Feeble Effect Research Articles

Response of Phytoplankton Communities to Variation in Salinity in a Small Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon: Future Management and Foreseen Climate Change Consequences

Mediterranean coastal lagoons are particularly vulnerable to increasing direct anthropogenic threats and climate change. Understanding their potential responses to global and local changes is essential to develop management strategies adapted to these ecosystems. Salinity is a fundamental structuring factor for phytoplankton communities; however, its role under climate change is understudied. We hypothesized that salinity variations imposed by climate change and/or management actions could disturb Mediterranean lagoons’ phytoplankton communities. To test our hypothesis, we performed two 5-day microcosm experiments in which natural phytoplankton assemblages from the Santa Giulia lagoon (Corsica Island) were subjected to three increasing (53–63–73) and decreasing (33–26–20) levels of salinity, to mimic strong evaporation and flash flooding, respectively. Results indicate that over-salinization inhibited growth and modified the assemblages’ composition. Freshening, on the contrary, showed feeble effects, mainly boosting microphytoplankton abundance and depleting diversity at lowest salinity. In both experiments and under freshening in particular, initially rare species emerged, while photosynthetic activity was degraded by salinity increase only. We demonstrated that phytoplankton communities’ structure and metabolism are strongly altered by the predicted implications of climate change. Such impacts have to be considered for future management of coastal lagoons (control of sea exchanges and watershed fluxes). This work constitutes a priority step towards the proactive adapted management and conservation of such as-yet-neglected ecosystems in the context of climate change.

The impact of social media communication on consumer-based brand equity and purchasing intent in a pandemic

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the impact of the source of the content in social media communication and the content distribution intensity on consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) dimensions and how the study will eventually impact purchase intention.Design/methodology/approachA total of 521 samples were collected using an online survey questionnaire. The respondents' validity was verified using purposive sampling techniques, and the responses were analysed using SmartPLS 3.0.FindingsThe authors outlined the fundamental mechanisms of what makes social media communication effective and discovered that emotional-based brand equity dimensions (brand association and brand loyalty) remained significant in influencing purchase intention. However, attribution-based brand equity dimensions (perceived quality, brand trust and brand awareness) are found to have no impact.Originality/valueThis study decomposed social media communication into three different dimensions, and the authors' result showed that the dimensions do not impact CBBE to the same extent. The authors concluded that some CBBE dimensions, which appear to be a rigour determinant of purchase intention over time, have a feeble effect during the pandemic. The existing relationship between the CBBE dimensions with purchase intention might not hold in the pandemic context. The authors suggested that anxiety or pandemic fear could alter the normal consumer buying process and make some well-established relationships not hold. As research indicates that pandemics are reoccurring events, the authors' study contributes to the global effort to dampen some of the pandemic-related effects on business and marketing.

Partitioning of a Hybrid Lipid in Domains of Saturated and Unsaturated Lipids in a Model Cellular Membrane.

The cellular membranes are composed of hundreds of components such as lipids, proteins, and sterols that are chemically and physically distinct from each other. The lipid–lipid and lipid–protein interactions form domains in this membrane, which play vital roles in membrane physiology. The hybrid lipids (HLs) with one saturated and one unsaturated chain can control the shape and size of these domains, ensuring the thermodynamic stability of a membrane. In this study, the thermodynamics of mixing of a HL and its structural effects on the phase separated domains in a model membrane composed of a saturated and an unsaturated lipid have been investigated. The HL is observed to mix into an unsaturated lipid reducing the Gibbs free energy, whereas the mixing is unfavorable in a saturated lipid. The presence of an HL in an unsaturated lipid tends to increase its area fraction, which is reflected in the enhanced correlation length across the bilayers in a multilayered sample. There is a feeble effect on the domain structure of the saturated lipid due to the presence of the HLs at the phase boundary. This study concludes that the HLs preferentially participate in the unsaturated lipid regions compared to that of a saturated lipid.

