Federation Dentaire Internationale Research Articles

Comparative clinical evaluation between self-adhesive and conventional bulk-fill composites in class II cavities: A 1-year randomized controlled clinical study.

This randomized controlled clinical trial compared the clinical efficacy of self-adhesive bulk-fill Surefil One with a traditional bulk-fill composite in class II restorations. Sixty-four direct class II composite restorations were categorized into two groups. Group I, control group (n = 32): cavities were restored by Filtek One bulk-fill composite with Scotchbond Universal (SBU) adhesive in self-etch mode, Group II, test group (n = 32): cavities were restored by Surefil One self-adhesive bulk-fill composite. The study involved a follow-up period of 1 year, during which restorations were assessed at baseline (BL), 6 months, and 12 months using Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) criteria. Data analysis was performed using nonparametric tests. A comparison of restoration characteristics was performed utilizing the chi-square test (X2). The significance level was set at 0.05. Filtek One and Surefil One bulk-fill composites revealed clinically acceptable FDI scores over 12-month recalls. Thirty-two patients (64 restorations) were available for all follow-up visits; 100% of the restorations survived. For esthetic properties, Filtek One was far better than Surefil One at all time points. However, in terms of functional and biological properties, both restorations demonstrated comparable performances. Filtek One bulk-fill restorations were superior in terms of surface luster, surface staining, color match, and translucency, but Surefil One restorations performed well and were similar to Filtek One restorations; however, additional advancements and research are needed to obtain better esthetics. Furthermore, longitudinal studies with extended follow-up periods are needed to assess the clinical potential of both materials. Both Filtek One and Surefil One met the FDI criteria, with Filtek One demonstrating superior esthetic and functional qualities and similar performance regarding biological criteria. Both innovative restorative materials show potential for clinical use. Trial registered on ClinicalTrials.gov under registration number; NCT06120868:07/11/2023.

Volumetric analysis after caries excavation with caries detecting dyes and chemomechanical caries removal agents using 3D scanner-a randomised clinical trial

AimThis research aimed to use an extra-oral 3D scanner for conducting volumetric analysis after caries excavation using caries-detecting dyes and chemomechanical caries removal agents in individuals with occlusal and proximal carious lesions.MethodsPatients with occlusal (A1, A2, A3) and proximal carious lesions (B1, B2, B3) were treated with the conventional rotary technique, caries detecting dyes (CDD) and chemomechanical caries removal (CMCR) method on 90 teeth (n = 45 for each). Group A1, B1: Excavation was performed using diamond points. Group A2, B2: CDD (Sable Seek™ caries indicator, Ultradent) was applied and left for 10 s, and then the cavity was rinsed and dried. For caries removal, diamond points or excavators were used. Group A3 and B3: BRIX3000 papain gel was applied with a micro-brush for 20 s and was activated for 2 min, and then the carious tissue was removed with a sharp spoon excavator. Post-excavation cavity volume analysis was performed using a 3D scanner. The time required and the verbal pain score (VPS) for pain were scored during excavation. Post-restoration evaluation was performed at 1, 3, and 6 months FDI (Federation Dentaire Internationale) criteria.ResultsComparison of age, time and volume with study groups were made using Independent Sample’ t’ test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for two and more than two groups, respectively. Using Cohen’s Kappa Statistics, evaluators 1 and 2 agreed on caries removal status aesthetic, functional and biological properties at different follow-ups. The chi-square test revealed that the rotary groups [A1(2.5 ± 0.4 min) B1(4.0 ± 0.4 min)] had significantly less (p = 0.000) mean procedural time than CDD [A2(4.5 ± 0.4 min) B2(5.7 ± 0.4 min)] and CMCR [A3(5.4 ± 0.7 min) B3(6.2 ± 0.6 min)] groups. The CMCR group showed better patient acceptance and less pain during caries excavation than the rotary and CDD groups. CMCR group showed significantly less mean caries excavated volume(p = 0.000). Evaluation of restoration after 1-, 3-, and 6-month intervals was acceptable for all the groups.ConclusionBrix3000 helps effectively remove denatured teeth with less pain or sensitivity. The time required for caries removal was lowest in the rotary method and highest in the brix3000 group, while the volume of caries removed was the lowest for brix3000 and highest for the rotary group.

