Fe-Cr Phase Research Articles

Investigation of corrosion resistance offered by the Fe-based clad layer under salt spray and electrochemical workstations

The present work aims to evaluate the electrochemical characteristics of the Fe–based alloy coating formed on the 27SiMn steel substrate under neutral salt spray and 3.5 wt% NaCl environments. By adopting the high-speed laser cladding technique, the Fe-based clad layer was fabricated to perform microstructural and electrochemical characterizations. The microstructure and phase of the coating were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and its corrosion performance was also discussed using the salt spray corrosion chamber and the electrochemical workstation. The results show that the microstructure of the coating surface contains equiaxed crystals and long dendritic crystals which arise due to the higher solidification rate after the cladding process. The Fe–based coating was rich in FeCr phase throughout its microstructure without the formation of the intermetallic compounds. Compared to the substrate, the corroded surface of the coating tends to be compact containing a few corrosion pits after different corrosion times, which is attributed to the formation of Cr oxide on it. The electrochemical tests on the potentiodynamic polarization curve (PPC) and electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) indicate that the corrosion resistance of the coating is superior to the substrate, presenting a higher corrosion potential (−0.298 V), lower passive current density (1.36 × 10−6 A•cm2), and higher charge transfer resistance (8.23 × 106 Ω·cm2). Additionally, the corrosion mechanism of coating in salt spray and electrochemical tests is the local pitting corrosion due to the autocatalytic effect on the localized region, which facilitates Cl− ions penetrating the coating and leads to the dissolution of Fe and Cr oxides.

Plastic deformation mechanism of γ phase Fe–Cr alloy revealed by molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract Due to their outstanding mechanical properties, anti-corrosion properties, and anti-irradiation swelling properties, Fe–Cr alloys have been fully improved and developed for nuclear energy applications as structural materials. To ensure the performance stability of γ-phase Fe–Cr alloys, the present study adopted molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore the plastic deformation mechanism of these alloys. The slip model was constructed, and the generalised stacking fault energy (GSFE) and Peierls–Nabarro (P–N) equations were solved, revealing that {110}<111> is the preferentially activated slip system. The twinning model was constructed and the generalised plane fault energy was solved, demonstrating that twinning is preferred over slipping in the {112}<111> system. The above findings are also verified through MD simulations in which Fe–Cr specimens are stretched along the [100] direction. In addition, in the 15 at.%–25 at.% Cr range, an increase in the Cr content has a negative effect on slip but a positive effect on twin formation.

Microstructure and hardness of CoNiCrFeTix high-entropy alloy coatings prepared by laser cladding: Combining experimental and molecular dynamics simulation

Laser cladding technology offers several advantages over alternative coating methods, including rapid cooling, low dilution rate, and effective metallurgical bonding between the coating and matrix. However, there is limited understanding regarding the microstructures and properties of laser-cladded high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings. Thus, our research aims to investigate the characteristics and performance of CoNiCrFeTix (x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7) HEA coatings, produced through laser cladding, on Q235 steel substrates We employ molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and experimental techniques to examine the impact of Ti element content on the structure and hardness of the cladding layer. The MD simulation accurately reproduces the melting and nucleation processes of crystal structures, providing insights beyond what is observable through experiments alone. Our results reveal that the cladding layer is predominantly composed of an FCC phase, with an increasing presence of a BCC phase as the Ti content rises. Correspondingly, experimental observations confirm that the CoNiCrFeTix HEA coating primarily consists of the FCC phase, while FeCr, Ni2Ti, and Co2Ti phases emerge with higher Ti content.The cladding layer exhibits a characteristic dendritic (DR) structure, where the interdendritic (ID) region expands as Ti content increases. Additionally, we conducted surface hardness testing on the cladding layer. The hardness of the cladding layer increases with the increase of Ti content, and the increase in Ti content enhances the stability of the dislocation density in the cladding layer.