Investigations on structural, photo-physical and photometric parameters of metal based quinoline complexes for OLEDs

This paper includes the synthesis of bluish-green light emitting metal based hydroxyl quinoline complexes namely, Mgq2, Baq2 and MgxBa(1-x)q2 (Mg: Magnesium, Ba: Barium, q: 8-hydroxy quinoline, x = 0.1, 0.2,….0.9) by simple precipitation method at different values of pH and stoichiometry. It’s noteworthy to state that we are the first one to report novel complexes based on Ba (Baq2 and Mg0.5Ba0.5q2). The inquisition of these complexes was carried out to probe structural, photo physical and photometric parameters by FTIR, photoluminescence (PL) spectra and 1931 CIE colour calculator, respectively. These investigations reveal that pH value and stoichiometry have feeble effects on the emission wavelength and intensity. Investigations further reveal that among all the synthesized complexes, Baq2 (at pH 6.5) emits intense blue light in various environments. Thus, barium based quinoline complexes have the potential to sustain their emission features in solid state as well as in acidic and basic medium-one of the characteristic features which are highly essential for the fabrication of OLEDs by vacuum as well as solution techniques.

Long-Term Suppressive cART Is Not Sufficient to Restore Intestinal Permeability and Gut Microbiota Compositional Changes.

Background: We explored the long-term effects of cART on markers of gut damage, microbial translocation, and paired gut/blood microbiota composition, with a focus on the role exerted by different drug classes.Methods: We enrolled 41 cART naïve HIV-infected subjects, undergoing blood and fecal sampling prior to cART (T0) and after 12 (T12) and 24 (T24) months of therapy. Fifteen HIV-uninfected individuals were enrolled as controls. We analyzed: (i) T-cell homeostasis (flow cytometry); (ii) microbial translocation (sCD14, EndoCab, 16S rDNA); (iii) intestinal permeability and damage markers (LAC/MAN, I-FABP, fecal calprotectin); (iv) plasma and fecal microbiota composition (alpha- and beta-diversity, relative abundance); (v) functional metagenome predictions (PICRUSt).Results: Twelve and twenty four-month successful cART resulted in a rise in EndoCAb (p = 0.0001) and I-FABP (p = 0.039) vis-à-vis stable 16S rDNA, sCD14, calprotectin and LAC/MAN, along with reduced immune activation in the periphery. Furthermore, cART did not lead to substantial modifications of microbial composition in both plasma and feces and metabolic metagenome predictions. The stratification according to cART regimens revealed a feeble effect on microbiota composition in patients on NNRTI-based or INSTI-based regimens, but not PI-based regimens.Conclusions: We hereby show that 24 months of viro-immunological effective cART, while containing peripheral hyperactivation, exerts only minor effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Persistent alteration of plasma markers indicative of gut structural and functional impairment seemingly parallels enduring fecal dysbiosis, irrespective of drug classes, with no effect on metabolic metagenome predictions.

Water and soil management for Drought Rice

Rice is an economically important and widely consumed cereal that achieves high yields under submerged condition. Moreover, due to degradation in physical properties of calcareous soils it is difficult to apply flood irrigation for sowing rice crop. So, the soil and water management is favorites. Whether, Draught rice with different levels of organic manure and water depletion used to achieve this target. The obtained results revealed that increasing organic addition (sheep dung) increased soil heat capacity and air permeability by 23.7% and 65% respectively, and decreased soil impedance by 21%. Whilst, increasing moisture depletion raised soil impedance and air permeability by 2.5 and 6.8% respectively while the feeble effect was for heat capacity (0.05%). When the two factors coupled together gave the major effects on previous properties. Also, roots weight increased by increasing soil heat capacity and air permeability and by decreasing soil impedance. Moreover, improving root growth and soil organic matter resulted in increasing rice cereal and straw yield while moisture depletion show a negative significant relation with cereal and negative non significant relation with straw, but when coupled with other factors it show a highly significant relation. Water consumption increase by increasing plant livetime and moisture depletion by144% (181.27m3) and 1.5 % ( 53.38m3) respectively. While, increasing roots weight and organic addition resulted in decreased water consumption by 5.3% (189.8m3) and 3.95% (140.4m3). Finally, by increasing organic additions and roots weight increased both cereal and straw water use efficiency by (21, 23%) and (35, 36%) respectively, While it decreased to (9.4%) and 5.6% as increasing of moisture depletion.

Asymmetric interdependent networks with multiple-dependence relation.

