, Salmonella prevalence alone was not a good indicator of poultry food safety because other factors were found to alter risk of salmonellosis. In conclusion, a more holistic approach to poultry food safety, such as the process risk model developed in the present study, is needed to better protect public health from foodborne pathogens like Salmonella.

Probabilistic Quantitative Assessment of Coronary Heart Disease Risk From Dietary Exposure to Industrially Produced Trans-Fatty Acids in Partially Hydrogenated Oils.

We conducted a probabilistic evaluation of changes in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk and public health burdens from industrially produced trans-fatty acids (IP-TFAs) exposure from the uses of partially hydrogenated oils in food. Our analyses used four quantitative methods based on human studies considering the uncertainty associated with risk parameters for CHD and IP-TFA daily dietary exposure of 0.05% of energy. Method 1 used experimental controlled feeding trial data for changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Method 2 used changes in both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Method 3 used changes in a combination of three emerging CHD risk factor biomarkers; and method 4 used prospective observational studies of CHD cases associated with long-term dietary exposure of trans-fatty acids. We estimated mean percent changes in CHD risk and annual CHD cases in U.S. adults, with lower and upper 95% uncertainty intervals. Our results show that consuming 0.05% of energy from IP-TFA, instead of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids, can cause annual mean increases in CHD cases of 814 (510-1151, method 1), 1502 (990-2043, method 2), or 6877 (3611-10 694, method 4) in U.S. adults. Results for method 3 were intermediate between those for methods 2 and 4. Sensitivity analyses using alternate risk parameters or an alternate exposure scenario resulted in minor changes in public health burden estimates. The results demonstrate that IP-TFA exposure as low as 0.05% of energy from partially hydrogenated oil uses in food can cause substantial public health burdens in the United States from increased CHD risk.

Accuracy comparison of dry matter intake prediction models evaluated by a feeding trial of lactating dairy cows fed two total mixed rations with different forage source

Dry matter intake (DMI) prediction models of NRC (2001), Fox et al. (2004) and Fuentes-Pila et al. (2003) were targeted in the present study, and the objective was to evaluate their prediction accuracy with feeding trial data of 32 lactating Holstein cows fed two total mixed rations with different forage source. Thirty-two cows were randomly assigned to one of two total mixed ration groups: a ration containing a mixed forage (MF) of 3.7% Chinese wildrye, 28.4% alfalfa hay and 26.5% corn silage diet and another ration containing 33.8% corn stover (CS) as unique forage source. The actual DMI was greater in MF group than in CS group (P=0.064). The NRC model to predict DMI resulted in the lowest root mean square prediction error for both MF and CS groups (1.09 kg d−1 vs. 1.28 kg d−1) and the highest accuracy and precision based on concordance correlation coefficient for both MF and CS diet (0.89 vs. 0.87). Except the NRC model, the other two models presented mean and linear biases in both MF and CS diets when prediction residuals were plotted against predicted DMI values (P<0.001). The DMI variation in MF was caused by week of lactation (55.6%), milk yield (13.9%), milk fat percentage (7.1%) and dietary neutral detergent fiber (13.3%), while the variation in CS was caused by week of lactation (50.9%), live body weight (28.2%), milk yield (8.4%), milk fat percentage (5.2%) and dietary neutral detergent fibre (3.8%). In a brief, the NRC model to predict DMI is comparatively acceptable for lactating dairy cows fed two total mixed rations with different forage source.

