Fecal Waste Research Articles

A data-driven approach to optimize a sanitary survey for communities in Maputo, Mozambique

ABSTRACT Current approaches to align sanitary surveys to environmental fecal waste indicators have demonstrated limited success, leaving stakeholders focused on fecal waste management with limited and costly tools. We analyzed data from the Maputo Sanitation Project using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) to enhance the survey's correlation with Escherichia coli concentration data. EFA grouped related survey questions and sampling locations into distinct latent factors. SEM was then used to assess the relationship between the survey latent factors and the mean E. coli concentrations from grouped locations. The results suggested four survey question subgroups: latrine structure, latrine cleanliness, compound/household waste management, and community waste management. In addition, three sampling location subgroups were identified: high-traffic areas (HTAs), food activity locations, and bodily cleaning areas. The largest significant effect size identified suggested that for every 1-unit increase in community waste management, there was a decrease of 1.94 in log10 E. coli per gram of soil in HTAs (p = 0.03), a substantial improvement from the initial 0.50 decrease reported for an expert-weighted metric of all survey questions. These results underscore the importance of community-level waste management and demonstrate the use of a data-driven approach in enhancing environmental health assessments and planning interventions.

The Assessment of Teaching Programme Regarding Prevention and Management of Helminthic Infections among School Children in Selected Schools of Alappuzha District

Background: Intestinal worm infestation is a global health problem. Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections form the most important group of intestinal worms affecting two billion people worldwide, causing considerable morbidity and suffering, though entirely preventable. Worm infestation is the common but neglected problem especially among school children especially between the age group of 5to 14 years. The poor standard of living includes improper disposal of faecal and other wastes, overcrowding, unhygienic health practices and poor environmental sanitation are the reasons for the worm infestation among the children. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of teaching programme regarding prevention and management of worm infestation among school children in selected schools of Alappuzha District. Materials and Methods: The research method adopted for this study was a quantitative research approach with an experimental research design. The sample consists of 75 school children of age 10 to 12 years. Systematic random sample and convenient sampling technique were adapted to choose the students. The knowledge about worm infestation was assessed through pre-test and after providing the health education the Post-test was done using the same questionnaire for the same participants convenient sampling technique. Results: The study revealed that majority of the children, 35 (46%) had average knowledge, 10 (14%) had good knowledge and 30(40%) had below average knowledge scores in pre-test, whereas in the post test 42samples (56%) had good knowledge, 30(40%) had average knowledge scores and only 3(4%) had below average knowledge. The t-value was computed to find the significant difference in the mean pre-test and Post-test knowledge scores was found to be significant (t= 10.44, P<0.05). Conclusion: The findings showed that school children had significantly gained the knowledge in the post test which implies that the structured teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledge of the subjects.

Metagenomic insights into resistome, mobilome and virulome in different fecal waste

Fecal waste is a significant source of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pollution and provides valuable insights into the AMR development in animal and human populations within the “One health” framework. Various genetic elements, including antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), biocide and metal resistance genes (BMGs), mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and virulence factor genes (VFGs), are crucial AMR risk determinants (ARDs). However, few studies focused on compositional characteristics of ARDs in different feces. Here, we analyzed 753 public metagenomes from human, pig, chicken, and cattle feces, revealing significant differences in ARD richness and abundance across fecal types, notably lowest in cattle samples. Tetracycline, multi-metal, and -biocide resistance genes were dominant resistome. A few core genes contributed to 25.6%–91.1% of gene abundance, and their correlations were stronger in cattle samples. Procrustes analysis showed that microbial composition had higher correlations with ARGs (M2 = 0.579) and BMGs (M2 = 0.519). Gammaproteobacteria was identified as major ARD-hosts especially in human and pig feces, and they mainly carried multi-resistance genes. MGEs exhibited direct positive effects on ARGs and BMGs, indirectly impacting VFGs. Utilizing random forest methods, we identified 42 indicator genes for tracking AMR pollution originating from fecal sources in the environments. This study offers new insights into understanding and controlling the AMR pollution of fecal waste from human and food animals.