In this paper, we study the robustness of interdependent networks with multiple-dependence (MD) relation which is defined that a node is interdependent on several nodes on another layer, and this node will fail if any of these dependent nodes are failed. We propose a two-layered asymmetric interdependent network (AIN) model to address this problem, where the asymmetric feature is that nodes in one layer may be dependent on more than one node in the other layer with MD relation, while nodes in the other layer are dependent on exactly one node in this layer. We show that in this model the layer where nodes are allowed to have MD relation exhibits different types of phase transitions (discontinuous and hybrid), while the other layer only presents discontinuous phase transition. A heuristic theory based on message-passing approach is developed to understand the structural feature of interdependent networks and an intuitive picture for the emergence of a tricritical point is provided. Moreover, we study the correlation between the intralayer degree and interlayer degree of the nodes and find that this correlation has prominent impact to the continuous phase transition but has feeble effect on the discontinuous phase transition. Furthermore, we extend the two-layered AIN model to general multilayered AIN, and the percolation behaviors and properties of relevant phase transitions are elaborated.

Analysis of melting behavior of PCMs in a cavity subject to a non-uniform magnetic field using a moving grid technique

Melting flow and heat transfer of electrically conductive phase change materials subjecting to a non-uniform magnetic field are addressed in a square enclosure. The top and bottom walls of the cavity are adiabatic, and the sidewalls are isothermal at different temperatures. The temperature of the hot wall is higher than the fusion temperature of PCM (Tf), and the cold wall is at the fusion temperature or lower. At the initial time, the cavity is filled with a solid saturated PCM. In the vicinity to the hot wall, there is an external line-source magnet, inducing a magnetic field. The location of the magnetic source (Y0) can be changed along the hot wall. The cavity domain is divided into two parts of the liquid domain and the solid domain. The moving grid method is utilized to track the phase change interface at the exact fusion temperature of Tf. The governing equations for continuity, flow and heat transfer associated with the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) moving mesh technique are solved using the finite element method. The results are investigated for the melting behavior of PCM by the study of Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 50) and the location of the magnetic source (0 ≤ Y0 ≤ 1). Outcomes show that the effect of the magnetic field on the melting behavior of PCM is negligible at the initial stages of the melting (Fo < 1.15). However, after the initial stages of the melting, the effect of the presence of a magnetic field becomes significant. Moreover, the location of the magnetic source induces a feeble effect on the melting front at the initial melting stages, but its effect on the shape of the melting front increases by the increase of the non-dimensional time. The location of the magnetic source also significantly affects the streamlines patterns. Changing the position of the magnetic source from the bottom of the cavity (Y0 = 0.2) to the almost middle of the cavity (Y0 = 0.6) would decrease the required non-dimensional time of full melting from Fo = 10.4 to Fo = 9.0.

Effect of acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia on learning and memory in adult Sprague-Dawley rats

The present study aimed to observe the effects of acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia on learning and memory in adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats as well as the changes in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits. Learning and memory abilities were evaluated with Morris water maze following simulated hypoxia at 5000 m or 7000 m for 2, 4 or 6 days. The number of red blood cells, the level of hemoglobin, oxidative stress markers, the extent of neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1, and the expression of NMDAR subunits were all measured. In place navigation test, the escape latency significantly increased only in the 5000 M 6Day (P < 0.05) group than the latency in the plain group on the fourth day. In the spatial probe test, the times of platform passing showed no significant difference between the hypoxia and plain groups. Polycythemia, an increased ratio of superoxide dismutase/malondialdehyde and degeneration of neurons appeared in an elevation-dependent and duration-dependent manner in those hypoxia groups. Furthermore, the protein expression of NR1 increased and the protein expression levels of NR2A, NR2B, and NR3A were all decreased in the 5000M 6Day and 7000M 6Day groups. In summary, the feeble effect of acute exposure to simulated hypobaric hypoxia on learning and memory in adult SD rats may be attributed to increased antioxidative capacities and decreased expression of NR3A. And moreover, differences in the expressions of NMDAR subunits were closely related to the altitude and duration.

