Fed Distillers Grains Research Articles

163 Impact of feeding wet or dry traditional or fractionated (Solbran) distiller’s grains on feedlot cattle performance and carcass characteristics

Abstract Solbran (ICM, Colwich, KS) is new corn byproduct of ethanol production composed of fiber plus condensed distiller’s solubles and can be fed dry (Dry Solbran; NDF = 41.1%; CP = 21.84%; Ether extract = 8.4%), or wet (Wet Solbran; NDF = 49.7%; CP = 22.67%; Ether extract = 8.5%). The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy value of dry and wet Solbran compared with traditional dry- (DDGS) and wet- distiller’s grains plus solubles (WGGS) in beef cattle finishing diets. The treatments included a control (CON) with no distiller’s grains compared with the inclusion of DDGS, WDGS, Dry Solbran and Wet Solbran at two levels (20% and 40%) resulting in a 2 × 2 × 2 + 1 factorial. Orthogonal contrasts defined linear and quadratic effects of byproduct inclusion through the common intercept of CON. Additionally, interactions among inclusion (20% or 40%), moisture (dry and wet) and processing method (Solbran or traditional) were evaluated as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial without CON. There was a linear increase in dry matter intake (DMI) by adding DDGS, Dry Solbran, and Wet Solbran (P < 0.01) and a tendency for a linear increase in dry matter intake (DMI) with WDGS (P = 0.07). There was a linear increase in ADG by adding DDGS or Wet Solbran (P < 0.05) and a tendency for a linear increase in average daily gain (ADG) with the addition of Dry Solbran or WDGS (P < 0.10). These changes in DMI and ADG resulted in a linear decrease in gain to feed ratio (G:F) when Dry Solbran was added (P < 0.01), and a tendency towards a linear decrease in G:F when DDGS was added (P < 0.10). The inclusion of Wet Solbran or WDGS did not influence G:F (P = 0.45). For the 2 × 2 × 2 factorial, there was a 2-way interaction for moisture by inclusion of byproduct for G:F where wet byproduct fed at 40% of the diet resulted in the greatest G:F and 40% dry byproduct resulted in the least G:F (P = 0.04). This interaction was driven by an increase in DMI for 40% byproduct when fed dry, and a reduction in DMI for both 20 and 40% byproduct fed wet. There was no difference in ADG between the treatments (P = 0.75). For the main effect byproduct type, steers fed Solbran had greater DMI (P < 0.01) with no difference in ADG (P = 0.79), resulting in a 3% reduction in G:F (P = 0.03) for steers fed Solbran but greater marbling (P < 0.01). Impact of feeding distillers grains byproducts on DMI, ADG, and G:F are impacted by the processes used in the ethanol plant, whether wet or dry, and dietary inclusion.

Evaluation of performance of beef stocker cattle when fed distillers grains daily in feed bunks or distillers grains in self-feeding tubs

Evaluation of performance of beef stocker cattle when fed distillers grains daily in feed bunks or distillers grains in self-feeding tubs