EFFECTIVENESS OF WHATSAPP AS A HEALTH PROMOTION MEDIA IN IMPROVING TOOTH BRUSHING BEHAVIOR BASED ON FEDERATION DENTAIRE INTERNATIONALE

ABSTRACTBackground: The majority of tooth decay is caused by improper brushing behavior. The correct behavior for tooth brushing refers to the Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI), including the behaviour of tooth brushing every day at least twice a day, after breakfast and before going to bed at night. The results of RISKESDAS in 2018 reported that only 4.96% of adolescents aged 10-14 years who brushed their teeth properly in the city of Banjarbaru. WhatsApp groups as a media for health promotion is considered as an effective strategy to disseminate information to improve one's knowledge and behavior towards a better outcome. Purpose: To analyze the effectiveness of WhatsApp as a health promotion medium in improving the behavior of brushing teeth properly based on the Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) in grade VII students at SMPN 2 Banjarbaru. Material and Methods: This study used a pre-experiment design with one group post test pre test design with simple random sampling technique. The research was conducted at SMPN 2 Banjarbaru with a sample of 173 respondents. Results: The results of the pre test measurement showed that there no respondents in the bad behavior category (0%), 45 respondents (26%) in the moderate category and 128 respondents (74%) in the good category. The result of post test measurement revealed that there were no respondent in bad and moderate category that 173 respondents were fell into good behaviour category. The results of the Wilcoxon comparison test obtained a significance value of 0.000 <0.05, meaning that there was a difference in behavior between before and after being given health promotion. Conclusion: Counseling using WhatsApp social media is effective in increasing the behavior of proper toot brushing according to FDI.Keywords: Health promotion, Proper brushing behavior, Whatsapp

Numbering teeth in panoramic images: A novel method based on deep learning and heuristic algorithm

Dental problems are one of the most common health problems for people. To detect and analyze these problems, dentists often use panoramic radiographs that show the entire mouth and have low radiation exposure and exposure time. Analyzing these radiographs is a lengthy and tedious process. Recent studies have ensured dental radiologists can perform the analyses faster with various artificial intelligence supports. In this study, the numbering performance of Mask R-CNN and our heuristic algorithm-based method was verified on panoramic dental radiographs according to the Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) system. Ground-truth labelling of images required for training the deep learning algorithm was performed by two dental radiologists using the web-based labelling software DentiAssist created by the first author. The dataset was created from 2702 anonymized panoramic radiographs. The dataset is divided into 1747, 484, and 471 images, which serve as training, validation, and test sets. The dataset was validated using the k-fold cross-validation method (k = 5). A three-step heuristic algorithm was developed to improve the Mask R-CNN segmentation and numbering results. As far as we know, our study is the first in the literature to use a heuristic method in addition to traditional deep learning algorithms in detection, segmentation and numbering studies in panoramic radiography. The experimental results show that the mAp (@IOU = 0.5), precision, recall and f1 scores are 92.49%, 96.08%, 95.65% and 95.87%, respectively. The results of the learning-based algorithm were improved by more than 4%. In our research, we discovered that heuristic algorithms could improve the accuracy of deep learning-based algorithms. Our research will significantly reduce dental radiologists’ workload, speed up diagnostic processes, and improve the accuracy of deep learning systems.

Cone-beam Computed Tomography Evaluation of Non-surgical management of a Large Periapical Lesion using Calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament: A 1-year follow-up case report

This case report aims to assess the healing of a large periapical lesion non-surgically using Calcium hydroxide (CH) with the aid of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). A 28-year-old female patient presented with pain and swelling in the lower anterior teeth (31, 32, 41, 42) (Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) tooth notation system). Patient history and pre-operative radiographic examination revealed incomplete root canal treatment in relation to 31, 32, 41, 42 with periapical abscess. During the first visit, the access cavity was modified, followed by determination of the working length and biomechanical preparation. In the present case report, (CH) intracanal medicament(ICM) was placed in the canals for 2 weeks, and the process was repeated until the canals were dry. Once the canals were dry and the teeth became asymptomatic, obturation was performed. Permanent coronal seal was provided using composite restorative material. One year periodic follow-up was carried out to assess the healing of the periapical lesion, following which, post-operative healing was assessed with the help of CBCT- Periapical Index (CBCT-PAI) and was compared with the pre-operative CBCT-PAI. Regression of the lesion and formation of the trabecular pattern of the bone were noted. Intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide complemented the instrumentation with irrigation and optimal disinfection of the root canal system. In this case report, the use of CBCT as a diagnostic tool helped in the accurate measurement of periapical lesion size.

