Feeding Mothers Research Articles

National Programmes Related to Child Health

There are many national health programmes which are been designed for new borns as well as childrens also in India, namely, PROMOTION OF ZINC AND ORS NSSK- NAVAJAAT SHISHU SURAKSHA KARYAKRAMA ICDS - INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES UPI - UNIVERSAL IMMUNIZATION PROGAMME JANANI SHISHU SURAKSHA KARYAKRAMA RBSK – RASHTRIYA BALA SWASTHYA KARYAKRAMA RKSK - RASHTRIYA KISHOR SWASTHYA KARYAKRAMA MISSION INDRADHANUSH JANANI SURAKSHA YOJANA NATIONAL DEWORMING DAY, These schemes helps in promotion and safe guard the health of newborns, neonates, infants, toddlers, childrens and adolescents. These programmes also helps in uplifment of health of pregnant women and feeding mothers. If the nutrition level of the pregnant women is uplifted then there will be no severe acute malnutrition in the children. If there is no severe acute malnutrition in the children then the immunity of the children will be stable. If the immunity level is under stable then no diseases in children thus the nation will be healthy.

Effects of healthy eating patterns based nutrition education and providing structured suplementary feeding on improving the nutritional status of stunted children

Nutrition education can improve mothers' knowledge in fulfilling nutritional needs among children under five years through provision of supplementary feeding. Local ingredients based supplementary feeding which had high nutritional value can contribute to improving the nutritional status of children. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of healthy eating patterns nutritional education and provision of supplementary feeding on improving the nutritional status of stunted children under five years. This study used a quasi-experimental design with a pre-posttest with control group design carried out in Sidawangi Village in August-October 2023. The subjects were children under five years and their mothers (10 intervention group: 10 control group). The interventions were nutritional education and supplementary feeding for a month. Nutritional knowledge data was obtained from interviews using a questionnaire, and nutritional status data (Height-for-Age) was obtained based on z-score calculations. Data was analyzed using Wilxocon, Mann-Whitney, and independent t-test. The average difference in HAZ index in the intervention group (z-score: 0.81 SD) compared to the control group (z-score: -0.50 SD). There was a significant difference between the average difference in the HAZ index in the intervention group and the control group (p=0.001). Nutrition education improved nutritional knowledge of mothers in understanding nutrition education and supplementary feeding (p=0.042). In conclusion, nutritional education intervention can improve the nutritional knowledge of mothers and supplementary feeding can improve the nutritional status of children.

Passively administered fluoxetine reaches the juvenile brain of FSL rats and reduces antioxidant defences, without altering serotonin turnover

BackgroundFluoxetine is present in breast milk, yet it is unclear to what extent it, or its active metabolite, norfluoxetine, reaches the brain of the infant and what the effects of such exposure on neurobiological processes are. We therefore aimed to quantify the concentration of passively administered fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in the whole brains of exposed Flinders sensitive line (FSL) offspring and establish their influence on serotonergic function and redox status.MethodsAdult FSL dams received fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/day), or placebo for fourteen days, beginning on postpartum day 04. Offspring were passively exposed to fluoxetine until postnatal day 18 and euthanized on postnatal day 22. Whole brain fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentrations were measured via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis.ResultsWhole-brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations, and serotonin turnover (5-HIAA/5-HT) were comparable between strains. Treatment-naïve FSL rats had lower GSH and higher GSSG whole-brain concentrations, relative to FRL controls, and an overall decreased GSH/GSSG ratio. Passively administered fluoxetine resulted in undetectable whole-brain concentrations, while norfluoxetine averaged 41.28 ± 6.47 ng/g. Serotonin turnover of FSL rats was unaffected by passively administered fluoxetine, while redox status (GSH/GSSG) was decreased.ConclusionOur findings confirm that passively administered fluoxetine reaches the infant brain in the form of norfluoxetine and may manipulate processes of oxidative stress regulation. Further studies into the long-term bio-behavioural effects are however needed to effectively inform breast feeding mothers on the safety of antidepressant-use.