Hot-working characteristics and microstructure analysis of Zr-Sn alloy at different temperatures and strain rates

In this work, the hot-working characteristics and microstructure evolution of Zr-Sn alloy at 600–900 °C/0.01–10 s−1 were investigated. The results indicate that the flow stress of Zr-Sn alloy decreases with the increase of compression temperature and increases with the increase of strain rate. An Arrhenius constitutive equation for the Zr-Sn alloy was established, the average deformation activation energy was calculated to be 278630.1 J/mol. The processing map of Zr-Sn alloy was obtained based on the flow stress curve, revealing that the instability zone was mainly concentrated in the low temperature zone and the medium-high strain rate zone in the high temperature zone. As the temperature increases, the proportion of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) grains increases gradually. With the increase of strain rate, the proportion of DRX grains gradually decreases. Three DRX mechanisms were observed: continuous DRX (CDRX), discontinuous DRX (DDRX), and twin induced DRX (TDRX). The secondary phase of the initial grains is mainly FeCr phase, which is not completely dissolved at 650–750°C/0.01–1 s−1.

Effect of Si addition on the microstructure and liquid lead-bismuth eutectic cavitation erosion behaviors of AlCrFeMoTi laser clade coatings

High entropy alloys exhibit high resistance to the lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE), making them promising candidate materials for protective coatings. However, improving their mechanical properties and resistance to cavitation erosion in flowing LBE environment remains a challenge. In this study, AlCrFeMoTi coatings were synthesized using laser cladding, and Si was added to enhance their resistance to cavitation erosion. The results showed that the AlCrFeMoTi coatings mainly contained FeMoTi and Fe-Cr phases. After the addition of Si, a single phase FeMoTi was formed. Moreover, Si increased the hardness of the coatings by 9.6%. After cavitation erosion in LBE at 500 ℃, cracks formed on the surface of the coatings and the main damage mechanism of the coating was lamellar spalling. The addition of Si inhibited crack propagation and reduced the erosion depth of the coatings by 43.5%. It can be attributed to the addition of Si makes the oxidation homogeneous and the strengthening of the single-phase.

Physical simulation of low temperature phase separation during multipass welding of super duplex stainless steel

This study aimed to investigate the degree of low-temperature phase separations and 475 °C -embrittlement in physically simulated multipass super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) welds. A single bead weld was produced using gas metal arc welding and multiple thermal cycles with different peak temperatures were applied using a Gleeble physical simulator with fixed and moving jaws to simulate the influence of constrained designs, to mimic the welding of thick SDSS components. The samples were studied using atom probe tomography and the results were correlated with toughness and ferrite microhardness. The results showed that the microhardness of the ferrite in the constrained simulated multipass reheated weld increased from 304 HV to 374 HV after 5 min aging at 475 °C. The amplitude of the Cr concentration of the same sample, showing the level of Fe-Cr phase separation, increased from 1.025 to 1.045 after 5 min aging at 475 °C. Despite the clear development of phase separation in the ferrite, the toughness did not drop. It can be concluded that reheated SDSS welds are not susceptible to 475 °C -embrittlement during short fabrication times of up to 5 min for the austenite level of 50%.

Effect of steel matrix with different C content on the growth mechanism, microstructure and properties of the chromized layer

The C content of the steel matrix has significant influence on the growth mechanism, microstructure and properties of the chromized layer. However, the relevant research literature is scarce. In this paper, seven kinds of low carbon alloy steels with C content ranging from 0.08 wt% to 0.45 wt% were selected as matrix for chromizing experiments under the same parameters. The effects of matrix C content on the growth mechanism, growth rate, structure and properties of the chromized layer were discussed. The results show that the chromized layer is composed of outer porous (Cr, Fe)23C6 and (Cr, Fe)7C3 carbides layer and inner dense FeCr phase layer for matrix with C content lower than or equal to 0.2 wt%. While when the matrix C content is >0.2 wt%, the chromized layer becomes three-layer structure: the surface (Cr, Fe)23C6 phase layer, the middle (Cr, Fe)7C3 phase layer and the bottom FeCr solid solution phase layer. The structure and thickness of Cr23C6 phase layer formed in the early stage of chromizing play a decisive role in the inward diffusion of surface adsorbed Cr atoms and the growth rate of the permeated layer. With the C content of the matrix increases from low(0.08wt%C) to high(0.45wt.%C), the dense layer phases in chromized samples gradually changes from FeCr alloy phase with BCC structure to (Cr, Fe)23C6 and (Cr, Fe)7C3 carbides. And the wear resistance of the chromized layer increase. However, when the matrix C content is above 0.4 wt%, the structure and phases of the chromized layer are almost not affected by the matrix C content, so are the thickness and wear resistance. The results are helpful to the selection of steel matrix composition for chromizing and the optimization of chromizing process.