161 The Effects of Feeding Hempseed Cake on Pancreatic and Intestinal Enzymatic Activity in Finishing Heifers

Abstract Due to the unique nature of the rumen, unlike monogastric animals, ruminants like cattle largely depend on microbial hydrolysis of feed rather than post-ruminal enzymatic degradation. However, in ruminants fed high-grain diets, significant amounts of starch can bypass ruminal fermentation, where pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes play a vital role in digestion. Ruminal microbiota, as well as the host animal, require protein as a nitrogen source to optimize digestibility. Hempseed cake (containing >30% of crude protein) is a by-product of hempseed oil production, but currently is not used as a feed source as it is not an FDA-approved feed ingredient. Presently, the availability and costs of protein supplements are volatile, and sourcing alternative protein sources is needed. Therefore, information is necessary on the effect of feeding hempseed cake on ruminant digestive function. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding hempseed cake on pancreatic and intestinal enzymatic activity in finishing heifers. Angus-crossbred finishing heifers (494 ± 10 kg BW) were fed for 111 days with one of two dietary treatments: 20% [dry matter (DM) basis] of dried corn distillers grains plus solubles (n = 16, control) or hempseed cake (n = 16, hemp). All animals were slaughtered at the end of treatment. Intestinal tissues for digestive enzyme assays were isolated and stored at -800C following immediate flash freezing with liquid nitrogen. The MIXED procedure in SAS was used to analyze the data. There was a tendency (P = 0.09) of greater pancreatic tissue mass in the hemp group than in the control group. The activity of pancreatic α-amylase, trypsin, and lipase relative to protein (U/g protein) was less (P < 0.01) in heifers fed hemp than in heifers fed distillers grains primarily because protein concentration (mg/g) and content (g/pancreas) were greater (P < 0.01) in the hemp group than the control group. However, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.2) in digestive enzyme activity (U/g of tissue) in pancreatic and small intestinal tissues. Overall, our results suggest that there was no adverse effect of feeding hemp on the enzymes responsible for nutrient digestion in the small intestine and that hempseed cake may be useful as an alternative source of protein in cattle fed finishing diets.

Pooled analysis on the effects of inclusion, moisture, and oil removal from distillers grains on cattle performance and economic returns in diets with different corn processing.

A synthesis of data including over 9,300 head of cattle and over 980 pen means was conducted to evaluate the effect of corn processing method, distillers grains type, oil removal from distillers, and dietary distillers concentration on cattle performance and total feeding costs under different historical price scenarios. The corn processing method was either steam-flaked corn, high-moisture or dry-rolled corn or a blend of the latter two and their effects on performance with and without distillers grains. Wet, modified, and dry distillers were analyzed as either full fat or de-oiled products in diets at various dietary concentrations with either corn type to determine cattle performance. Performance estimates were used to determine the inclusion level that minimized total finishing costs ($/head) for each diet given various assumptions on corn price, corn-to-distillers price ratio, supplemental protein cost, and steam flake processing cost. Feeding distillers grains in steam-flaked or high-moisture and dry-rolled corn diets resulted in improved feed conversion and reduced cattle feeding costs, including lower supplemental protein costs and lower total feeding costs compared with a diet without distillers. However, feeding diets with steam-flaked corn improved feed conversion regardless of distillers type or level of inclusion. Feeding full fat distillers improved feed conversion relative to de-oiled distillers. Cattle fed de-oiled distillers were more efficient than those fed diets containing no distillers grains. At all corn price and corn-to-distillers price ratios examined, feeding some level of distillers of any type produced a lower total feeding costs relative to a diet without distillers. Different robustness tests were conducted to determine the impact of varying steam flake corn processing costs and the cost of supplemental protein on the optimal level of distillers inclusion level. The break-even cost a producer could pay for steam-flaking corn varied but was significantly higher when corn price was high. Feeding distillers grains in steam-flaked or high-moisture and dry-rolled corn diets resulted in improved feed efficiency, reduced cattle feeding costs, including replacement of other supplemental protein and associated costs compared to a diet without distillers grains.

Effects of corn distillers grains with yeast bodies and manipulation of dietary cation and anion difference on production, nutrient digestibility, and gas emissions from manure in lactating cows.