Creation of a novel zebrafish model with low DHA status to study the role of maternal nutrition during neurodevelopment.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a dietary omega-3 fatty acid, is a major building block of brain cell membranes. Offspring rely on maternal DHA transfer to meet their neurodevelopmental needs, but DHA sources are lacking in the American diet. Low DHA status is linked to altered immune responses, white matter defects, impaired vision, and an increased risk of psychiatric disorders during development. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms involved are largely unknown, and advancements in the field have been limited by the existing tools and animal models. Zebrafish are an excellent model for studying neurodevelopmental mechanisms. Embryos undergo rapid external development and are optically transparent, enabling direct observation of individual cells and dynamic cell-cell interactions in a way that is not possible in rodents. Here, we create a novel DHA-deficient zebrafish model by 1) disrupting elovl2, a key gene in the DHA biosynthesis pathway, via CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, and 2) feeding mothers a DHA-deficient diet. We show that low DHA status during development is associated with a small eye morphological phenotype and demonstrate that even the morphologically normal siblings exhibit dysregulated gene pathways related to vision and stress response. Future work using our zebrafish model could reveal the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which low DHA status leads to neurodevelopmental abnormalities and provide insight into maternal nutritional strategies that optimize infant brain health.

Multivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Feeding Mother's Own Milk at Discharge in Preterm Infants: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

This study aimed to develop a predictive model of feeding mother's own milk (MOM) at discharge using social determinants of health (SDOH), maternal and neonatal factors after deliveries at <33 weeks of gestational age (GA), or birth weight <1,500 g. Secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort in an inner-city hospital before (Epoch-1, 2018-2019) and after (Epoch-2, 2020-2021) implementing a donor human milk (DHM) program. Among 986 neonates, 495 were born in Epoch-1 (320 Hispanic White, 142 Non-Hispanic Black, and 33 Other) and 491 in Epoch-2 (327, 137, and 27, respectively). Feeding any MOM was less frequent in infants of non-Hispanic Black mothers than in those of Hispanic mothers (p < 0.05) but did not change with epoch (p = 0.46). Among infants who received any MOM, continued feeding MOM to the time of discharge was less frequent in infants of non-Hispanic Black mothers versus those of Hispanic mothers, 94/237 (40%) versus 339/595 (57%; p < 0.05), respectively. In multivariate analysis including SDOH and maternal variables, the odds of feeding MOM at discharge were lower with SDOH including neighborhoods with higher poverty levels, multiparity, substance use disorder, non-Hispanic Black versus Hispanic and young maternal age and increased with GA but did not change after implementing DHM. The predictive model including SDOH, maternal and early neonatal variables had good discrimination (area under the curve 0.85) and calibration and was internally validated. It showed the odds of feeding MOM at discharge were lower in infants of non-Hispanic Black mothers and with feeding DHM, higher need for respiratory support and later initiation of feeding MOM. Feeding MOM at discharge was associated with SDOH, and maternal and neonatal factors but did not change after implementing DHM. Disparity in feeding MOM at discharge was explained by less frequent initiation and shorter duration of feeding MOM but not by later initiation of feeding MOM. · In this cohort study of preterm infants, factors of feeding MOM at discharge included (1) SDOH; (2) postnatal age at initiation of feeding MOM; and (3) maternal and neonatal factors.. · Feeding MOM at the time of discharge was less frequent in infants of non-Hispanic Black mothers versus those of Hispanic mothers.. · Disparity in feeding MOM at discharge was explained by less frequent initiation and shorter duration of MOM feeding but not by later postnatal age at initiation of feeding MOM..

Maternal Knowledge of Balanced Nutrition and Maternal Feeding Practices Associated with Stunting in Children Aged 24-60 Months in the Puskesmas Siempat Rube Working Area