Effect of yttrium on the formation, microstructure and high-temperature oxidation resistance of the oxide film on the surface of FeCr alloy

Yttrium was diffused into the surface layer of FeCr alloy using an electrodeposition–thermal method via yttrium nitrate solution and diffusion annealing at 1000 °C. Y-doped FeCr samples exhibited excellent high-temperature oxidation resistance. The mass gains and spallation of Y-doped FeCr samples were only 0.51–0.64 mg/cm2 and 0.19–0.25 mg/cm2, respectively, and much lower than the alloy without yttrium (20.7 mg/cm2 and 9.08 mg/cm2, respectively) when oxidized in air at 900 °C for 200 h. The presence of yttrium increased the number of oxide nucleation sites, led to the transformation of the oxide from the Cr2O3 phase to the spinel (FeCrY)3O4 phase and accelerated the rapid formation of a continuous oxide film in the initial oxidation stage. The yttrium content affected the formation and microstructure of oxide film due to the lattice distortion of the FeCr phase. Excess Y induced formation of Y2O3 at grain boundaries, which further increased the bonding force between the oxide film and the substrate. A first-principles calculation confirmed that the bond strength between Y and other atoms was improved significantly. The length of the CrY bond showed little change under an external stress, which increased the bonding strength of the FeCr/Cr2O3 interface.

Exploring the mechanical and tribological properties of AlCrFeNiTi high-entropy alloy fabricated by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering

The present study explores the mechanical and tribological properties of AlCrFeNiTi high entropy alloy (HEA) processed by mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The results show the formation of a single-phase BCC structure after MA at 30 h, and after SPS a single BCC phase decomposed into dual BCC1; AlNi2Ti, and BCC2; CrFe phases. The maximum hardness of ∼960 ± 10 HV and ultimate compressive strength of ∼1650 ± 50 MPa were achieved. The nano hardness of ∼951 ± 21 HVIT and the elastic modulus of ∼256 ± 22 GPa were observed. Further, the ball-on-disc dry sliding tests were performed to study the friction and wear behavior of HEA at different loads and sliding velocities. The average coefficient of friction is about 0.3 for all the applied loads, suggesting no significant difference with load. In contrast, the average coefficient of friction slightly increased from 0.23 to 0.27 with increasing velocity. The specific wear rate increased from 2.66 to 5.06 × 10−6 mm3/Nm and 2.2 to 3.61 × 10−6 mm3/Nm with increasing load from 5 to 15 N and velocity from 0.08 to 0.12 m/s, respectively. Moreover, a transition in wear mechanism was observed from abrasive to oxidative and delamination wear with increasing load and sliding velocity.

Effects of Al and Co contents on the microstructure and properties of AlxCoCryFeNi high-entropy alloys

AlxCoCryFeNi high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were prepared by vacuum arc melting. The effects of Al and Cr contents on the microstructure, corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of the alloys were evaluated. Results showed that with an increase in Cr content, the phase of the alloys changed from FCC + B2 + BCC to FCC + B2 + BCC + FeCr when the Al content was 0.75 (X = 0.75). Coarse FCC dendrites decreased. The alloys exhibited two mixed BCC/B2 structures with different morphologies: (i) the granular B2 phase distributed in the BCC matrix and (ii) the maze-like spinodal decomposition structure. At X = 1.5, the FCC and FeCr disappeared, and the microstructure of the alloy transformed into a mixed structure with a nanoparticle-like BCC phase distributed in the B2 matrix. During compression testing, the fracture type was brittle fracture for all alloys, except for X0.75Y1, which exhibited excellent mechanical properties with a fracture strain of 40% due to partial plastic tearing. Both B2 and FeCr phases, which were rich in AlNi and Cr, respectively, showed reduced corrosion resistance. For the former, the loose structure of Al2O3 reduced the compactness of the passivated film; for the latter, the precipitation of the Cr-rich phase led to a Cr-poor region in the periphery. The Al0.75CoCrFeNi alloy exhibited the highest corrosion resistance, which was attributed to its reduced FeCr and B2 phases.