In a randomized complete block design, 40 lactating Holstein cows (average 98 d in milk and 41 kg/d of milk yield) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets: (1) containing soybean meal as the major protein supplement (CON diet); (2) CON diet with high-protein dried corn distillers grains at 20% on a dry matter (DM) basis by replacing mainly soybean meal (DG diet); (3) DG diet except that high-protein dried corn distillers grains with yeast bodies (extracted after corn ethanol production) was used (DGY diet); or (4) DG diet supplemented with sodium bicarbonate and potassium carbonate to elevate the dietary cation and anion difference (DCAD; DG-DCAD diet). The DCAD of CON, DG, DGY, and DG-DCAD were 185, 62, 67, and 187 mEq/kg of DM, respectively. The experiment began with a 10-d covariate period and then cows were fed the experimental diets for 5 wk (2-wk diet adaptation and 3-wk data collection periods). Dry matter intake and milk yield were measured daily, and spot urine and fecal samples were collected in the last week of the experiment to measure nutrient digestibility; N, S, and P utilization and excretion; and in vitro NH3 and H2S emissions from manure. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (random effect: block; fixed effects: diets, repeated week, and interactions). During data collection, DM intake was not different among treatment groups, but milk yield tended to be lower (42.4 vs. 39.9 kg/d) for DG, DGY, and DG-DCAD versus CON, which could have been caused by decreases in organic matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibility. Milk protein yield tended to be lower (1.33 vs. 1.24 kg/d) for DG, DGY, and DG-DCAD versus CON. Milk fat yield was lower (1.26 vs. 1.55 kg/d) for DG and DGY versus CON, but that for DG-DCAD (1.43 kg/d) did not differ from CON. Similarly, energy-corrected milk was lower (38.0 vs. 43.3 kg/d) for cows on DG and DGY versus those on CON, but it did not differ between DG-DCAD (40.7 kg/d) and CON. Urinary and fecal N excretion were greater for DG, DGY, and DG-DCAD compared with CON due to greater dietary crude protein content and N intake. However, NH3 emissions did not differ across treatments. Intakes of dietary P and S were greater for DG, DGY, and DG-DCAD, resulting in greater excretion of those in manure and greater H2S emissions from manure compared with CON. These data suggest that the negative effects of feeding distillers grains on production of lactating cows can be partly explained by a decrease in nutrient digestibility (milk yield) and excessive anion load (milk fat). The milk fat response to DG-DCAD suggests that milk fat depression observed with a diet with high content of distillers grains can be partially alleviated by supplementation of cations. In the current study, we observed no beneficial effects of DG containing yeast bodies.

200 Evaluating Performance of Calf-Fed Steers Fed Steam-Flaked Corn Based Finishing Diets with Varying Levels of Distillers Grains

Abstract Steam-flaked corn (SFC) is becoming more common in Northern Plains and Midwest feeding areas. While performance benefits of feeding wet (WDGS) or modified (MDGS) distillers grains are well documented in diets with dry-rolled or high-moisture corn, fewer data are available evaluating distillers grains in SFC-based diets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate performance when feeding WDGS or MDGS at increasing inclusions in SFC-based finishing diets. Crossbred steers (n = 560; initial BW = 299 kg; SD = 15 kg) were utilized in a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial design with factors consisting of 2 distillers types (MDGS or WDGS) fed at 1 of 3 inclusions (10%, 20%, or 30%) replacing SFC on a dry matter (DM) basis. A 0% distillers treatment was used for determining type by inclusion interactions. An interaction between type and inclusion of distillers was observed for dry matter intake (DMI;P = 0.06) and feed efficiency (G:F; P =0.02). Intake for steers fed WDGS tended to quadratically increase (P = 0.08), while steers fed MDGS had a more dramatic linear increase (P < 0.01) in DMI. Increasing WDGS inclusion resulted in a linear increase in G:F (P = 0.01), whereas increasing MDGS inclusion had no effect on G:F (P = 0.16). No interaction between type and inclusion of distillers grains for other variables (P > 0.20). Feeding distillers grains, regardless of type, resulted in linear increases in daily gain (ADG), hot carcass weight, and backfat (P ≤ 0.03). Control cattle gained 1.73 kg/d while cattle fed 30% MDGS and WDGS had ADG of 1.88 kg/d and 1.90 kg/d, respectively. Overall, gain of calf-fed steers was improved when distillers grains was increased in steam-flaked corn based finishing diets regardless of type, but G:F was increased with WDGS and not MDGS suggesting feeding WDGS provides more energy than MDGS in SFC-based diets.