단백질 균형시험에 의한 한우 거세우의 유지 조단백질 요구량

본 연구는 거세우의 1일 유지 단백질 요구량을 구하기 위해 실시하였다. 평균체중 173.7±26.3kg의 한우 거세우 18두를 공시하여 3수준의 단백질을 급여하면서 질소균형법을 통해 유지 단백질 요구량을 결정하였다. 급여사료의 조단백질(CP) 수준을 조절하기 위하여 분쇄옥수수를 corn gluten meal(CGM)로 0%(LCP), 7.2% (MCP), 14.2%(HCP) 대체하였고, 각 배합사료의 CP 함량은 9.8, 14.0, 18.9% DM 이었다. 1일 사료급여량은 체중의 2.0%로 하면서 배합사료와 볏짚의 비율은 80:20로 동일하게 하였다.CP 섭취량은 LCP, MCP, HCP 구에서 각각 5.1, 7.8, 10.3g/BW0.75 이었고, 단백질 섭취량이 높아지면서 DM 소화율도 LCP 구와 비교하여, MCP 구, HCP 구에서 각각 14%, 20%의 유의성 있는 증가를 보였으며, CP 소화율은 LCP 구와 비교하여 MCP 구 및 HCP 구에서 각각 약 50%, 80% 증가하였다. LCP, MCP, HCP 구에서의 CP 균형은 각각 －0.05, 2.36, 4.07g/ BW0.75 이었고, 대사체중당 CP 섭취량과 CP 축적량과의 관계식에서 CP 균형이 0이 되는 X축 절편, 즉, 유지 단백질 요구량 5.56g/BW0.75 이었다. 본 결과는 일본의 육용종 거세우보다 평균 20% 이상은 높기 때문에 본 연구결과를 적용한 한우 사양표준(농림부, 2002)의 유지 단백질 요구량이 좀 더 낮아져야 할지에 대해서는 증체 단백질 요구량을 포함한 총 단백질 요구량과 그동안의 사양시험 결과들을 수집 분석하는 종합적인 고찰이 필요하다. This experiment was conducted to determine crude protein requirements for maintenance (CPm) of growing Hanwoo steers. Eighteen Hanwoo steers (173.7kg) were allocated randomly to diets with three levels of crude protein in the concentrate by replacing ground corn with corn gluten meal: 0% (LCP), 7.2% (MCP) and 14.2% (HCP), respectively. Hanwoo steers in each treatment were fed diets containing rice straw (20%) and concentrates (80%). CP intake was 5.5, 7.8 and 10.7g/BW0.75 for LCP, MCP and HCP, respectively. Protein balance was －0.05, 2.36 and 4.07g/BW0.75 for LCP, MCP and HCP, respectively. Intercept of the regression equation between CP intake and retained CP indicated that CPm was 5.56g/BW0.75. The estimate of CPm adopted by Korean Feeding Standard (2002) was almost 20% higher than that adopted by Japanese Feeding Standard for Beef Cattle (2000); this would need to be verified with more feeding trial data set including protein requirements for growth.

The Amino Acid Need for Milk Synthesis Is Defined by the Maximal Uptake of Plasma Amino Acids by Porcine Mammary Glands

To define dietary indispensable amino acid (IAA) needs for milk synthesis by the mammary glands (MG), 16 lactating sows were fed 1 of 4 isocaloric diets varying in protein concentrations (from 78 to 235 g/kg) with an ideal amino acid (AA) pattern. On d 9, 13, 17, and 21 of lactation, blood samples were obtained simultaneously from a carotid artery and the main mammary vein every 30 min over 6 h. A quadratic regression model of the log mammary arteriovenous difference (AVD) of plasma IAA (ŷ) against daily intake of dietary IAA (X) was established. First, the reverse log intercept, defined as the mammary AVD at zero dietary AA supply, was used to quantify the contribution of endogenous IAA. The quantification was validated by body N balance coupled with AA composition analysis. Then, the estimated vertex (ŷ(max), X(i)) was used in 2 aspects: 1) The maximal mammary uptake of plasma IAA, quantified by multiplying the maximal mammary AVD and plasma flow rate, was considered the physiological IAA need for milk synthesis. 2) Corresponding to the ŷ(max), dietary IAA intake (X(i)) would represent the total dietary IAA requirement, i.e., the sum of maintenance need and milk synthesis need after adjustment for body weight loss. Thus, dietary IAA needs for milk synthesis were derived. Moreover, the estimate of lysine need for milk synthesis in this study was identical to an estimate obtained from multiple regression analysis of feeding trial data. We conclude that dietary IAA needs for milk synthesis can be quantified by the maximal uptakes of plasma IAA by porcine MG.

The Misuse of the Dayton-Morrill Model in the Analysis of Palatability Experiments

Use of the Dayton-Morrill model to estimate palatability of certain bird foods in pairwise presentations produces results inconsistent with feeding trial data. The model relies solely on pairwise consumption totals as the response variable. A model developed using differences in consumption of pairwise offerings provided results much more consistent with feeding trial data. Further, the model based on differences in consumption is comparable to intrablock treatment comparisons in a balanced incomplete block design and an appropriate analysis of pairwise feeding trial data may be obtained by using a split-plot, balanced incomplete block design model.

The Use of the Method of Partial Regression in the Analysis of Comparative Feeding Trial Data. Part II

The Use of the Method of Partial Regression in the Analysis of Comparative Feeding Trial Data. Part II

The Use of the Method of Partial Regression in the Analysis of Comparative Feeding Trial Data, Part I

The Use of the Method of Partial Regression in the Analysis of Comparative Feeding Trial Data, Part I