Dietary starch, non-starch polysaccharides and their interactions affect nutrient digestibility, faecal waste production and characteristics differentially in three salmonids: Rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon and Arctic charr

Waste management has emerged as a critical issue in aquaculture. In this study, we examined the impact of dietary starch and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) content on nutrient digestibility, faecal waste production, faecal removal efficiency and the faecal characteristics in three salmonid species, namely rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Four diets were formulated according to a 2 × 2 factorial design. The first factor, starch, was tested by including 0% gelatinised wheat flour (low starch) or 20% gelatinised wheat flour (high starch) in a plant-based basal diet. The second factor, NSP, was tested by adding 0% NSP source (low NSP) or 10% NSP source (high NSP). High NSP level was achieved by adding an equal mixture of soya hull (5%) and wheat bran (5%). Diets were tested in triplicates for each species and feeding was done restrictively. Experimental duration was 42 days for rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon and 49 days for Arctic charr. Among the three species investigated, Arctic charr had the lowest digestibility values for most nutrients, whereas rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon values were comparable. High starch level in the diet reduced the macronutrient (protein, fat and ash) digestibility in all three species. High starch and high NSP levels in the diet increased faecal waste production, with the effect being more pronounced for the NSP content of the diet. High dietary starch levels increased the proportion of smaller-sized particles, while high NSP content increased the ability of faecal particles to withstand mechanical stress. The high starch level in the diet lowered faecal removal efficiency but increased by high NSP content. The highest and lowest faecal removal efficiency was recorded for Atlantic salmon and Arctic charr, respectively. The amount of non-removed faeces accumulating in the system was increased by the high starch levels in rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon but remained unaffected by the NSP content of the diet across the species. No interaction effect between starch and NSP content of diets was observed for faecal removal efficiency and non-removed faeces. Among the three species investigated, Arctic charr had the maximum amount of non-removed faeces per kilogram of dry matter feed.

Swine fecal waste source tracking on household surfaces proximal to swine concentrated animal feeding operations in southeastern North Carolina, USA

Swine fecal waste source tracking on household surfaces proximal to swine concentrated animal feeding operations in southeastern North Carolina, USA

Differentiated and conflicting incentives across the sanitation value chain: the case of Sanergy in Nairobi

ABSTRACT The challenge of achieving safely managed sanitation in low-income settlements in the context of rapid urban expansion in Nairobi is significant. National and county government plans for sanitation focus primarily on extending large-scale sewer systems, but in recent years, there has been increasing activity on non-sewered sanitation, particularly container-based sanitation (CBS) to potentially extend safely managed sanitation. Market-based CBS providers received extensive investment and promised to rapidly scale service delivery. Yet, progress has faltered, and scaling up is proving to be problematic. We apply a service characteristics analysis to examine the case of Sanergy, a CBS provider. Data are drawn from documents and stakeholder interviews. We demonstrate that misaligned incentives between stakeholders explain why extensive scaling up has (so far) failed to materialise. In particular, the creation of a self-sustaining faecal waste circular economy has proved to be elusive and highlights the need for the state to engage actively in sanitation provision as a public good.

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices of mothers and the health status of under-five children: a study from Rural Nayagarh, Odisha

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices of mothers with under-five children in rural pockets of the Nayagarh district, Odisha and examine how those practices are associated with the health status of children. A cross-sectional household survey was carried out with 370 participants having under-five children in rural pockets of the Nayagarh district, Odisha. A multistage sampling strategy was adopted. Participants were interviewed using a pre-tested structured schedule. Household information was analysed using descriptive statistics; logistic regression models were used to determine the association between mothers’ handwashing practices and the health status of their under-five children. Nearly 74.9% of the households in the sample earned less than 40,000 Indian rupees ($481) annually. Nearly 73% of mothers threw the childrens' faecal waste into drains and open garbage. Diarrhoea was strongly associated with mothers who did not encourage their children to wash their hands (p = 0.007). The frequency of mothers' handwashing before feeding was associated with childrens' episodes of fever, common cold, and cough (p = 0.045). A set of targeted interventions, such as health education and socio-behavioural changes, is needed to address significant WASH factors associated with the health of under-five children in rural areas.