Quantitative Analysis of Ethyl Carbamate in Distillers Grains Co-products and Bovine Plasma by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a fermentation byproduct in foods and beverages and classified as a Group 2A probable human carcinogen. Each year, greater than 40 million metric tons of fermentation co-products from the U.S. ethanol industry are fed to food animals. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay was developed to quantify EC extracted from various distillers grains co-products with a limit of detection at 0.7 ng/g (on an as-fed basis). EC was detected in all the distillers grains co-products surveyed in this study. Corn condensed distillers solubles contained the highest concentration of EC, ranging from 1618 to 2956 ng/g. Concentrations of EC in other types of distillers grains co-products varied from 17 to 917 ng/g. Cattle fed distillers grains co-products that constituted 19-38% of the total feed (as-fed) were found to contain 2-3 ng/mL of EC in blood plasma. No EC was detected in blood plasma from grass-fed control cattle.

Effects of Muscle and Finishing Diets Containing Distillers Grains with Low Moisture Levels on Fatty Acid Deposition in Two Novel Value-added Beef Cuts.

This study evaluated the effects of muscle and dietary treatments including CORN, dry distillers grains (DDGS), and modified distillers grains (MDGS) on fatty acid (FA) deposition in two novel value-added beef cuts (Petite Tender - M. teres major - TM, and Flat Iron – M. infraspinatus - INF). Crossbred steers were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments (CORN, 40% of DDGS with 8%–12% of moisture, and 40% of MDGS with 45%–55% of moisture - DM basis) and fed for 190 days. The TM muscle had higher concentrations of ω6 FAs and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) when compared to INF. Beef fed CORN showed greater C16:0 and lower C18:0 values when compared to beef fed distillers grains (DGS). Beef fed DDGS had higher concentrations of ω6 FAs when compared to MDGS. Different moisture levels only affected FAs containing 14, 16, and 17 carbons. Different muscles, diets, and moisture levels of DGS affected the deposition of FAs in the lean.

Meat quality traits and feeding distillers grains to cattle: a review

Livestock management and meat production involve a series of steps that affect meat quality. Animal genetics, nutrition and diets, slaughter procedures and meat-preservation conditions are some of the parameters that should be controlled to maintain meat quality. In regard to animal nutrition and diets, novel ingredients are increasingly used, distillers grains (DG) being an example. DG are obtained as a co-product from bioethanol production and comprise the fat, protein, fibre and micronutrient portion of the grains. Many papers have studied the inclusion of DG in finishing diets and their effect on growth performance and meat characteristics, but a review on the effects on meat quality is needed. Feeding with DG influences beef colour; nevertheless, a relationship between the level of inclusion and colour development has not been established yet. In addition, feeding DG-inclusion diets sometimes increases meat discoloration during retail display. Also, the composition of fatty acids is modified since total polyunsaturated fatty acid content in meat increases with the inclusion of DG in finishing diets. This increment in polyunsaturated fatty acid content is likely to contribute to lipid oxidation processes and might be related to meat discoloration due to myoglobin oxidation. However, meat tenderness has not been modified in most of the cases. This review focused on recent studies on DG inclusion, animal performance and meat quality. Key points that need further research are also identified and discussed.

Effects of different antioxidants on quality of beef patties from steers fed low-moisture distillers grains

This research evaluated the effects of different antioxidants on overall quality of beef patties from steers fed distillers grains. Crossbred steers (n = 24) were fed corn, 40% Dry distillers grains plus solubles, or 40% modified distillers grains plus solubles – Dry Matter basis). Patties were made from ground chuck of individual animals and 4 antioxidant treatments were evaluated (CONTROL - no antioxidant, 0.3% ROSEMARY, 0.25% ACEROLA, and 0.6% CITRUS). Diets minimally affected quality attributes. Patties treated with ROSEMARY were shown significant lighter in color than other treatments on day 6. Patties treated with CITRUS were the reddest on days 5 and 6 of display. ACEROLA and CITRUS provided better lipid stability during display when compared to CONTROL and ROSEMARY. Treatment CITRUS reduced APC growth by 2 log when compared to all other treatments (P < 0.01). Although patties treated with CITRUS had higher off-flavor intensity, no effect was observed for overall desirability. Patties treated with 0.6% of CITRUS provided optimal overall quality.