Effect of soil type and soil water content levels on pupal mortality of the peach fruit fly [Bactrocera zonata (Saunders)] (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Peach fruit fly (PFF), Bactrocera zonata, is one of the most dangerous pests of horticultural crops worldwide. This pest spends part of its life cycle in the soil as pre-pupae and pupae. Therefore, the effects of soil type and soil water content levels (SWCLs) on pupal mortality rates of the PFF were studied in an attempt to use soil moisture as an abiotic management strategy for this pest. The effect of clay, loamy, and sandy soils with SWCL of 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, and 100% of field capacity on three ages of PFF pupae (newly formed, 4- and 7-day-old pupae) were studied. Results demonstrated significant effects of SWCLs on pupal mortality rates of PFF. SWCL was the factor with the most remarkable effect (48.47%), meanwhile soil type had a feeble effect (0.65%). Newly formed pupae were more susceptible to SWCL levels than 7- and 4-day-old pupae. Results suggest that sustaining SWCL near 100% of field capacity significantly (p = 0.000) suppressed PFF population; therefore it could be an important component of Integrated Pest Management against this insect species.

Effect of Solution Treatment Temperature on Impact Toughness (Room Temperature and 77 K) of a 12Cr–10Ni Martensitic Precipitation Hardenable Stainless Steel

Precipitation hardenable stainless steels have become a material of choice for many advanced engineering applications that require high strength and excellent corrosion resistance. Solution treatment temperature is an important parameter that influences the prior austenite grainsize and retained austenite content in this type of steels. Solution treatment has been carried out in a 12Cr–10Ni steel at treatment temperatures ranging from 750 to 1000 °C at 50 °C intervals. Aging was carried out on two sets of solution-treated samples at 250 and 500 °C. Charpy impact tests at room temperature and 77 K were carried out on solution-treated as well as aged samples. Measurement of retained austenite, prior austenite grainsize, and EBSD analysis were carried out to explain the observed phenomena. Solution treatment temperature is observed to have only feeble effect on impact toughness and hardness; however, it considerably affects the content of retained austenite. The aging temperature and thereby the precipitate size were observed to be the major factors that influence cryogenic impact toughness for 12Cr–10Ni steel.

Hydroalcoholic extract of Spartium junceum L. flowers inhibits growth and melanogenesis in B16-F10 cells by inducing senescence

BackgroundUltraviolet light exposure generates, in human tissues, radical species, which represent the main cause of photo-aging, DNA damage and skin cancer onset. On the other hand, Mediterranean plants, being continuously subjected to high solar radiation levels, are naturally adapted to take on this type of abiotic stress, thanks to the production of antioxidant secondary metabolites. For these reasons, several plant extracts were documented to be excellent antineoplastic drugs. PurposeWe investigated the potential antitumor activity of the flower extract obtained by Spartium junceum L., a Mediterranean shrub, correlating it with the plant metabolic profile. Study designAfter selecting the best extraction method to obtain as more secondary metabolites as possible from S. junceum flowers, we characterized the extract metabolic content. Then, by in vitro analyses, the antioxidant profile and the antineoplastic activity on B16-F10 murine melanoma cell of our extract were investigated. MethodsSpectrophotometric assays, HPLC-DAD and GC-MS analyses provided us information about flower extract composition and antioxidant activity. MTT assay and Trypan Blue exclusion test were performed to assess the extract toxicity and the viability, after treatments, of B16-F10 cancer cells and of C2C12 murine myoblasts. In vitro experiments (i.e. cytofluorimetry, protein analysis and qPCR) allowed us to analyze the effect of the plant extract on B16-F10 cell redox state, melanogenesis and cell cycle. Senescence induction was investigated by using a specific kit. ResultsWe observed that the hydroalcoholic extract of S. junceum flowers (HFE) strongly inhibited B16-F10 murine melanoma cell proliferation, while just a feeble effect was observed on C2C12 murine myoblasts. Moreover, we found that HFE exerted a pro-oxidant activity on melanoma cells, inhibited melanogenesis and caused cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase, inducing senescence. These anti-cancer properties of HFE could be related to the rich metabolic profile of the extract that we characterized by HPLC-DAD and GC-MS analyses. ConclusionThis evidence suggests that S. junceum phytocomplex can be used as a selective, nontoxic, economic and easily available anticancer drug.