A comprehensive database of human and livestock fecal microbiome for community-wide microbial source tracking: a case study in South Korea

Fecal waste from livestock farms contains numerous pathogens, and improperly managed waste may flow into water bodies, causing water-borne diseases. Along with the popularization of high-throughput technologies, community-wide microbial source-tracking methods have been actively developed in recent years. This study aimed to construct a comprehensive fecal microbiome database for community-wide microbial source tracking and apply the database to identify contamination sources in the Miho River, South Korea. Total DNA was extracted from the samples, and the 16 S rRNA gene was amplified to characterize the microbial communities. The fecal microbiome database was validated by developing machine-learning models that predict host species based on microbial community structure. All machine learning models developed in this study showed high performance, where the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was approximately 1. Community-wide microbial source tracking results showed a higher contribution of fecal sources to the contamination of the main streams after heavy rain. In contrast, the contribution of fecal sources remained comparatively stable in tributaries after rainfall. Considering that farms are more concentrated upstream of tributaries compared to the main streams, this result implies that the pathway for manure contaminants to reach the main streams could be groundwater rather than surface runoff. Systematic monitoring of the water quality, which encompasses river water and groundwater, should be conducted in the future. In addition, continuous efforts to identify and plug abandoned wells are necessary to prevent further water contamination.

Comprehensive agricultural ecological effects of aeration on regenerated liquid fertilizer of mini flush toilet

The high concentration of organic waste liquid obtained from the mini flush pipeline discharge technology based on source separation has the potential for fertilizer utilization. However, there are concerns about the risk of secondary pollution. This study proposes the idea of aeration treatment for regenerated liquid fertilizers to induce beneficial changes in their material composition and properties. Initially, this study compares the characteristic changes in nitrogen transformation of liquid fertilizer through aeration treatment. Subsequently, it examines the effects of different types of liquid fertilizers on soil properties, plant physiology, and soil microbial communities. Finally, we elucidate the flow and distribution of nitrogen in soil, plants, and nitrogen-containing gas emissions in agricultural ecosystems through material flow accounting. The study found that aeration treatment can reduce the ammonia nitrogen ratio while increasing the proportions of nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. The regenerated liquid fertilizer through aeration treatment not only significantly increased the chlorophyll, protein, and polysaccharide content of vegetable leaves (P < 0.05) but also reduced nitrate accumulation. Moreover, it can reduce the risk of soil nitrate nitrogen leaching and increase the diversity of soil bacterial communities, enhancing the ecological functions of bacteria involved in carbon and nitrogen cycling. Material flow accounting indicated that aeration treatment for liquid fertilizer could reduce gaseous nitrogen loss by 50.0 %, improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency of vegetables by 95.5 %, and enhance soil nitrogen retention by 11.4 %. Overall, the results show that aeration treatment can improve the agricultural utilization of liquid fertilizer and reduce the risk of secondary pollution, providing preliminary decision-making support for optimizing resource treatment strategies for mini-flush toilet fecal waste to realize the agricultural cycle.

Quantitative fecal source characterization of urban municipal storm sewer system outfall ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ weather discharges