A novel ODS high-entropy composite with improved strength and ductility

Body-centered cubic (BCC) structured high-entropy alloys (HEAs) usually exhibit excellent strength, thermal stability, irradiation tolerance and corrosion resistance but low ductility. In this study, a novel oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) AlCrFeNi high entropy composite (with BCC-structure reinforced by face-centered cubic (FCC) ODS-CoCrFeNiMn HEA reinforcement was designed and prepared by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. The effects of sintering temperatures (950 °C, 1000 °C, 1050 °C and 1100 °C) and reinforcement amount (5%, 10%,15% and 20%) on microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The results showed that the optimal sintering temperature of the ODS AlCrFeNi composites is 1100 °C. The hardness decreases with the increase of the reinforcement content (from 5% to 20%). Compared to the reference alloy (RA) without the addition of reinforcement, the compressive strain of the composite with 15% reinforcement (B–15%F) increases significantly from 8% (RA) to 18%, while the compressive strength increases from 2823 MPa (RA) to 3078 MPa. The B–15%F is composed of matrix, reinforcement and intermediate transition regions. The thickness of transition regions increases with increasing sintering temperature. The matrix consists of fine BCC FeCr phase and B2 NiAl phase, due to spinodal decomposition, together with high-density nanoscale oxides Y4Zr3O12 and a small amount of Y–Al–O. Surprisingly, the crystal structure of reinforcement transforms from FCC into the BCC during SPS. Meanwhile, the mutual diffusion of Al elements in the matrix and Co and Mn elements in the reinforcement also results in similar spinodal decomposition in the reinforcement. The domain size of spinodal decomposition in the reinforcement is coarser than that in the matrix. The reinforcement is mainly distributed on the prior particle boundaries (PPBs), which can effectively reduce/suppress the formation and propagation of micro-cracks along the PPBs, and thus improve both the strength and ductility of the composite.

Synthesis and Microstructure Characterization of Fe-Cr-Al Alloys Developed by Powder Metallurgy Technique with Plasma Sintering Method

Synthesis of Fe-Cr-Al alloy by powder metallurgy method was developed to produce a bioimplant material with a low modulus of elasticity. Microstructure characterization and phase identification were carried out to support the development of bone implant material research. The alloys were synthesized with the elemental composition of 16 Cr (wt%) that was added with Al in variations of 3, 6, and 10 (wt%). The synthesis was carried out by an exceptional combination of mixing and mechanical milling, cold compacting and consolidating with a special method using the APS (Arc Plasma Sintering) apparatus. Microstructure characterization and phase identification were analyzed by SEM-EDS and XRD tests. The microstructure showed relatively homogeneous fine grain with small porosity of around 80 %. Refinement of the XRD peak pattern revealed the formation of the Fe-Cr main phase followed by the Fe-Al phase with Al as the solid solution. The hardness test showed a high hardness level with a maximum for Fe-16Cr-6Al (wt%) of around 160 VHN (Vickers Hardness Number). The quantity of Fe-Cr phase and the composition of Al influenced the hardness of the alloy.

A Study on the Corrosion Resistance of a Coating Prepared by Electrical Explosion of 321 Metal Wire

Corrosion is known as a breakdown effect that causes the deterioration of substances in enriched petroleum/gas conditions. This reaction occurs in all materials, which is highlighted in alloys. In the present study, the morphological properties, as well as the corrosion resistance behavior of the AISI1045 steel substrate coated with 321 austenitic stainless steel metal particulate fillers, were investigated. The electro-explosive spraying technique was employed to achieve a homogenous coating on the substrate surface. According to the results, the grain size of the 321 austenitic stainless steel coating layer was shrunk and reduced to 1–3 μm after the coating procedure. The coated layer also showed a homogenous and uniform thickness with an average value of 137 μm. Also, the average adhesion strength of 49.21 MPa was obtained between the sprayed coating and the substrate. The analytical analysis found the presence of Fe-Cr and Fe-Ni phases in the coating layer. The hardness of the original metal wire is 186 HV, and the microhardness of the coating after spraying is 232 HV. After subjecting the specimen to the corrosion examination, a 0.1961 mm/a corrosion rate was obtained for up to 120 h. Moreover, the corrosion products of CaCO3, Fe3O4, and MgFe2O4 were determined by XRD analysis. Furthermore, the observed results were further confirmed by the data obtained from EPMA and EDS evaluations. Hence, this study implies the beneficial role of electro-explosive sprayed alloy 321 austenitic stainless steel in creating a protective layer against corrosion on 45 steel substrate in an enriched oil/water environment.

