Feeder Ships Research Articles

제미나이 출범에 따른 글로벌 주요 항만의 영향 분석

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to analyze the representative differences between the services implemented by the launch of the Gemini alliance and the existing alliance services. Additionally, it forecasts the impact of the Gemini launch on Busan Port and other top 20 global ports. Research design, data and methodology : An empirical analysis is conducted using data from the Gemini alliance and the top 20 global ports. Specifically, the analysis derives the impact on ports by utilizing the representative differences of the Gemini service, such as the size of the ships and the frequency of regular service calls, including GDP. Results : All three independent variables (ship size, frequency of regular service calls, and GDP) were found to have a significant impact on port throughput. In particular, the size of the ships and the frequency of regular service calls have a relatively greater impact compared to GDP. Conclusions : The frequency of regular service calls by Gemini at Busan Port is expected to decrease significantly, raising concerns about a potential reduction in Busan Port's throughput. However, considering the increase in the size of feeder ships and Gemini's market share of 20%, it is deemed unlikely that Busan Port's throughput will immediately decrease significantly due to the Gemini launch. Therefore, the success of the differentiated services promoted by Gemini is crucial.

EEDI ANALYSIS FOR TRIMARAN FEEDER AT MALUKU WATERS

The international maritime organization (IMO) has worked since 2009 to minimize harmful gas emissions from marine traffic. Due to its worldwide climate effect, IMO has implemented an energy efficiency design index (EEDI) to monitor and quantify CO2 emissions. Due to 1.0-meter wave height, Maluku waters remain quiet. For transporting from distant, outermost, and border places, feeder ships will work better. The three-body vessel (trimaran) has a vast deck surface and can efficiently feed tiny islands. This study analyzes trimaran vessel EEDI and resistance using Froude number Fr = 0.21 speed and transverse distance S/L = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5. Experimental calculations show a large fluctuation in hull distance. The trimaran ships with S/L=0.5 have the least resistance and essentially equal calculation results to independent trimarans. This shows that the trimaran with a 0.5 hull ratio has little hull interference. For trimaran ships, EEDI estimates suggest operating below Fr=0.21, which meets IMO criteria.

Simulating Operating Performance of Alternative Configurations of LNG Bunkering Stations

Recently, due to the great need to promote environmentally sustainable maritime transport, alternative energy sources to traditional fossil fuels have been proposed to reduce ship emissions. Among few alternative scenarios, most experts recognize Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as the most promising solution in the short to medium term. However, there are still some critical issues related to the future expansion of bunkering stations and the LNG-fuelled fleet. Firstly, there is the need for a sufficiently extensive international network of bunkering facilities. Secondly, the layout and location of bunkering stations impact the efficiency of ship bunkering operations, cost reduction and the safety of the surrounding areas. Last, the in-progress Russian-Ukrainian conflict is causing serious unbalances in gas supply and prices, especially for Europe. Specifically, in the case of Italy, gas imports represent the seventh most imported commodity. Due to the changed geopolitical scenarios, interest has arisen in investigating the technical and operational characteristics of LNG bunkering stations and comparing different configurations with a view to increasing Italy’s independence from other foreign countries, focusing on degasifies that could promote new infrastructures that make available LNG in ports. In this paper we highlight the importance of reducing ship emissions and investigate some technical and operational characteristics of LNG bunkering stations. We present a simulation study to analyse quantitatively the operating performance of different LNG bunkering technologies in a port terminal and their impact on the efficiency and overall cost within the whole goods’ supply chain. In particular, we evaluate and compare bunkering time, throughput and refuelling costs in alternative layouts, referring to marine terminals located near urban areas. The aim of this research is to verify whether ports with infrastructure embedded in metropolitan areas could provide, safely, a valuable contribution to the green transition by efficiently handling an adequate level of LNG supply, especially referring to the present Italian interest in increasing independence from foreign countries. For this purpose, we present four dynamic discrete event simulations of all the main LNG bunkering configurations and present their dynamic performance sampled over two consecutive years after a warmup period of 6 months. The simulation conceptual models have been created by the authors based on analyses of those configurations and then processed and implemented within the simulation software Witness Horizon 23®, used for experimentation. This is the first time that a simulation study is presented for comparing different configuration of LNG bunkering stations. The results presented here confirm that simulation is a key science to address these complex problems and it represents a major added value for the development of new infrastructures embedded in supply chains and able to favour green transition. Concerning the present study, the simulation output reveals that, although the increase in the price of LNG over the past year has had a strong negative impact on the propensity to activate LNG refuelling stations at maritime terminals, Truck-To-Ship, or Ship-to-Ship with small feeder ships, and Port-To-Ship configurations appear to be flexible and particularly suitable for port terminals located near urban areas. However, the final the choice of the most suitable LNG bunkering station requires further and specific inside investigation as well as considerations on the Decision Maker Strategies and Attitudes.