Urban areas are built environments containing substantial amounts of impervious surfaces (e.g., streets, sidewalks, roof tops). These areas often include elaborately engineered drainage networks designed to collect, transport, and discharge untreated stormwater into local surface waters. When left uncontrolled, these discharges may contain unsafe levels of fecal waste from sources such as sanitary sewage and wildlife even under dry weather conditions. This study evaluates paired measurements of host-associated genetic markers (log10 copies per reaction) indicative of human (HF183/BacR287 and HumM2), ruminant (Rum2Bac), canine (DG3), and avian (GFD) fecal sources, 12-hour cumulative precipitation (mm), four catchment land use metrics determined by global information system (GIS) mapping, and Escherichia coli (MPN/100 ml) from seven municipal separate storm sewer system outfall locations situated at the southern portion of the Anacostia River Watershed (District of Columbia, U.S.A.). A total of 231 discharge samples were collected twice per month (n = 24 sampling days) and after rain events (n = 9) over a 13-month period. Approximately 50 % of samples (n = 116) were impaired, exceeding the local E. coli single sample maximum of 2.613 log10 MPN/100 ml. Genetic quality controls indicated the absence of amplification inhibition in 97.8 % of samples, however 14.7 % (n = 34) samples showed bias in DNA recovery. Of eligible samples, quantifiable levels were observed for avian (84.1 %), human (57.4 % for HF183/BacR287 and 40 % for HumM2), canine (46.7 %), and ruminant (15.9 %) host-associated genetic markers. Potential links between paired measurements are explored with a recently developed Bayesian qPCR censored data analysis approach. Findings indicate that human, pet, and urban wildlife all contribute to storm outfall discharge water quality in the District of Columbia, but pollutant source contributions vary based on ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ conditions and catchment land use, demonstrating that genetic-based fecal source identification methods combined with GIS land use mapping can complement routine E. coli monitoring to improve stormwater management in urban areas.

Effect of carbohydrate source, feeding level (restricted vs. satiation) and their combination on nutrient digestibility, bile acid balance, faecal waste production and characteristics of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi)

The effect of carbohydrate source on nutrient digestibility, bile acid balance, faecal waste production and characteristics were investigated in yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi). A starch diet and two non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) diets with different NSP sources were used in this study. A diet containing 12 % gelatinized wheat flour as the starch diet, and two diets with distinct non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) sources: soybean hulls (SH) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) at an inclusion level of 10 %, were studied. Each diet was tested in triplicate fish tanks. To determine if feeding level affects diet, restricted and satiation feeding levels were used. After four weeks of restrictive feeding, fish were fed satiation for two weeks. The dietary effect on nutrient digestibility and faecal waste production was dependent on feeding level, whereas the dietary effect on faecal waste characterises was independent of feeding level. SBP diet protein and fat digestibility was highest during restricted and satiation feeding. Satiation feeding reduced nutrient digestibility in all diets, most pronounced in SH and least in SBP. Faecal bile acid loss did not explain fat digestibility differences between the three diets. Both NSP diets increased faecal waste production but decreased bile acid content, resulting in similar bile acid loss to the starch diet. SBP had the highest faecal removal efficiency and the lowest non-removed faeces despite high waste production SH resulted in similar amount of non-removed faeces compared to the starch diet. To conclude, NSP type affected nutrient digestibility, bile acid balance, faecal waste production, and faecal characteristics differently than starch in yellowtail kingfish. Starch resulted in higher FCR and thus lower growth performance in yellowtail kingfish compared to NSP despite higher organic matter digestibility. Adding NSP to their RAS diet may improve faecal integrity without affecting macronutrient digestibility. However, different NSP forms affect nutrient digestion and faeces integrity differently.

GROUPING PROVINCES IN INDONESIA BASED ON THE NUMBER OF VILLAGES AFFECTED BY ENVIROMENTAL POLLUTION WITH K-MEDOIDS, FUZZY C-MEANS, AND DBSCAN

Pollution can cause the environment to not function properly and ultimately harm humans and other living things. Environmental pollution is a problem that needs to be resolved because it involves the safety, health, and survival of living things. Air pollution in Pekanbaru due to a long dry season has resulted in forest fires. Then, 70% of drinking water is contaminated by fecal waste. In addition, the contamination of the land by the Chevron company resulted in residents suing the company. Until now, there has been no research that has carried out a comparison between methods for grouping villages affected by environmental pollution at the provincial level in Indonesia, so it is important to select the best method for carrying out the grouping. The limitations of this research are the use of three methods for clustering: K-Medoids, Fuzzy C-Means, and DBSCAN. The results showed that Fuzzy C-Means with five clusters have an optimal value compared to DBSCAN with an ICD rate value of 0,351. This method can be used by the government to improve the quality of villages that are clean from pollution in Indonesia, monitoring and evaluation based on the clusters formed.