A 3-Year Clinical Evaluation of Endodontically Treated Posterior Teeth Restored with Resin Nanoceramic Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacture (CAD/CAM)-Fabricated Partial Crowns.

BackgroundWe aimed to investigate the clinical effects of resin nanoceramic (RNC) computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) partial crowns on posterior teeth after root canal treatment over a 3-year period.Material/MethodsA total of 132 posterior teeth restored with CAD/CAM partial crowns were placed in 128 patients. The observation group (n=66) was restored with RNC restorations, while the control group received lithium disilicate-based glass ceramic (LDGC) CAD restorations. Using Fédération dentaire internationale (FDI) World Dental Federation clinical criteria, 2 calibrated evaluators examined the performance of the restorations at baseline, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months. The Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test were adopted to analyze the survival rate. The influence of potential risk factors on the main pattern of failure was studied by univariate Cox regression analysis (α=0.05).ResultsAt the 3-year followup, the survival rate of the partial crowns was 83.1% in the RNC group, and 93.5% in the LDGC group (P=0.061). Failures were caused by debonding (66.7%), restoration fracture (26.6%), and tooth fracture (6.7%). No significant differences were found between the 2 materials at 36 months, except for the parameters of “surface luster” (P=0.002) and “occlusal contour and wear” (P=0.009). The RNC group was significantly more likely to debond than the LDGC group (hazard ratio=9.22 [1.17,72.74], P=0.01).ConclusionsRNC CAD/CAM-fabricated partial crowns are a potential clinical alternative for endodontically treated posterior teeth, with a survival rate of 83.1% at the 3-year followup. The main pattern of failure was debonding, which might be influenced by surface pretreatment of the RNC material.

One-Year Clinical Performance of Activa™ Bioactive-Restorative Composite in Primary Molars.

Restorative procedures for caries affecting primary molars are a daily challenge for pediatric dentistry, and one of the main factors influencing the results of these restorative procedures is the choice of dental material used: bioactive materials were recently introduced, combining the strength of composites and the benefits of glass ionomers. The present study’s objective is to clinically evaluate the aesthetic, functional and biological properties of Activa™ Bioactive composite in approximal and occlusal carious lesions for 1 year using the FDI criteria for evaluating direct dental restorations. Forty-five children with occlusal or approximal caries in first or second primary molars were included in the study: the cavities were then randomized to be restored with either Activa BioActive or SDR Bulk-fill and evaluated over time according to Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) criteria. Results showed that Activa BioActive composite has similar performance over time compared to Bulk-fill composite, for both functional and aesthetic properties. Thus, within the limitations of this study, including the short follow-up period, it can be concluded that bioactive materials might be the material of choice to restore primary molars. A longer follow-up period is desirable to confirm these findings.

'TT' (Tikku and Tikku) system: A simple and novel tooth numbering system for permanent and deciduous teeth.

Several systems for designating and encoding teeth have been used in dentistry for more than 130 years.[1] In our profession, patients are the primary stakeholders. However, the prevailing tooth numbering system, like the Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI), is designed focussing the clinicians and does not include the perspective of patients, who have little idea regarding the depicted number of the tooth to be treated, written on the prescription given to them. Our undergraduate students also often get confused during their clinical work regarding the designated four segments in the current FDI tooth numbering system. This sometimes results in misinterpretation, leading to clinical mishaps. This innovative TT (Tikku and Tikku) system has been designed to fulfil the requirement for a more simpler and coherent system that is self-reflecting and includes the perception of the patients or any other concerned non-dental professional so that they relate easily to this system. Named after its inventors, the TT tooth numbering system has a simple and unique design that can also be implemented for wide clinical and forensic applications.

Eighteen-month clinical performance of preheated nanoceramic resin-based composites in Class I occlusal cavities: A randomized clinical trial.