Status of Advanced Virgo

The LIGO and the Virgo collaborations have recently announced the first detections of Gravitational Waves. Due to their weak amplitude, Gravitational Waves are expected to produce a very small effect on free-falling masses, which undergo a displacement of the order of 10-18 m for a Km-scale mutual distance. This discovery showed that interferometric detectors are suitable to reveal such a feeble effect, and therefore represent a new tool for astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology in the understanding of the Universe. To better reconstruct the position of the Gravitational Wave source and increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the events by means of multiple coincidence, a network of detectors is necessary. In the USA, the LIGO project has recently concluded its second Observation Run (O2) with a couple of twin 4 kilometer-long arms detectors which are placed in Washington State and Louisiana. Advanced VIRGO (AdV) is a 3 kilometer-long arms second generation interferometer situated in Cascina, near Pisa in Italy. The installation of AdV has been completed in 2016, and the first commissioning phase allowed to get to the target early-stage sensitivity, which was sufficient to join LIGO in the O2 scientific run. In this paper, the challenges of the commissioning of AdV will be presented, together with its current performances and future perspectives. Finally, in the last paragraph the latest discoveries that occurred after the ICNFP 2017 conference will be also described.

Effects of interplay of nanoparticles, surfactants and base fluid on the surface tension of nanocolloids.

A systematically designed study has been conducted to understand and demarcate the degree of contribution by the constituting elements to the surface tension of nanocolloids. The effects of elements such as surfactants, particles and the combined effects of these on the surface tension of these complex fluids are studied employing the pendant drop shape analysis method by fitting the Young-Laplace equation. Only the particle has shown an increase in the surface tension with particle concentration in a polar medium like DI water, whereas only a marginal effect of particles on surface tension in weakly polar mediums like glycerol and ethylene glycol has been demonstrated. Such behaviour has been attributed to the enhanced desorption of particles to the interface and a theory has been presented to quantify this. The combined particle and surfactant effect on the surface tension of a complex nanofluid system showed a decreasing behaviour with respect to the particle and surfactant concentration with a considerably feeble effect of particle concentration. This combined colloidal system recorded a surface tension value below the surface tension of an aqueous surfactant system at the same concentration, which is a counterintuitive observation as only the particle results in an increase in the surface tension and only the surfactant results in a decrease in the surface tension. The possible physical mechanism behind such an anomaly happening at the complex fluid air interface has been explained. Detailed analyses based on thermodynamic, mechanical and chemical equilibrium of the constituents and their adsorption-desorption characteristics as extracted from the Gibbs adsorption analysis have been provided. The present paper conclusively explains several physical phenomena observed, yet hitherto unexplained, in the case of the surface tension of such complex fluids by segregating the individual contributions of each component of the colloidal system.

Influence of Tantalum Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Nial-Based Eutectic Alloy

NiAl-28Cr-6Mo or NiAl-Cr(Mo) eutectic alloys with different degree of tantalum (Ta) addition have been fabricated and investigated. The microstructural characterization shows that minor Ta addition results in the formation of Cr2Ta Laves phase with C14 crystal structure. Small Laves phases are prone to precipitation along Cr(Mo) phase boundary, while large/bulk ones are formed in the intercellular region. As compared with the NiAl-Cr(Mo) eutectic alloy, minor Ta addition can refine Cr(Mo) and NiAl eutectic lamella in the core of eutectic cell but coarsen the Cr(Mo) and NiAl phase in the fringe of eutectic cell. An increased Ta addition invokes coarsening of Cr(Mo) and NiAl phases in the intercellular region and enhances Laves phase precipitation in the intercellular region. When the Ta addition increases to 2.0 at.%, the modified alloy mainly comprises ultrafine eutectic cell core and coarse Cr(Mo) and NiAl phases, which are semi-separated by NiAl dendritic and bulk Laves phase. The results confirm that the appropriate Ta addition can significantly improve the high-temperature strength with a feeble effect on room-temperature ductility, which can be ascribed to the microstructure optimization induced by the Ta addition. However, further Ta addition strongly affects the cellular eutectic microstructure and is detrimental for the roomtemperature ductility. The appropriate Ta content in the NiAl-Cr(Mo) eutectic alloy should be about 1.0 at.%.

Design of high‐efficiency non‐insulated step‐up converters

The design techniques of high-efficiency non-insulated step-up converters were upgraded on the basis of a comprehensive model of power losses, also including several feeble effects whose contribution, although overshadowed at large power by conduction and switching losses, is relevant in the low-power regime and at the maximum power point. The thorough loss analysis was used as a basis to design state-of-art high-boost-ratio three levels neutral-point-clamped dc–dc converters, whose experimental efficiency showed an outstanding agreement with theoretical predictions in a wide range of operating conditions.