Introduction: The prevalence of stunting among children aged 24-60 months is a critical public health concern including in the Puskesmas Siempat Rube working area. Inadequate maternal knowledge about balanced nutrition and inappropriate feeding practices can contribute to the incidence of stunting. Objective: To analyze the relationship between maternal knowledge of balanced nutrition and maternal feeding practice on the incidence of stunting in children aged 24-60 months in the Puskesmas Siempat Rube working area. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in December 2023. The research sample consisted of 43 participants selected using purposive sampling. Balanced nutrition knowledge scores were categorized into poor, sufficient, and good; meanwhile, the higher the score for feeding practice, the better the mother's feeding practice was assumed. Height was assessed based on the TB/U indicator and categorized into stunting and not stunting. Hypotheses were analyzed using logistic regression tests, with statistical significance set at p &lt; 0.05. Result: The prevalence of stunting in this study was 69.8%. Most mothers had insufficient knowledge of balanced nutrition (90.7%), and the average feeding practice score was 58.4. Maternal knowledge of balanced nutrition and maternal feeding practice are significantly related to the incidence of stunting in children aged 24-60 months in the Puskesmas Siempat Rube working area (p &lt; 0.05). Maternal knowledge of balanced nutrition and maternal feeding practice act as protective factors against the incidence of stunting. The odds of children aged 24-60 months experiencing stunting were 0.056 times lower if their mothers had sufficient knowledge of balanced nutrition compared to mothers with poor knowledge. Similarly, each 1-point increase in a mother's feeding practice score could reduce the incidence of stunting by 0.910 times compared to mothers with a feeding practice score one point lower. Conclusion: Maternal knowledge of balanced nutrition and maternal feeding practice are significantly associated with the incidence of stunting in children aged 24-60 months in the Puskesmas Siempat Rube working area.

EDUCATION ON FEEDING INFANTS AND CHILDREN ON KNOWLEDGE AND BEHAVIOR OF MOTHERS IN FEEDING WASTING CHILDREN

The high incidence of wasting is caused by lack of nutrition in children, thus affecting the growth and development of childr en. Thepurpose to analyze feeding education in infants and children on the knowledge and behavior of mothers in feeding wasting ch ildren.The design of this study was pre-experimental with a one group pretest posttest design approach, the sample was mothers of wastingtoddlers as many as 30 respondents, using purposive sampling techniques. The independent variable was infant and child feedingeducation and the dependent variable was knowledge and behavior, using extension event unit instruments, leaflets andquestionnaires, data analysis using Paired T-test. The increase in knowledge was marked by a difference in the total mean value of23.87 and maternal behavior and a total difference in the mean value of 21.7 after education. The results of statistical tests obtainedρ-values of 0.000&lt; 0.05 and a fairly strong correlation of 0.568 knowledge variables and 0.413 on behavioral variables means thatthere is a strong enough influence between education on knowledge and behavior. Counseling activities can help mothers gainunderstanding and practical skills in infant and child feeding practices so as to prevent wasting.

The Relationship Between Feeding Patterns and Maternal Knowledge about Nutrition with the Incidence of Stunting in Children Age 0-5 Years in the Working Area of the Gedongan Health Center, Mojokerto City

&lt;p&gt;Stunting is a prolonged state of chronic malnutrition. This disorder is characterized by having a body length-for-age or body height-for-age measurement that falls below the -2 standard deviation established by the World Health Organization (WHO). The etiology of stunting is multifaceted, encompassing factors such as nutrition, feeding practices, infectious illnesses, and household income. Maternal understanding of nutrition, including dietary factors, is also associated with the occurrence of stunting. This study aimed to establish the relationship between feeding habits and maternal knowledge of nutrition with the prevalence of stunting in the operational region of the Gedongan Health Center, located in Mojokerto City. This study is an observational analytical study employing a cross-sectional design. The study’s population consisted of all women with children residing in the working area of the Gedongan Health Center. This study encompassed 144 participants who completed the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) regarding eating practices and a questionnaire assessing maternal knowledge of nutrition. The objective was to examine the relationship between these factors to height and age. The chi-square test results indicate a statistically significant association between feeding practices and stunting (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.0001) and maternal knowledge about nutrition and stunting (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.0001). The survey revealed that most children had been provided with appropriate feeding patterns, and most moms had a commendable nutritional understanding. The study’s findings indicate a noteworthy relationship between feeding behaviors and mothers’ nutrition knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND FEEDING PATTERNS IN STUNTED TODDLERS