Oxidative dissolution of Cr(OH)3 and mixed Fe-Cr(III) phases by aqueous Mn(III)-pyrophosphate complex

The key role of manganese (Mn) in the biogeochemical cycle of trace elements has been of great interest in recent years. Nevertheless, the redox properties of aqueous Mn(III) have been studied to a lesser extent. Mn(III) is not stable in solution by itself. However, when complexed with inorganic ligands, it has shown potential to oxidize and reduce trace elements. In the present study, we are exploring the redox characteristics of the complex Mn(III)-Pyrophosphate (Mn(III)-PP). This complex is stable over a wide range of pH values but requires the ratio of Mn:PP to be less than 1:6. Specifically, the redox reaction of chromium (Cr(III)) and Mn(III)-PP is investigated. A solid, Cr(OH)3, is used as a source of Cr(III). For this reaction, environmentally relevant parameters, such as pH, ionic strength, ratio Mn(III)/Cr(III), and excess of ligand, were assessed. Results showed that Mn(III) can effectively oxidize Cr(III) to Cr(VI), taking about 15 days for the reaction to complete. This reaction occurs only under acidic conditions (pH 4), and with a low excess of Pyrophosphate. The initial Mn(III) concentration decreases as the Cr(VI) is produced, and Cr(VI) can be adsorbed back into the Cr(OH)3 surface, limiting the mobility of this toxic species. Despite this adsorption, significant amounts of Cr(VI) are release in the aqueous phase. This study shows the importance of a mobile species (Mn-PP complex) in the oxidation of Cr(III) and the release of Cr(VI) to the environment.

Effect of Ti mass fraction on microstructure, salt spray corrosion and electrochemical performances of laser cladded Fe90–6%Al2O3 coatings

Fe90–6%Al2O3 coatings with the different Ti mass fractions were prepared on S355 steel by laser cladding (LC). The effects of Ti mass fraction on the microstructure and phase composition of obtained coatings were analyzed, and the salt spray corrosion (SSC) and electrochemical performance were analyzed using a salt spray tester, potentiodynamic polarization curve (PPC) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 3.5% NaCl solution. The results demonstrate that the microstructure of (Fe90–6%Al2O3)–Ti coating becomes more compact by the addition of Ti, which is composed of Fe–Cr with the cubic crystal plane. The corrosion resistance of laser cladded (Fe90–6%Al2O3)–Ti coatings increase with the Ti mass fraction, which is contributed to the formation of Fe–Cr phase. The Fe90–6%Al2O3–15%Ti coating with the largest polarization resistance of 3.81 × 105 Ω exhibits the highest corrosion resistance among the three kinds, in which the passive films of Cr and Ti with the N–type semiconductor play the role of corrosion resistance.

Influence of ferrochromium type on micro and macro tribology behavior of copper metal matrix composites

Ferrochromium, an important emerging abrasion component, is added to Cu metal matrix composites (Cu-MMCs) to enhance the high-energy braking properties of such composites. This study examined the microstructures, interfacial characteristics, and micro-tribology behaviors of two kinds of ferrochromium, and their effects on the braking performance of Cu-MMCs. The high-carbon ferrochromium (HCF) with higher hardness, consisting of (Cr,Fe)7C3 and (Cr,Fe)23C6-CrFe phases, formed a poor mechanical-diffusion mixed interface with the matrix and exhibited a low coefficient of friction (COF) in micro-friction tests. By cracking or crushing of HCFs, as well as third-body wear debris formed by HCFs, the COF in macro-friction tests was increased, helping Cu-MMCs maintain their braking performance at medium and high breaking energy densities (BEDs). The extra low-carbon ferrochromium (ELCF), consisting of a CrFe phase, generated a diffusion interface with the matrix, exhibited a greater COF, promoted the formation of a tribo-layer at high BED, and provided better wear resistance for Cu-MMCs. The wear mechanisms changed from plowing to severe plastic deformation-induced delamination and oxidation-induced delamination for Cu-MMCs with ELCF and HCF, respectively.