Aims:This study aimed to evaluate the effect of preheated nanoceramic resin-based composite (RBC) (Ceram-X-Mono) placed in Class I occlusal cavities over a period of 18 months.Settings and Design:This study involves split-mouth design, randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT)Materials and Methods:One operator restored 60 Class I occlusal cavities in 24 patients. Preheating of nanoceramic RBC to 60°C for 10 min was performed before insertion of the material into 30 prepared cavities, whereas 30 restorations in the nonpreheated group were placed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Two observers evaluated the restorations using Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) criteria at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months.Statistical Analysis:Kappa index, Friedman and Wilcoxon matched pair test, and Krushal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis.Results:100% retention rates were seen in both the groups. In nonpreheated group, significant difference was observed for surface staining (P = 0.0001), color stability (P = 0.0277), anatomic form (P = 0.0431), and marginal adaptation (P = 0.0051), whereas in preheated group, significant increase in surface staining (P = 0.0051) was recorded. There was a statistically significant difference observed between the preheated and nonpreheated groups at different time periods for the tested clinical parameters.Conclusion:Within the limitations of this RCT of 18 months, preheated nanoceramic RBC restorations showed better clinical performance compared to nonpreheated group.

One-Year Clinical Performance of the Fast-Modelling Bulk Technique and Composite-Up Layering Technique in Class I Cavities.

The aim of this study was to assess the one year clinical performance of a new application method, the Fast-Modelling Bulk Technique (FMBT), in comparison to the Composite-Up Layering Technique (CULT) in posterior cavities. Thirty patients with two class I cavities on permanent human molars were enrolled in the present study. A total of sixty class I cavities were prepared and randomly divided according to the restoration technique used: 30 cavities restored by incremental layering technique and modelling of the last layer with Composite-Up Technique (CUT) using the composite Filtek Z250XT (3M ESPE; St. Paul, MN, USA) and the other 30 restored by Bulk Filling technique and modelling of the last layer by Fast-Modelling Technique (FMT) using the composite Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior Restorative (3M ESPE; St. Paul, MN, USA). Restorations were evaluated for up to one year by two observers according to Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) criteria, through clinical and radiological exams. Exact Fisher tests were used for statistical analysis. (p ≤ 0.05). From a biological perspective, at baseline, teeth restored with both techniques did not reveal any postoperative sensitivity. However, with time, FMBT showed less postoperative sensitivity and therefore more desirable results than CULT with a nonsignificant difference after one year (p > 0.05). Concerning secondary caries, fracture of the material, and marginal adaptation, no significant difference was noted between both techniques (p > 0.05). Regarding marginal staining, CULT resulted in more staining with a significant difference, as compared to FMBT (p < 0.05). Upon radiological examination, FMBT showed a good marginal fit during the first year, whereas CULT showed small empty voids from baseline with a nonsignificant difference (p = 1.00). After one year of clinical function, both techniques showed promising results. The present study indicates that the new FMBT could have a positive effect on the marginal staining of resin composite.

Study of Correlation of Dental Age with Radiological Age

Age is defined as the length of time an organism or individual has survived after birth. Age assessment is necessary for people without birth registrations, getting access to education, government policies, employment, marriage registration, young criminals claiming to be underage, and so on. Under 25 years of age, following parameters are key factors to opine about age of individual - Dental eruption, Bone size and maturity, ossification centre &amp; epiphysial union. Aim of the study was age determination by Correlation of Dental findings with Radiological findings. This study included 83 individuals brought by police to SVN Govt. Medical college, Yavatmal, for age determination, out of them 56 were males and 27 were females between age group of 10-25 years. The oral cavity was examined for dentition as per Federation Dentaire Internationale (F.D.I.) system. X-rays of the body joints are recommended for determining the age groups. The results obtained were compared with reference value available for same parameter, for standard deviation, Pearson correlation and p values. Very strong correlation found between Radiological age and Final age (0.9994) while correlation between Dental age and Radiological age was 0.9961. Concluded highly significant p-value (p&lt;0.0001) found between Dental, Radiological and Final age.