Feeding distillers grains to cattle may affect beef tenderness early postmortem.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary fat source with modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS) on beef tenderness through examination of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane fatty acid composition, changes in sarcoplasmic calcium concentration, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), sarcomere length, and proteolysis early postmortem. Steers (n = 256) were fed for 134 d on either corn, or a diet containing 40% full-fat MDGS, 40% de-oiled MDGS, or 38% de-oiled MDGS plus 2% corn oil. Twenty-four USDA Choice carcasses (three carcasses per pen; eight pens per treatment) were selected within each dietary treatment, and strip loins were collected and aged for 2, 9, 16, or 23 d postmortem and subject to retail display (RD) for an additional 7 d. Feeding MDGS increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of linoleic acid (18:2) and tended to increase (P = 0.06) total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the SR membrane. Steaks from cattle fed MDGS had greater sarcoplasmic calcium concentration than steaks from cattle fed corn at day 2 postmortem (P = 0.05). Steaks from steers fed de-oiled MDGS and de-oiled MDGS plus corn oil tended to have lower WBSF values (P = 0.08) than steaks from cattle fed corn at 2 d of aging with 0 d of RD. There were no differences among dietary treatments for sarcomere length (P = 0.92) and troponin-T degradation at 2 d postmortem (P = 0.60). Results suggest that feeding MDGS may increase early postmortem release of calcium into the sarcoplasm due to increased 18:2 and PUFA concentration in the SR membrane, which could result in increased beef tenderness early postmortem.

Effects of Antioxidants on Lipid Stability, Color Parameters, and Aerobic Plate Count of Beef Patties from Steers Fed Distillers Grains

ObjectivesBeef from steers fed distillers grains plus solubles (DGS) is more susceptible to lipid oxidation due to higher deposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lean. Inclusion of antioxidants in ground beef is an efficient strategy to improve lipid stability. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a novel composition of citrus extracts combined with buffered vinegar leads to improved color stability, lower lipid oxidation, and lower microbial loads of ground beef from steers fed distillers grains, when compared to other antioxidants commonly used by the industry.Materials and MethodsA total of 24 crossbred steers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments including CORN, Dry DGS (DDGS), and Modified DGS (MDGS; 8 steers per treatment). Distillers grains diets were formulated with inclusion levels of 40% DM basis. After slaughter, shoulder clods were collected and transferred under refrigeration to the University of Nevada, Reno Meat Quality Laboratory. After 7 d of aging, the M. latissimus dorsi, M. tensor fasciae antibrachii, and approximately 7.6 cm of the caudal part of the M. Triceps brachii were excised from each clod and ground. Ground samples from individual clods were divided into 4 batches that were subsequently treated with 0.3% of ROSEMARY, 0.25% of ACEROLA, and 0.6% of CITRIC (plus buffered vinegar) extracts. A CONTROL batch was formulated without any ingredient. Patties of 11.5 cm diameter were formed and displayed for 6 d. Instrumental color (L*, a*, b*) was recorded daily using a CR-400 Minolta® chroma meter whereas lipid oxidation (TBA), and aerobic plate count (APC) were evaluated on d 0, 3, and 6. The data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary NC) whereas animal (dietary treatment) was considered the main plot and antioxidant treatment the sub plot. Color and TBA data were analyzed as repeated measures.ResultsFor all instrumental color parameters, interactions between dietary treatment and day of display, and antioxidant treatment and day of display were observed (P < 0.01). Patties from steers fed DGS were darker than CONTROL samples on d 1 (48.77b, 50.18b, and 51.86a, for DDGS, WDGS, and CORN, respectively), whereas redness (a*) was greater on DGS patties on d 6 (13.20a, 14.67a, and 11.39b, for DDGS, WDGS, and CORN, respectively). Patties treated with ROSEMARY were significantly lighter than all other treatments on d 6 (53.14a, 50.34b, 50.98b, and 51.14b, for ROSEMARY, ACEROLA, CITRIC, and CONTROL respectively), whereas CITRIC samples were the reddest on d 5 and 6 of display. ACEROLA and CITRIC treatments led to similar lipid stability during display, whereas CITRIC samples showed less oxidation on d 6 when compared to CONTROL and ROSEMARY (0.21c, 0.29bc, 0.41b, and 0.90a, for CITRIC, ACEROLA, ROSEMARY, and CONTROL, respectively). Treatment CITRIC inhibited APC growth by 2 log when compared to all other treatments (3.73b, 5.34a, 5.44a, and 5.42a, for CITRIC, ACEROLA, ROSEMARY, and CONTROL, respectively).ConclusionThe inclusion of CITRIC in ground beef improved redness of patties, whereas patties treated ROSEMARY were lighter. ACEROLA and CITRIC extracts provided better lipid stability to ground beef whereas CITRIC was the only ingredient that inhibited bacterial growth, possibly due to its combination with buffered vinegar.