The nutrients in the food consumed play a role in determining a person's condition and nutritional status. This research aims to determine the description and relationship between the level of maternal nutritional knowledge and the feeding patterns of mothers who have stunted toddlers in Desa Sumorame Candi Sidoarjo. This research method is analytical observational with a cross sectional approach. The research subjects were 40 mothers of stunted toddlers in Sumorame Candi Sidoarjo Village. Data collection used a questionnaire with guided interviews. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test (significance ?&lt;0.05). Data shows the percentage of mothers with high levels of knowledge about nutrition (5%), medium (27.5%), and low (67.5%) while mothers with appropriate (47.5%) and inappropriate feeding patterns (52, 5%). The chi-square statistical test results showed a relationship between the mother's level of knowledge and toddler feeding patterns (p=0.027). The research concludes that the mother's level of knowledge about nutrition influences the mother's feeding pattern for her toddler.

Factor Analysis of Stunting Toddler Feeding Patterns using Transcultural Nursing Approach

Background: In 2022, prevalence of stunting in Indonesia reach 21.6%. The direct causes of stunting was nutritional intake. The problem of nutritional intake was related to the cultural practices of Indonesian, so this research used a transcultural nursing. Objectives: This study aimed to identify factors influencing feeding patterns in stunting children based on transcultural nursing. Methods: Cluster sampling was used for this cross-sectional with 145 mother-child pairs. The independent variables were maternal education, economics, regulations and policies, cultural values and lifestyle, social and family support, religiosity and philosophy and technology. The dependent variable was feeding pattern. The instrument used was a questionnaire. Spearman Rho (p-value=0.05) was used to analyze the relationship between variables. Results: Economic factors (p=0.031; r=0.250), government policies and norms (p=0.034; r=0.180), cultural and lifestyle values (p=0.001; r=0.540), social support and family (p=0.000; r=0.270), religious and philosophical beliefs (p=0.000; r=0.321), and technological developments (p=0.002; r=0.210) were associated with feeding pattern, no correlation between feeding pattern and mother’s education (p=0.689). Conclusions: Economy, regulation and policy, cultural value and lifestyle, religiosity and philosophy, social support and family, and technology associated stunting child's feeding pattern. Cultural beliefs and lifestyle were the most important factors for stunting children's feeding patterns so it is envisaged that paramedics continue to expand their preventive and persuasive efforts by providing health consultations to moms and families.

Transmission of yellow fever vaccine virus from breast feeding mothers to their infants: reporting of yellow fever virus (YFV) RNA detection in milk specimens

Background Because of yellow fever’s serious impact on health, vaccination is the principal strategy to control the disease. Administration of the yellow fever vaccine to breastfeeding women should be before they complete 9 months post-delivery, in order to prevent transmission of the yellow fever vaccine virus to their infants through breast feeding. This study aimed to confirm whether the excretion of yellow fever vaccine virus is in milk of vaccinated breastfeeding mothers and to confirm the probable transmission to their infants through breast milk. Methods Samples were taken as follows: one serum specimen was taken 3-14 days after the date of the vaccination, and breast milk specimens were taken at four different time points between 3-4 days apart. Specimens were obtained from eight nursing mothers, who received the YVF vaccine (17DD). Mothers were asymptomatic before and after the vaccine administration but their infants developed symptoms after administration. Maternal serum samples were tested for YFV specific IgM antibodies through immuno-fluorescent assay (IFA). RNA was extracted from serum and breast milk specimens and YFV RNA screened using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results In total, five mothers (62.5%) were positive for YFV and two mothers (25%) had YFV RNA in serum. Among milk specimens, YFV RNA was detected during the four different mentioned collection times as follows (positive milk specimens/total milk specimens): 3/8 (37.5 %), 4/6 (66.6%) and 1/4(25%). RNA was completely undetectable in the last collection time. Conclusions YFV transmission from mothers to their babies through breast-feeding was highly probable indicated by the temporal relationship to mother’s YF vaccination.