Occurrence of recreational water quality monitoring general fecal indicator bacteria and fecal source identification genetic markers in gray seal scat

The number of gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) observed along the United States Northwest Atlantic region has been increasing for decades. These colonial animals often haul-out on beaches seasonally in numbers ranging from a few individuals to several thousands. While these larger aggregations are an important part of gray seal behavior, there is public concern that haul-outs could lead to large amounts of fecal waste in recreational areas, potentially resulting in beach closures. Yet, data to confirm whether these animals contribute to beach closures is lacking and minimal information is available on the occurrence of key water quality monitoring genetic markers in gray seal scat. This study evaluates the concentration of E. coli (EC23S857), enterococci (Entero1a), and fecal Bacteroidetes (GenBac3) as well as six fecal source identification genetic markers (HF183/BacR287, HumM2, CPQ_056, Rum2Bac, DG3, and GFD) measured by qPCR in 48 wild gray seal scat samples collected from two haul-out areas in Cape Cod (Massachusetts, U.S.A.). Findings indicate that FIB genetic markers are shed in gray seal scat at significantly different concentrations with the Entero1a genetic marker exhibiting the lowest average concentration (−0.73 log10 estimated mean copies per nanogram of DNA). In addition, systematic testing of scat samples demonstrated that qPCR assays targeting host-associated genetic markers indicative of human, ruminant, and canine fecal pollution sources remain highly specific in waters frequented by gray seals (>97 % specificity).

Optimizing the ratio of raw materials and pH on biogas production from cow manure with banana peel waste in batch system reactors

Politeknik Negeri Jember has dairy cows TEFA which produce relatively large amounts of cow dung waste, namely 280 kg per day. The fecal waste is directly thrown into waterways, causing air pollution, namely causing an unpleasant odor. It would be interesting to conduct research on cow dung waste in TEFA of dairy cows. This research was carried out with the aim of utilizing cow manure which is waste in TEFA dairy cattle as raw material for biogas with a mixture of banana peel waste as a substrate. In this research, a batch system reactor with an anaerobic fermentation method was used. The variables used were the ratio of cow manure to banana peel waste with variations of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and the pH variable variations of 6, 7, and 8. The test parameter observed in the research was the volume of biogas. The experimental design used to determine optimum conditions is the Response Surface Method (RSM). The experimental design was carried out on 2 variables with 3 variations so that 9 data points were obtained. Based on the test results, it is known that the optimum conditions for the variable ratio of cow dung to banana peel waste and pH are 1:3 and the pH variation is 6, where the volume of gas produced is 177.8 ml.

Bioconversion of faecal and kitchen waste using black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens):

Novel technologies to convert faecal waste into valuable nutrients provide a win-win situation in enhancing the closed sanitation loop, and providing safe sanitation. In this study, laboratory-scale experiments were set to examine the applicability of the Black Soldier Fly in bioconversion of organic matter (faecal matter (FM) and kitchen waste (KW) while producing larvae biomass rich in protein and fat compounds. To determine the mass balance process, each of the feed substrates (500g) in triplicate and 3 grams of 6-day-old larvae (844 larvae) were introduced. The larval developmental time to 50% pupation, survival rate (SR), waste reduction rates (WR), prepupal yield, bioconversion rate (BCR), feed conversion rate (FCR), and efficiency of digested feed (ECD) were monitored in triplicate at the end of the experiments for mass balance process. Mass balance determination (triplicate) yielded average prepupal yield of 70.43±0.02g and 56.77±0.01g, with protein content per unit ranging from 32.23% to 41.26% and 20.06% to 37.13% on faecal and kitchen waste respectively. The ECD of 17.63±0.01% and 12.05±0.00%, waste reduction of 79.91% and 92.24% from faecal and kitchen waste respectively were obtained. From the findings, both substrates were palatable as BSFL feeds. The study findings show the potential of using BSF larvae technology to valorise faecal and kitchen waste and produce larval biomass rich in proteins and fats.