Synchronization Model of Sea Transport Scheduling of Pioneer Ship and Sea Toll: Case Study at Maluku

Sea transportation is the only vessels connected to islands in Indonesia, especially Pioneer Shipping that has an important role to connect the smaller and isolated islands to reduce price disparity. Pioneer shipping becomes a Feeder Vessel from Sea Toll and Pelni Passenger Ship that must be maintained reliability of scheduling accuracy in accordance with ministerial regulation number 37 of 2015. The aim of this research is to create a model of synchronization ship scheduling that considers to the arrival of the main ship (sea toll and pelni passenger ship) with feeder vessel (pioneer shipping) that can determine the impact financially for users (passengers and shipper) and ship operators. Agent-based simulation methods are used in this research to obtain scheduled arrivals and departures of ships using AnyLogic Software 8.7.4 (Personal Learning Edition). Therefore, schedule is considering the synchronization between the departure and arrival of the main ship (sea toll transportation and passenger transport) with the feeder (pioneering transport) ship.

Feeder Ship Size Optimization in Maritime Markets with Uncertainty

This paper considers the ship size optimization problem for a liner shipping company that provides feeder service between one hub port and one feeder port. In the maritime market with uncertainty, this problem becomes more challenging. This research first analyzes the decision behaviors of the shipping company. Then, a stochastic dynamic programming method is proposed to calculate the expected total volume of containers transported within the planning horizon. Using the calculated volumes as input parameters calculate the profit of each ship sizes and then determine the suitable ship size for the feeder route. Numerical experiments are performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method and the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

Design and analysis of Trimaran feeder ships as a connector for small islands in the Maluku

Maluku waters have limited seas, which are still categorized as calm seas because the wave height is about 1.0 meter. The existence of feeder ships for transportation services from and to areas that are still considered remote, outermost and border will behave more smoothly in operation. The selection of three-body vessel (Trimaran) has the advantage of having a large deck area so that it can function as a feeder between small islands effectively and efficiently. This paper focuses on analysing resistance and seakeeping of Trimaran vessel for limited seas using CFD techniques with variations in transverse distance S/L = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and at a speed designated by the Froude number Fr = 0.21. The results of numerical analysis show that at S/L = 0.4 the vessel has very good characteristics in resistance and seakeeping. Therefore, results of the calculation can be adopted as preliminary data for the preliminary design.

A Preliminary Study on an Alternative Ship Propulsion System Fueled by Ammonia: Environmental and Economic Assessments

The shipping industry is becoming increasingly aware of its environmental responsibilities in the long-term. In 2018, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) pledged to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 50% by the year 2050 as compared with a baseline value from 2008. Ammonia has been regarded as one of the potential carbon-free fuels for ships based on these environmental issues. In this paper, we propose four propulsion systems for a 2500 Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit (TEU) container feeder ship. All of the proposed systems are fueled by ammonia; however, different power systems are used: main engine, generators, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Further, these systems are compared to the conventional main engine propulsion system that is fueled by heavy fuel oil, with a focus on the economic and environmental perspectives. By comparing the conventional and proposed systems, it is shown that ammonia can be a carbon-free fuel for ships. Moreover, among the proposed systems, the SOFC power system is the most eco-friendly alternative (up to 92.1%), even though it requires a high lifecycle cost than the others. Although this study has some limitations and assumptions, the results indicate a meaningful approach toward solving GHG problems in the maritime industry.

MCDM Bunkering Optimisation in a Hub and Spoke System: The Case of the North Adriatic Ports

Choosing an optimal bunkering port that minimises the increase in the operating costs in a hub and spoke system is a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. Furthermore, the criteria are related to the port particularities, the environment, fuel price, and some criteria are quantitative while others are qualitative. It is therefore necessary to create a model that takes such features into consideration. Firstly, in this paper a set of the most used criteria will be defined. Then, a method to choose suitable criteria for a hub and spoke system will be proposed. Secondly, using a Fuzzy AHP, weights will be defined and used in a multi-criteria goal function. The outcome is a bunkering policy MCDM model based on the aggregation of fuel consumption and price to criteria related to port characteristics, local aspects and service particularities. All these factors must be considered by a chief engineer (superintendent) in the process of defining a sustainable bunker policy. A case study based on the North Adriatic port system demonstrates the applicability of the proposed model. In addition, the case study highlights that in hub and spoke systems with short loops, feeder ships can regulate cargo capacity and stay at a port with bunkering policy planning.