Fathers’ use of social media for social comparison is associated with their food parenting practices

Over 85% of parents use social media; however, limited research has investigated the associations between parental social media use and food parenting practices. The objectives of this study were to: 1) describe how mothers and fathers use social media focused on topics related to child feeding and family meals; and 2) examine associations between parental social media use focused on child feeding and family meals and mothers' and fathers' food parenting practices. Data were obtained from 179 mothers and 116 fathers of children aged 3–8 years enrolled in a family-based obesity prevention intervention. We used descriptive statistics to describe parents' social media use in relation to child feeding and family meals and linear regressions with generalized estimating equations to explore associations between parents' social media use and food parenting practices. Models were stratified by parent gender and adjusted for household income, parent ethnicity, parent age, child sex, and intervention status. A higher percent of mothers than fathers reported using social media to seek information related to child feeding and family meals (64.8% mothers; 25.0% fathers) and to share and compare family meals and food choices (41.9% mothers; 19.8% fathers). While social media use was not associated with food parenting practices in mothers, fathers’ social media use to share and compare family meals and food choices was associated with negative food parenting practices, i.e., greater use of food for emotional regulation (β = 0.37, p = 0.02) and greater use of food for reward (β = 0.34, p = 0.02). Study results can inform strategies to promote healthy social media use among parents of young children.

Breastfeeding premature infants affects the microbiota composition of breast milk.

To determine whether and how breast feeding of premature infants influences the human milk (HM) bacterial communities. HM samples before and after breastfeeding were collected from 40 preterm infant mothers at 24-366/7 weeks of gestational age in the neonatal intensive care unit of our hospital. Of these 40 babies, 11 at 24-276/7 weeks of gestational age and 12 at 28-316/7 weeks were grouped into an extremely premature (EPM) group and a very premature (VPM) group, respectively. In addition, 11 with a birth weight (BWT) of 1000 g ≤ BWT < 1500 g were classified as a very low birth weight (VLBW) group and 12 with BWT < 1000 g an extremely low birth weight (ELBW) group. Breast feeding and kangaroo mother care were given once a day for 7 days, from 14 to 21 days of age. The bacterial composition of HM was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing before and after feeding. Linear discriminant analysis effect size of HM samples before and after feeding showed that Bacillus, Prevotella and Fusobacterium were significantly enriched in HM before breastfeeding (P < 0.05). Post-feeding HM for the EPM group showed significant enrichment in Lactobacillales, Streptococcus, Desulfuromonadales, Ruminococcus, Geobacteraceae, Geobacter and Elizabethkingia_meningoseptica (P < 0.05). Bacillus was significantly enriched in the HM for EPM group before feeding (P < 0.05). For mothers with VLBW infants, Bacillus was enriched before feeding, while Lactobacillales was predominant after feeding (P < 0.05). There was a moderate correlation between the diversity of HM bacteria and infant development and immune outcomes. Breastfeeding of preterm infants can significantly affect the bacterial diversity in HM.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Healthy Feeding Behavior of Mothers on the Nutritional Status of Elementary School Students

Background: Some children aged 6-9 years have started to enter the pre-pubertal rapid growth period. Therefore, the need for nutritious food has begun to increase significantly. The role of mothers in providing food is very much needed. This study aimed to discover the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of mothers in healthy feeding on the nutritional status of children.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study conducted in July–August 2019. The sample was mothers and their children who were in grades I to III of public and private elementary schools in Penjaringan, Jakarta. The total sampling method was conducted, and data collected included age, gender, height, weight, and mother’s knowledge, attitudes and behavior in healthy feeding Data was analyzed using Chi-square. The nutritional status of the students was calculated using the 2010 anthropometric standards of the Ministry of Health.Results: Of the 348 mothers included, there were 310 mothers (89.1%) with high level of knowledge, 86.5% of mothers had a positive attitude, and 75.3% had good behavior in healthy feeding. The nutritional status of the children was predominantly normal (46.2%) and overweight (34.8%). There was a significant relationship between maternal behavior in giving healthy food and children nutritional status (p=0.046).Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between the mother's behavior in offering healthy food and the children nutritional status. Therefore, parents should pay more attention to behavior in providing healthy food to children.