Clinical Performance of Bulk-Fill Resin Composite Restorations Using the United States Public Health Service and Federation Dentaire Internationale Criteria: A 12-Month Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective This study was aimed to compare the 12-month clinical performance of two full-body bulk-fill resin composites Filtek bulk fill/3M ESPE (FBF) and Tetric EvoCeram bulk fill/Ivoclar Vivadent (TBF) and a conventional microhybrid resin composite Filtek Z250/3M ESPE (Z250) using the modified the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) and Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) criteria. Also, the agreement between the two evaluation criteria was evaluated at baseline and after 12 months of follow-up. Materials and Methods A total of 138 class I and II restorations were placed in posterior teeth (split-mouth design) of 46 volunteers following manufacturer’s instructions and bonded with a self-etching bonding agent (Clear fill SE Bond/Kuraray). The restorations were evaluated at baseline and after 12 months of follow-up by three previously calibrated dentists (Cohen’s K = 0.84). Statistical Analysis Fisher’s exact test and Pearson’s Chi-squared test were used to evaluating the homogeneity of distribution of the clinical characteristics. Friedman’s test was applied to evaluate differences among the resin composites. The results obtained for the USPHS and FDI criteria at the different observation times were compared using the Wilcoxon test. A level of significance of 0.05 was adopted for all tests. Results After 12 months (recall rate, 78.3%, n = 36 patients), the overall success rate was 99.07% for both criteria. Only one failed restoration (0.93%) was detected for each system during follow-up in the TBF group. Conclusion The bulk-fill resin composites showed satisfactory clinical performance compared with conventional resin composite after 12 months. The percentage of the acceptable scores was significantly higher for the USPHS criteria, due to discrepancies in the score description for each criterion.

In vitro study on nanosecond-pulsed Q-switched Er:YAG laser-induced selective removal for caries dentin

Since 2000, Federation Dentaire Internationale has advocated for “minimal intervention” dental treatments. The dental field has demanded less-invasive caries treatment methods. However, recent caries treatments using a microsecond-pulsed free-running Er:YAG laser with a pulse duration of 200–300 μs have issues with non-selectivity for caries due to the thermal effect caused by the laser. To improve the selectivity by reducing the thermal effect, the ablation characteristics of a nanosecond-pulsed Er:YAG laser are investigated. A Q-switched Er:YAG laser with a rotating mirror Q-switching system attached to a flash lamp-pumped Er:YAG laser and a free-running Er:YAG laser were used. The pulse duration of the Q-switched Er:YAG laser was 80–130 ns, while that of the free-running Er:YAG laser was around 200 μs. The pulse repetition rate of the free-running Er:YAG laser was constant at 10 Hz, but that of the Q-switched Er:YAG laser fluctuated between 10 and 23 Hz. The fluence was 6, 10, or 14 J/cm2. The samples were bovine sound dentin slices and caries models. Caries models were prepared by immersing sound dentin slice samples into a 0.1-M lactic acid solution for 24 h at 37 °C. The samples were irradiated with the two lasers horizontally without water spray for 1, 2, or 4 s. Laser irradiation experiments indicate that the selectivity towards caries occurs at the fluence of 6 J/cm2 without water spray. The ablation depth of a demineralized dentin slice by the Q-switched Er:YAG laser is about three times that by the free-running Er:YAG laser at the fluence of 10 J/cm2. In addition, the Q-switched Er:YAG laser suppresses the thermal effect reducing the range of the thermal melting area. Caries dentin may be selectively removed without water spray using the Q-switched Er:YAG laser with suppressing dental pulp necrosis because the temperature increase is below 5 °C. The ablation depths by the Q-switched Er:YAG are about three times larger than those using the free-running Er:YAG laser.