Identifying Characteristics of Competition and Cooperation of Korean Feeder shipping companies through Cluster Analysis

Identifying Characteristics of Competition and Cooperation of Korean Feeder shipping companies through Cluster Analysis

Technical and economic feasibility of organic Rankine cycle-based waste heat recovery systems on feeder ships: Impact of nitrogen oxides emission abatement technologies

The International Maritime Organization recently revised the regulations concerning nitrogen and sulphur oxides emissions from commercial ships. In this context, it is important to investigate how emission abatement technologies capable of meeting the updated regulation on nitrogen oxides emissions affect the performance of waste heat recovery units to be installed on board new vessels. The objective of this paper is to assess the potential fuel savings of installing an organic Rankine cycle unit on board a hypothetical liquefied natural gas-fuelled feeder ship operating inside emission control areas. The vessel complies with the updated legislation on sulphur oxides emissions by using a dual fuel engine. Compliance with the nitrogen oxides emission regulation is reached by employing either a high or low-pressure selective catalytic reactor, or an exhaust gas recirculation unit. A multi-objective optimization was carried out where the objective functions were the organic Rankine cycle unit annual electricity production, the volume of the heat exchangers, and the net present value of the investment. The results indicate that the prospects for attaining a cost-effective installation of an organic Rankine unit are larger if the vessel is equipped with a low-pressure selective catalytic reactor or an exhaust gas recirculation unit. Moreover, the results suggest that the cost-effectiveness of the organic Rankine cycle units is highly affected by fuel price and the waste heat recovery boiler design constraints.

Rational areas of combined transport technologies application for container delivery on the Caspian-Black sea route of the new Silk Road

The article analyzes the main routes for delivering goods from China to the EU countries. The main transit flow in this direction is cargo in containers. The competitive Caspian-Black Sea route of the New Silk Road through Ukraine with the use of combined rail and sea transportations has been analyzed. Two delivery options are considered – using ferry ship and feeder ship lines. Simulation was used to evaluate the route parameters. Recommendations on the rational areas of combined transport technologies application on this route are given.

An Empirical Study on the Current Feeder Shipping Network Patterns among Malaysian Feeder Service Providers

ABSTRACT Route network patterns have been investigated globally by many researchers, with the majority of studies only focussing on the liner shipping industry for long-distance services, and with less attention paid to the feeder services industry. The feeder services industry is important to enhance the economic sustainability and viability of feeder service providers and trade partners. The primary objectives of this paper were to study the focal economy points of feeder services in Malaysia and to demonstrate the type of network patterns practised by Malaysian feeder service providers. Accordingly, an empirical study was conducted through the cooperation of eight Malaysian feeder service providers via face-to-face interviews and port visits to understand the patterns of each shipping route deployed. Moreover, to demonstrate the network patterns of each feeder service provider, a route network model was designed. The main finding from this study found that Port Klang was the primary feeder hub port and focal economy point in Malaysia due to the highest number of feeder vessels entering the port. Furthermore, the type of route patterns applied by Malaysian feeder service providers were determined and categorised based on three models: 75% (basic model), 17.5% (butterfly model), and 7.5% (chain model) collected data consisting of 40 service routes. This paper will assist future and existing feeder service providers in their planning and execution of the optimal service routes regarding their efficiency in servicing existing and future customers and promoting strategic and tactical allocation of shipping services to specific ports.

An optimization model for container inventory management

This paper formulates the empty container repositioning (ECR) problem, which is one of the most important issues in the container shipping industry, by running a model to generate the service route of feeder shipping in a dynamic environment. The objective is to reduce the disequilibrium of laden and empty containers. This paper first provides a literature review with the emphasis on the shipping scheduling and modelling of ECR. Second, a network model has been designed to find the optimum size of ship servicing a particular region. A simply ECR policy is tested to demonstrate an essential impact on the profit of a container transport system. With the aid of this heuristic shipping model, ECR is integrated with the tramp ship routing problem under dynamic condition.