PENGARUH EDUKASI PMBA TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN IBU BALITA DI KAMPUNG KELUARGA BERKUALITAS DESA TUMIANG KABUPATEN BENGKAYANG

Background: In 2022, SSGI data shows that Indonesia was 21.6% stunting, West Kalimantan 27.8%, and Bengkayang Regency 30.1%. This data shows that stunting is higher in Bengkayang Regency than in Indonesia and West Kalimantan. Intake of food is the direct cause of stunting. At 1000 HPK, intake has a significant impact on promoting growth and development in infants and toddlers. One way to reduce stunting rates is to increase knowledge about infant and child feeding (also known as PMBA). The purpose of this research is to determine the level of knowledge of mothers of toddlers in Tumiang Village, Bengkayang Regency's Quality Family Village (Kampung KB). Method: The study was conducted quasy-experimentally with a one-group pre-test and post-test design. The study's participants were 30 mothers with toddlers aged 6 to 59 months living in the Quality Family Village in Tumiang Village, Bengkayang Regency. Intervention carried out PMBA education four times in a month. Pre- and post-test questionnaires were used. The data were analysed using T-Paired. Results: The mother's knowledge level score before and after PMBA training ranged from 4.83 to 7.10. This indicates that the mother's knowledge score increased by 2.27 before and after PMBA training. The T-Paired test results in a 0.000 p-value &lt; 0.05. Conclusion: Increasing mother's feeding knowledge before and after PMBA training can accelerate stunting reduction in Quality Family Village, Tumiang Village, Bengkayang Regency. Advice: PMBA training for toddler mothers can prevent stunting. Keywords: Knowledge of Mothers, PMBA Education, Quality Family Village, Stunting, Tumiang Village

Mothers’ Experiences During the 2022 Infant Formula Shortage in Washington D.C.

IntroductionAn unprecedented shortage of infant formula occurred in the United States (U.S.) in 2022 and posed widespread challenges to infant feeding nationwide. The purpose of this study is to investigate mothers’ experiences during the 2022 infant formula shortage and its perceived impacts on infants’ diet and health.MethodsMothers (n = 45) of infants under 8 months old from Washington D.C. were invited to participate in a virtual study meeting during the summer of 2022. Mothers completed surveys regarding their demographics, infants’ anthropometrics, infant feeding practices, information they have received about infant feeding, and knowledge about infant feeding practices. They then participated in a qualitative interview about their experiences during the infant formula shortage.ResultsOverarching themes were: the shortage (1) had adverse impacts on mothers’ mental and emotional health; (2) had significant financial and intangible costs; (3) led to changes in infant feeding practices; (4) social and family networks were helpful in navigating the shortage; and (5) mothers felt fortunate to have resources to breastfeed and/or obtain formula.DiscussionThe infant formula shortage adversely impacted mothers’ mental and emotional health, and was costly, in terms of financial and intangible costs. Findings demonstrate the need to develop clinical and policy approaches to support mothers in feeding their infants and provide education about safe infant feeding practices.

Differences in mother's knowledge and dietary diversity toddlers before and after education with videos and leaflets

Background: The prevalence of malnutrition in East Java still tends to be high, one of which is in Banyuwangi City, namely 16.78%. One of the causes of under-five nutrition problems is the lack of knowledge of nutrition and health, attitudes and behavior of mother's feeding. This study aims to analyze differences in mothers' knowledge and dietary diversity of toddlers before and after being given health food education with video media and leaflets 2 times for 14 days. Method: This is a quasi-experimental design with pre-post test control group design. The research subjects were 44 divided into 2 groups. The statistical test results showed p value &lt; 0.05 on the variables of mother's knowledge and dietary diversity of toddlers before and after healthy food education from 2 groups. Result: The knowledge of mothers of toddlers in The Intervention Group, before education was partially in the sufficient category as many as 12 people (59,1%), and almost all of them were in the good knowledge category as many as 19 people (86,4%) after education with a mean±SD value of 76,5 ± 23,2 before education, increased to 90,1 ± 10,8 after education. The Intervention Group's average dietary diversity score of toddlers was 4,27 ± 0,9. After education, most of the toddlers' dietary diversity was in the high category, namely 13 (59.1%), the moderate category was 9 (40,9%), and none were in the low category with an average score of 5,91 ± 1,27. Conclusion: This study has identified a significant difference in knowledge of mothers and toddlers' dietary diversity before and after education with video media and leaflets. Education with video media and leaflets effectively increases mother's knowledge and toddler's dietary diversity.