Evaluation of vitamin D receptor genetic polymorphisms with dental caries and developmental defects of enamel in Brazilian children

to investigate the association between dental caries, developmental defects of enamel (DDE) and genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor (VDR) in Brazilian children. Children examination to access the DMFT index was performed according to the World Health Organization's recommendations and the children were classified according their caries experience into ‘No caries experience’ (DMFT = 0), and ‘Caries experience’ (DMFT ≤1), and ‘Low caries experience’ (DMFT ≤3) or ‘High caries experience’ (DMFT≥4) groups. DDE were diagnosed using the modified DDE index based on the Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) recommendation. Children were included in the DDE group when presented at least one tooth with a DDE. Genomic DNA was extracted and genetic polymorphisms (rs2228570 and rs739837) were genotyped by TaqMan chemistry and end-point analysis. Chi-square or Fisher exact tests were used to compare genotype and allele distribution among the groups. Epi Info 7 was used to analyze data. The established alpha of this study was 5%. Among 157 included children, 19 children (12.1%) were caries free and were in the ‘No caries experience’ group, while 138 children (87.9%) were in the ‘Caries experience’ group. Sixty-seven children (42.7%) were in the ‘Low caries experience’ group while 90 children (57.3%) were in the ‘High caries experience’ group. Five children presented primary dentition , 29 presented mixed dentition and 123 presented permanent dentition. Forty-one (26.1%) children presented at least one tooth with DDE. Caries experience was not associated with DDE (p = 0.71). The polymorphisms rs2228570 and rs739837 were not associated with dental caries, neither DDE (p > 0.05). Allele distributions were also not associated with dental caries, neither DDE (p > 0.05). The genetic polymorphisms rs2228570 and rs739837 were not associated with dental caries and developmental defects of enamel in Brazilian children.

Clinical efficacy of ceramic versus resin-based composite endocrowns in Chinese adults: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundEndocrown restoration is widely used to restore endodontically treated teeth. However, the clinical effects of different computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials for endocrown restoration are not clear. The primary objective of this trial is to compare the clinical efficacy of resin-based bloc and ceramic endocrowns for restoring endodontically treated teeth.MethodsThe proposed resin-based bloc and ceramic endocrown assessment trial is a parallel group-designed randomized controlled trial. We will recruit 156 adults between 18 and 75 years old with a minimum of one such molar. The inclusion criteria were good oral hygiene habits, root apex of molar without evident damage, receipt of standard endodontic treatment, need for endocrown restoration, and only one endocrown restoration performed per patient. Patients participating in another study or those with systemic diseases, disabilities, or known allergies to used materials will be excluded. All patients will be randomized and restored with resin-based bloc and ceramic endocrown according to a random number table. Clinical evaluations will be performed at baseline and after treatment at 6, 12, and 24 months, in accordance with the modified Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) criteria, by two independent evaluators. The primary outcome is marginal adaptation; secondary outcomes include wear, tooth integrity, fracture of material and retention, marginal staining, and patient view. All data will be analyzed by an independent statistician. Signed rank-sum tests will be used for intragroup comparisons. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests will be used for intergroup comparisons. Hierarchical logistic regression will be used to adjust the baseline and other important indicators.DiscussionThis study will investigate endocrowns of two CAD/CAM materials for endodontically treated molars. The results may help clinicians choose the better CAD/CAM material option and explain to patients the advantages and disadvantages of these two materials with evidence-based support. For patients, the results may lead to improvement in long-term restoration.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04033380. Registered on 24 July 2019

Clinical evaluation of glass ionomer with glass hybrid technology versus conventional high viscosity glass ionomer in class I cavities in patients with high caries risk: Randomized controlled trial

Aim: Glass ionomer is a well-known name in caries management and control. Meanwhile, the dark side in its history is being limited as an interim restoration inside patient mouth. The recently introduced glass ionomer with glass hybrid technology could be a new breakthrough in its future. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of glass hybrid glass ionomer compared to conventional high-viscosity glass ionomer in class I cavities in patients with high caries risk. Materials and Methods: In a split-mouth design, 31 high caries risk patients with class I cavities received randomly two pairs of restorations, either EQUIA Forte (glass ionomer with glass hybrid technology) or EQUIA Fil (conventional high-viscosity glass ionomer); both materials were applied according to manufacturer’s instructions. Restorations were evaluated at baseline (1 week) and after 1 year by two blinded assessors using Federation Dentaire Internationale criteria for assessment of dental restoration measuring (functional properties and biological properties). Results: Chi-square test was used to compare the difference between glass-ionomer restorative materials at the base line and after 1 year. A value of P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. There was no statistically significant difference between both materials for all tested outcomes with 100% success rate (score 1 or 2). Conclusion: Glass hybrid glass-ionomer restoration has shown clinical performance similar to conventional high-viscosity glass-ionomer restoration in class I cavities in patients with high caries risk after 1 year of clinical service.