Nonlinear variations in axisymmetric accretion

We subject the stationary solutions of inviscid and axially symmetric rotational accretion to a time-dependent radial perturbation, which includes nonlinearity to any arbitrary order. Regardless of the order of nonlinearity, the equation of the perturbation bears a form that is similar to the metric equation of an analogue acoustic black hole. We bring out the time dependence of the perturbation in the form of a Li\'enard system, by requiring the perturbation to be a standing wave under the second order of nonlinearity. We perform a dynamical systems analysis of the Li\'enard system to reveal a saddle point in real time, whose implication is that instabilities will develop in the accreting system when the perturbation is extended into the nonlinear regime. We also model the perturbation as a high-frequency travelling wave, and carry out a Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin analysis, treating nonlinearity iteratively as a very feeble effect. Under this approach both the amplitude and the energy flux of the perturbation exhibit growth, with the acoustic horizon segregating the regions of stability and instability.

STUDENTS’ ATTITUDE TOWARDS MATHEMATICS: DOES CLASSROOM LEARNING ENVIRONMENT OF SINGLE-GENDER CLASSES MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE?

Mathematics is an important subject as it supports most of the social sciences and almost all natural sciences. Both the teaching and teaching and learning aspects of Mathematics are quite different from other subjects of the social sciences as well as the natural sciences. Therefore, teaching and learning process of Mathematics demands specific learning environment and Mathematics related attitudes both of the teachers and the students. Studying these aspects in single-gender classroom becomes even more significant. The study at hand focuses on exploring the relationship between these two variables on the basis of gender. The 11th grade male and female Mathematics students enrolled during academic year 2012-2013 in public sector colleges of Punjab province of Pakistan constituted the population of the study. The sample of the study included randomly selected 1717 students from the public sector colleges located in six randomly selected districts of the Punjab province. In order to collect data, two Urdu translated questionnaires namely, What Is Happening in This Class (WIHIC), and Questionnaire of Mathematics-Related Attitude (QOMRA) were used. The data was collected in the last month of the academic year so that the attitude of students in real sense may be determined. Research findings revealed that male and female students’ perception about their classroom learning environment significantly differs from each other. The male students perceived more supportive learning environment in Mathematics classroom than the female learners. Moreover, it was also found out that classroom learning environment has a feeble effect on students’ attitude towards Mathematics. However, it was found that the male students showed relatively more positive attitude towards Mathematics than the female students

Circulation of an object immersed in a bubbling fluidized bed

The motion of a large object in a bubbling fluidized bed was experimentally studied using digital image analysis (DIA). The experiments were performed in a 2-D bubbling fluidized bed with glass spheres as bed material. The object motion was measured using non-intrusive tracking techniques, while independent measurements of the dense phase velocity (using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)) and bubble velocity (using DIA) were carried out. The effect of the dimensionless gas velocity on the object motion was also analyzed. This work characterizes the circulation patterns of an object with a density similar to that of the bed, but much larger in size. Object size and density remained constant throughout the experiments. A comparison between the motion of sinking objects and the motion of the dense phase provided evidence of the feeble effect of buoyant forces on the motion of sinking objects. In contrast, the motion of rising objects is linked to the motion of bubbles. It was found that objects may be raised to the surface of the bed either by the action of a single bubble (one-jump) or by several passing bubbles (multiple-jumps). Based on these results, the circulation time of objects throughout the bed is a function of two parameters: the maximum depth attained by an object and the number of jumps during its rising path. This relationship is presented along and the multiple-jumps phenomenon is studied in detail. Finally, an estimate of the circulation time of an object based on semi-empirical expressions is presented for different dimensionless gas velocities. The probability density function of the circulation time shows two different modes as the object was less prone to be raised at moderate depths. The estimate of the circulation time was found to be in good agreement with our experimental data.

Instantons in grand unification

A class of instantons in four-dimensional Euclidean grand unification is discussed. These solutions in the classical limit have nonzero Lagrangian density at only one single point. These instantons can generate proton decay processes, whose rate has an extremely feeble effect in theSU5 model. However, it can be observable in unification with technifermions that embedded instantons induce technifermions decay to ordinary fermion. We also consider the instantons in aSO10 model.