Feeding Distillers Grains Plus Solubles with Different Moisture Levels Affects the Fatty Acid Profile of Value-Added Beef Cuts

ObjectivesFinishing beef with corn-based distillers grains (DGS) diets alters fatty acid composition of beef when compared to corn-based diets. Producers utilizing DGS as feedstuff may obtain this byproduct with different moisture levels. In this study, we evaluated the null hypothesis that inclusion of DGS with different moisture levels in finishing diets do not lead to similar deposition of fatty acids in the lean of value-added beef cuts.Materials and MethodsCrossbred steers (n = 24) were randomly finished with 3 different diets: CORN (0%DGS), Dry DGS (40% DM of DGS with 8 to 12% of moisture; DDGS), and Modified DGS (40% DM of DGS with 45 to 55% of moisture; MDGS). After slaughter, shoulder clods (IMPS 114) were excised from carcasses and transferred under refrigeration to the University of Nevada, Reno Meat Quality Laboratory. After 7 d of aging, the M. Infraspinatus (INF, IMPS 114D PSO1) and M. Teres major (TM, IMPS 114F) were fabricated from the clods and pulverized with liquid nitrogen. Total lipids were extracted by using chloroform and methanol and converted to Fatty Acids Methyl Esters (FAME). Fatty acid profile was analyzed by gas chromatography (Agilent Technologies, model 6890 series) using a capillary column (Chrompack CP-Sil 88- 0.25 mm × 100 m). Oven temperature was programmed from 140 to 220°C at 2°C/min and held at 220°C for 20 min. Injector and detector temperature were maintained at 270 and 300°C, respectively. The carrier gas was hydrogen at a flow rate of 30 mL/min. Fatty acids (FA) were identified by comparison of retention times with known standards. Data were analyzed as a 3 × 2 factorial (diets × muscle) using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) and when significance was detected at P ≤ 0.05, means were separated using LSMEANS and DIFF functions.ResultsNo interaction between muscle and diet was observed for all fatty acids, except for C6:0. Values of C14:1T ω5, C18:1 Δ11 ω7, C18:2 ω6, C20:3 ω6, C20:4 ω6, total PUFA, and total Omega 6 were significantly higher in TM when compared to INF, whereas C18:1 ω9 levels were significant higher in INF than in TM. Feeding corn significantly increased levels of some saturated and monounsaturated FA including C14:0, C16:0, and C18:1Δ11 ω7 when compared to DGS. Overall, finishing diets containing DGS significantly led to higher deposition of C18:0, C18:2 ω6, PUFA, and total Omega 6 FA. When comparing DDGS versus MDGS, feeding DDGS led to higher concentrations of C14:0, C14:1 ω5, C16:0, and C16:1 ω7 whereas MDGS led to higher C17:0 in the lean (P ≤ 0.05). Feeding MDGS increased concentrations of C18:1T (ω9 and ω12), Total Trans, and C18:3 ω3 FA in the lean when compared to CORN, whereas beef from steers fed DDGS had higher Omega 6:Omega 3 when compared to CORN.ConclusionInclusion of DGS with different moisture levels differently affected FA profile of beef. When compared to CORN-fed, beef fed MDGS had higher levels of Trans FA and C18:3 w3, whereas beef fed DDGS had higher Omega 6:Omega 3.