I-implant notation system: A fundamental implant location system in clinical dentistry

This article is introducing a simple method to locate the implant positions in the dental arch during clinical examination and implant assessment. Basic signs of “I” and “i” which indicate a conventional and mini-dental implant, respectively. The use of the I-Implant Notation System (I-INS) is described by means of its application to common dental implant situations, especially when describe the location of the existing or planned implants locations in the mouth. In addition, the way of notation is blended with the commonly available notation systems. The examples of use of IINS with Universal numbering system, federation dentaire internationale Two-Digit Notation, and Palmer Notation are also illustrated. By using IINS, easily visualized and transcript the existing as well as future implants locations, especially during preliminary implant assessment while communicating among dental professionals and scientific writing.

Clinical and Radiographic Success of Three Adhesive Restorative Materials in Primary Molar Proximal Lesions: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the clinical and radiographic success of primary molar proximal lesions in 4–8 years children restored with three adhesive restorative materials followed up for 12 months.Materials and Methods:This study was carried out on 102 primary molars of 51 children in the age range of 4–8 years. In all the participants, Class II lesions were restored and randomly allocated into three material groups as giomer group, nano-ionomer group, and light-cured glass-ionomer cement (LC-GIC) group based on the restorative material used. All the restorations were evaluated and scored according to federation dentaire internationale (FDI) criteria for clinical and radiographic success rate at 3, 6, and 12 months' interval. Data were formulated in a predesigned format and were subjected to statistical analysis using the Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test.Results:There was no statistically significant difference observed among the restorative material groups to all the properties of FDI criteria. The overall success rates of restorative materials at 3, 6, and 12 months' interval were as follows: giomer – 100%, 100%, and 94.1%; nano-ionomer – 97%, 94%, and 85.3%; and LC-GIC – 100%, 94%, and 88.2%.Conclusion:The highest clinical success rate was found for the giomer group followed by LC-GIC group and the least for the nano-ionomer group, whereas the highest radiographic success rate was found for giomer as well as LC-GIC group and the least for nano-ionomer group.

Correlation of the Age of Eruption of Teeth with the Body Mass Index among School Children

The timing of tooth eruption is influenced by various factors, especially the nutritional status of the individual. Body Mass Index gives an indication about the nutritional status of the child. Hence this study was done to determine the correlation between the mean age of eruption of permanent teeth and the Body Mass Index among school children in Thiruvananthapuram. A cross sectional study was done among the students of Thiruvananthapuram. Two thousand nine hundred students (males and females) were included in the study. Only those with the documentary proof of their date of birth were included in the study. For statistical purposes, only completed year was taken into consideration. Random sampling was done by selecting the alternate students from the attendance register. The dental examination was made in the adequate light with the aid of a mouth mirror and a probe. The details of eruption were observed and charted according to the Modified System of Federation Dentaire Internationale (Modified F.D.I). There were 1568 males and 1357 females out of the total sample of 2925 children. The mean age of eruption of mandubular central incisors, mandibular lateral incisors, maxillary second premolars and maxillary first molars were found to have statistical significant difference among the different categories of BMI status. Among the different categories of BMI, Underweight children were found to have late eruption of teeth compared to overweight children.

Oral health in India: Researchers' Perspective Part I

Oral health disorders are major public health problems globally. There is a vast disparity in access to oral health care between developed and developing world as evident in reports of World Health Organisation (WHO) and Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI). The oral health goals of WHO, FDI and International Association of Dental Research (IADR) for the year 2020 have brought forth the critical issues prevalent worldwide. India with huge population of 1.21 billion (2011 census) is faced with certain unique issues due to low level of awareness, varied terrain, strained infrastructure, limited access to oral health care and indigenous cultural practices. Research institutes and centrally funded agencies have been working at par with world standards, however, the oral health research has been lacking in terms of quality and addressing of community issues. It was deeply felt that this area requires appropriate summarization and future directions. This has been done in three parts with present paper attempting to address global vision, research orientations and specific burden, past research and future directions related to dental caries in India.