Effect of Ni and Fe elements on microstructure and high temperature oxidation behavior of laser cladding aluminum bronze coating

In this work, two kinds of aluminum-bronze coatings were successfully prepared on 316 stainless steel substrate by laser cladding technology. The changes of microstructure and high temperature oxidation behavior of pure aluminum bronze laser cladding layer before and after adding Ni and Fe elements were studied and compared. The results show that a certain amount of κ phase and Fe–Cr phase are constituted in the modified coating with the addition of Ni and Fe elements, which refines the structure and grains. The main components of the oxide layer of the two coatings are Al2O3. In the high temperature oxidation process, both two coatings experienced the formation, spallation, and recovery of an oxide film. The time to form a stable oxide film on the surface of the modified coating is significantly shorter than that of the original coating. As a result of the formation of fine and dense oxide particles on the modified coating's surface, the stability and internal stress resistance of the oxide film is superior. Under the condition of 1000 °C oxidation for 100 h, the oxidation film thickness and oxidation rate constant (kp) of the modified coating are about 0.88 and 0.79 times of that of the original coating. The addition of Ni and Fe can greatly enhance the laser cladding aluminum bronze coating's resistance to high-temperature oxidation.

Enhanced corrosion resistance and hardness of CoCrCuFeNi alloy under high-pressure solidification

This study adopts a high-pressure method to prepare a CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA). The effects of high pressure on the microstructure, phase composition, hardness, and corrosion resistance of the alloy are studied. The Vickers hardness of the CoCrCuFeNi HEA solidified under ambient pressure and 4 GPa is determined to be 203.4 HV and 822.4 HV, respectively. This presents an approximately three-fold increase in hardness. The nanohardness of the matrix is also increased three-fold, and the value of the intergranular phase is increased by 0.2 times, which is attributed to the precipitation of a finer nano Cu-rich phase and nano Fe–Cr phase under high pressure. A more complete, dense, and uniform CoCrCuFeNi HEA passive film is obtained under high pressure, and the passivation film resistance (Rpass) is increased by 1.3 times. From a polarization curve test, the corrosion rates of the CoCrCuFeNi HEA solidified under ambient pressure and 4 GPa are 0.0209 mm/a and 0.0076 mm/a, respectively. Thus, the corrosion rate is reduced by 64%.

Direct observation of zonal dislocation in complex materials by atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy

Dislocation glide to carry plastic deformation in simple metals and alloys is a well-understood process, but the process in materials with complex crystal structures is not yet understood completely as it can be very complicated often involving multiple atomic planes during dislocation glide. The zonal dislocation is one of the examples predicted to operate in complex materials, and during glide it involves multiple atomic planes called shear zone, in which non-uniform atom shuffling occurs. We report direct observation made by Z-contrast atomic-resolution microscopy of the zonal dislocation in the σ phase FeCr. The result confirms the zonal dislocation indeed operates in this material. Knowledge gained on the dislocation core structure will lead to improved understanding of deformation mechanisms in this and other complex crystal structures and provide ways to improve the brittleness of these complex materials.

Effects of heat treatment on the microstructure of the ODS (oxide dispersion strengthened) steel Fe-9Cr-0.5Y2O3

Synthesis of a ferritic ODS steel Fe-9Cr-0.5Y2O3 was carried out to develop as a candidate for nuclear fuel cladding material. The ODS steel was fabricated by powder metallurgy method with mechanical alloying, compaction and plasma sintering process. Effects of heat treatment on microstructure was investigated to enhance the mechanical properties. The heat treatment was carried out by annealing and tempering processes at temperatures of 900°C and 670°C with reference to the Fe-Cr phase diagram. Characterization was carried out using SEM-EDX and XRD test for microstructural analysis and Vickers hardness measurement. It is revealed that the heat treatment process will change the grain size and phase that affected the hardness of material.