Feeding Distillers Grains Plus Solubles with Different Moisture Levels Affects the Fatty Acid Profile of Value-Added Beef Cuts

Feeding Distillers Grains Plus Solubles with Different Moisture Levels Affects the Fatty Acid Profile of Value-Added Beef Cuts

The effect of regular or reduced-fat distillers grains with solubles on rumen methanogenesis and the rumen bacterial community.

The effect of feeding dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) or reduced-fat DDGS (RFDG) on ruminal methanogenesis and the rumen bacterial community of dairy cattle was evaluated. Treatments were CONT, a diet with no distillers grains; DG, inclusion of 20% DDGS; rfDG, inclusion of 20% RFDG; and MIX, inclusion of 10% DDGS and 10% RFDG. Methane emission was measured; rumen bacterial community was evaluated by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Total methane production remained unaffected. However, feeding distillers grains tended to reduce methanogenesis per unit of feed intake, decreased the abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes and tended to increase Firmicutes. The abundance of Prevotellaceae positively correlated with feed intake; methane emission was positively correlated with the abundance of Prevotellaceae and was negatively correlated with the abundance of Succinivibrionaceae. DDGS or RFDG may reduce methanogenesis per unit of feed intake; shifts in the abundance of predominant ruminal bacterial families may influence methane formation, likely because of their role on hydrogen liberation and utilization pathways. Replacing corn and soybean meal with DDGS or RFDG in dairy rations may reduce the proportion of dietary energy wasted as methane, without detrimental effects on the overall bacterial population.

Effect of feeding distillers grains during different phases of production and addition of postmortem antioxidants on shelf life of ground beef

ABSTRACT Feeding distillers grains (DGS) to cattle can increase PUFA concentration, increase lipid oxidation, and decrease color stability of beef. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding DGS and the postmortem addition of antioxidants on the shelf life of ground beef products. Crossbred heifers (n = 64; initial BW = 225 kg) were supplemented with different amounts of modified DGS (MDGS; 0.91 or 2.27 kg daily, DM basis) during backgrounding and finished on diets containing corn gluten feed or MDGS. Four beef shoulder clods from each dietary group were ground independently. Fatty acid composition was analyzed in lean tissue, s.c. fat, and composite samples. Raw patties in retail display were analyzed for lipid oxidation, percent discoloration, and objective color. Cooked beef links were manufactured with salt, phosphate, and varying quantities of an antioxidant (rosemary and green tea extract), and lipid oxidation was measured throughout storage. Finishing cattle fed MDGS had greater C18:2 and PUFA (P ≤ 0.028) content in all locations, whereas cattle supplemented with greater amounts of MDGS during backgrounding had more C18:0 (P = 0.005) and less C16:1 (P = 0.020) in s.c. fat. Raw ground beef from heifers finished with MDGS discolored at a greater rate (P

345 Impact of feeding distiller's grains with or without oil removal as well as oil replenished on nutrient digestibility by finishing cattle

345 Impact of feeding distiller's grains with or without oil removal as well as oil replenished on nutrient digestibility by finishing cattle

Quality and Shelf Life of Ground Beef from Cattle Fed Distillers Grains Manufactured to Contain Different Amounts of Oil

Quality and Shelf Life of Ground Beef from Cattle Fed Distillers Grains Manufactured to Contain Different Amounts of Oil

Effect of feeding distillers grains and supplementing antioxidants on lipid oxidation of ground beef

Effect of feeding distillers grains and supplementing antioxidants on lipid oxidation of ground beef

Effect of feeding distiller's grains in different phases of production on the fatty acid profile in beef and lipid oxidation of frozen, cooked beef links

Effect of feeding distiller's grains in different phases of production on the fatty acid profile in beef and lipid oxidation of frozen, cooked beef links