Pemberian Air Rebusan Kacang Hijau (Phaseolus radiatus) dan Daun Adas (Foeniculum vulgare) Pada Ibu Menyusui Terhadap Berat Badan Bayi Usia 0-6 Bulan

Mother's Milk (ASI) is the main source of nutrition for babies. Unfortunately many mothers choose formula milk instead. The diet of breastfeeding mothers indirectly affects the composition and production of breast milk. Malnutrition not only interferes with the physical condition of the mother but also reduces the quantity and quality of breast milk. Drinking water infused with fennel seeds and mung beans is said to be effective in counteracting this. We wanted to study whether feeding mothers green bean (Phaseolus radiatus) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) water had an impact on the birth weight of their babies between the ages of 0 and 6 months. Researchers used a pre-experimental approach and sampling method aiming to recruit 17 breastfeeding mothers with infants between the ages of 0 and 6 months. Statistics show a significant difference (p 0.000) using the Paired T-Test in SPSS. Mung bean water (Phaseolus radiatus) and fennel leaves (Foeniculum vulgare) given to breastfeeding mothers had an effect on the weight of newborns between the ages of 0 and 6 months, and this effect was statistically significant (p 0.000). Breastfeeding women are advised to drink a mixture of mung bean water and fennel leaves to help regulate milk production and ensure that the baby's weight gain stays within a healthy range.

Women admitted to Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar who are Breast Feeding their infants under 6 months age

Background: A top objective for worldwide public health is exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. There is evidence that a number of factors, including women's claimed reasons for discontinuing nursing, are related to early termination of breastfeeding. Aim: To describe women's reported intentions to breastfeed and actual nursing patterns as well as to look at relationships between various parameters at Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. Methodology: This convergent design “to obtain different but complementary data on same topic” to best understand the research problem was conducted after ethical approval at lady reading hospital peads OPD &amp; ward from June 2018 to June 2019. 129 feeding mothers were enrolled in the study. Educational history, employment and marital status, feeding position with knowledge, postpartum depression and medication history were noted. Result: Highest ratio of 151(69%) were seen in age &lt;35. Primary level education 118(54%) were seen more than other parameters. Employment ratio was seen less in working mothers 87(40%). Highest ratio of not giving answer 19 was seen in store milk while same view for breast milk first food after delivery was same for all. 22 mothers responded same answer for water use. Depression was seen in 97 mothers while 89 were safe and 33 didn’t answer. Colostrum was given to 137 infants while hygienic care in washing hand was seen in 107(48%). Medication used for lactation was used by 40(18%) mothers. Practical implication of this study is to share maximum knowledge to the feeding mothers which will help socially in sharing the same in their homes and societies. The mothers and child health is basic foundation for their home, society and country. Conclusion: Hygienic care is important for both mother and infant. Education and help assistance is useful after first delivery. Post natal depression should be monitored and health care providers should give visits to all pre natal mothers for education and hygienic care guidance. Keywords: Breast feeding, infant, mothers, education, hygiene care, traditions and culture

Preliminary Reports on the Experiences of Mothers in the Early Introduction of Complementary Feeding to Their Infants: a Phenomenological Study

Objective − The objective of the study was to explore the experiences of mothers with the early complementary feeding to infants in the IV Koto Sub-district, Agam District, West Sumatera Province of Indonesia.Materials and Methods − Qualitative methods, with a phenomenological approach were used in this study. This study was carried out from September to November 2022 in District IV Koto, Agam Regency. Ten mothers of infant aged 6-23 months who introduced complementary foods to their infants before six months of age were included in this study using a purposive sampling technique. Mothers who were not able to communicate well were excluded from this study. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted to collect the data. Data analysis used conventional content analysis.Results − The experience of mothers in early complementary feeding of their infants were explored using five themes. These findings were that mothers perceived the benefits of early complementary feeding, infant cues, the need to work outside the home, insufficient breastmilk supply, receiving advice regarding early complementary feeding from grandmothers, and cultural beliefs.Conclusion − Mothers perceived the benefit of early complementary feeding for their infants and themselves. Therefore, health professionals should provide assistance and counseling to mothers breastfeeding their babies so they can continue with exclusive breastfeeding and introduce complementary foods at the right time.