A Study on the Efficiency of Operating Feeder Ship in Northern Asia Short Sea using System Dynamics

A Study on the Efficiency of Operating Feeder Ship in Northern Asia Short Sea using System Dynamics

Containership Traffic Optimization on Feeder Shipping Line

AbstractThis article is devoted to feeder containership traffic optimization on the trunk and feeder shipping lines. The optimization is fulfilled in case of the necessity of laden containers delivery between fixed pairs of ports as well as in case of the requirement not to exceed the vessel's capacity, taking into account her residual value during transition between feeder port lines. The paper takes into account uneven distribution of empty container equipment in ports of line and the solution is suggested considering the estimation of the empty TEU’s number which is subject to reposition.

A Generalized Stochastic Petri Net Approach for Modeling Activities of Human Operators in Intermodal Container Terminals

This paper proposes a Petri net (PN) representation of the activities performed by the key human operators for unloading/loading containers in an intermodal maritime container terminal (CT) with a low level of automation. These processes are the core of the export, import, and transshipment cycles executed in the terminal. The aim of this paper is to consider both the human component and the material handling resources, e.g., cranes and transporters, by defining an accurate model, which describes how to coordinate humans and use the system resources necessary for serving mother or feeder ships. The developed generalized stochastic PN-based model is of limited complexity and represents a complete, unambiguous, and readable model of the target process before coding it in the target simulation tool. The modular integrated model is tested and validated by the simulation of typical and perturbed scenarios of the Taranto CT, a real terminal that is taken as a case study for its complexity and similarity to CTs with multiple transport modes.

Berth allocation in container terminals that service feeder ships and deep-sea vessels

This paper treats a berth allocation problem (BAP) in dedicated container terminals where feeder ships and container vessels are jointly served. When assigning quay space and a service time to each calling ship particular focus is put on the container exchange between feeder ships and mother vessels, so that the weighted number of containers delivered by feeder missing their intended mother vessel (and vice versa) does not exceed a given upper bound. The resulting BAP is formalized, complexity proofs are provided, and suited optimization procedures are presented and tested.

Cyclic inventory routing in a line-shaped network

The inventory routing problem (IRP) is a very challenging optimization task that couples two of the most important components of supply chain management, i.e., inventory control and transportation. Routes of vehicles are to be determined to repeatedly resupply multiple customers with constant demand rates from a single depot. We alter this basic IRP setting by two aspects: (i) only cyclic tours are allowed, i.e., each vehicle continuously tours its dedicated route, and (ii) all customers are located along a line. Both characteristics occur, for instance, in liner shipping (when feeder ships service inland ports along a stream) and in facility logistics (when tow trains deliver part bins to the stations of an assembly line). We formalize the resulting problem setting, identify NP-hard as well as polynomially solvable cases, and develop suited solution procedures.

Optimising Feeder Routing for Container Ships through an Electronic Chart Display and Information System

Large container ships can only be berthed in hub ports with deep water, which requires a feeder ship service to transit and transport containers from the hub ports. This paper presents a feeder routing optimisation method for container ships through an intelligent Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). ECDIS has been adopted to design routes and calculate the estimated time of arrival in two ports, and a mixed integer programming model is established for container vessel regional transportation where the shortest ship sailing time is designated as the objective function. In this paper, through using heuristic tour-route coding, the solution of the model based on genetic algorithms is presented to select ship capacities and routes simultaneously. Taking the Pearl River in China as an example, for different types of vessel capacity, vessel costs and fuel costs, 100 TEU and 150 TEU ship capacities with six optimal routes are selected to minimise sailing time and operating costs.

The Role of Feeder Shipping in Chinese Container Port Development

Abstract The future development of China's container ports has become a critical issue, due to the sector's dependence on international trade and the excessive interport competition that exists both within China itself and with the ports of neighboring countries. This article investigates the potential for utilizing domestic feeder shipping services (i.e., coastal and river container shipping services that carry both international and domestic cargoes) as a new source of future long-term growth in China's container port sector. The Gini coefficient is utilized as an indicator for assessing the evolution of throughput over time for the 12 major container ports involved in feeder shipping operations in China. By applying decomposition analysis to a time series of throughput data, the key contributions of feeder shipping services to port development are identified. In addition, structural and spatial concentration effects on corresponding market segment components are computed. Finally, research findings provide evidence that there are potential opportunities for container ports to benefit from burgeoning feeder services carrying domestic trade and engaging in coastal transshipment activities.