Pathogen inactivation from faecal waste via black soldier fly treatment

Sustainable development goal 6.2 advocates for increasing access to equitable and adequate hygiene and sanitation for all by 2030, and its indicator target is to raise the proportion of the population using safely managed sanitation. On the contrary, it is approximated that only 54% of people globally have access to safely managed sanitation, while 2.4 billion lack access. Recent innovations have however seen the development of low-cost technologies that can be customized depending on the region. The container based sanitation (CBS) is one of the options for safely managing the waste compared to conventional sewerage systems that are expensive. However, the need for emptying and transportation of filled fecal sludge (FS) containers on daily basis, leads to high operational costs and increases the operational exposures risks to fecal pathogens amongst the CBS operators. The study determined the performance efficiency of Black Soldier Fly Larvae in inactivation of E.coli via seeded container based sanitation- Urine diverting dry toilet model. Sample was transported to the lab for analysis of E.coli after every 3 days from Seeded households and samples from Non seeded households in replication. One gram of sample was used in serial dilution up to factor 5.The inoculum was plated in Tryptone Bile Glucuronic (TBX) agar for enumeration according to manufacturer’s instructions. Plates with 30-300 colonies were considered viable for counting. The study used statistical analysis IBM SPSS software from the sets of experiments. The E.coli (CFU/ml) mean varied between 7.3±1.3 and 10.1±2.8 for Seeded treatments while non-seed treatments ranged between 7.5±1.6 and 10.4±3.2. A significant variation occurred between the two treatments at p&lt;0.05(SH and NH). Findings from this study showed that there was reduction of E.coli coliforms with Bioconversion of organic waste using the BSF technology has been noted to reduce the E.coli load and reducing the volume of the bio-waste. Sanitation policy makers can apply the findings of this study in formulation of policies on safe handling and disposal of fecal matter from onsite sanitation facilities.

Influence of economic factors on feacal emptying, conveyance and disposal:

Safe management of faecal waste is one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which envisions safe sanitation for all. However, although efforts to improve sanitation conditions in slums have been made, faecal emptying, conveyance and disposal still remain a challenge endangering the health of the public. The study examined the influence of economic factors on faecal emptying, conveyance and disposal in on-site sanitation facilities in Meru slums. A convergent design with a mixed methods approach was adopted. Quantitative data was collected using structured questionnaires from a sample of 228 household heads selected using cluster and proportionate simple random sampling techniques. Correlation and regression analysis was carried out to ascertain the association between emptying, conveyance and disposal of faecal waste and the economic factors. Qualitative data was gathered using focus group discussion participants with eight (8) who included four (4) pit operators, 3 household heads and 1 Public Health Officer (PHO) and results analyzed thematically. Findings showed that only 31% of slum dwellers emptied latrine pits and that manual emptying was more common (84%) than mechanical emptying because of its cost efficiency, reliability and the effectiveness in handling plastics, glasses, metal pieces, diapers and sanitary pads contained in pits. Increased cost constrained faecal emptying, conveyance, and disposal (r=0.499, p-value=0.000). Residents who were able to pay for faecal handling services were more likely to practice hygienic faecal emptying, conveyance, and disposal (r=0.524, p-value=0.000). Low level of income for majority of slum dwellers influenced the design of the latrines adopted. Emptying faeces from poorly designed pit latrines was more expensive due to operators’ safety concerns. The study concluded that the inability to meet the costs associated with faecal emptying, conveyance and disposal services facilitated poor sanitation status in slums. There is need to sensitize the slum community on the benefits of practicing safe management of faecal waste. The study recommended development of government policies to regulate mechanical emptying conveyance and disposal of faecal matter.

Sanitation in urban areas may limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance via flies.

Synanthropic filth flies are common where sanitation is poor and fecal wastes are accessible to them. These flies have been proposed as mechanical vectors for the localized transport of fecal microbes including antimicrobial resistant (AMR) organisms and associated antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), increasing exposure risks. We evaluated whether an onsite sanitation intervention in Maputo, Mozambique reduced the concentration of enteric bacteria and the frequency of detection of ARGs carried by flies collected in household compounds of low-income neighborhoods. Additionally, we assessed the phenotypic resistance profile of Enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from flies during the pre-intervention phase. After fly enumeration at study compounds, quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify an enteric 16S rRNA gene (i.e., specific to a cluster of phylotypes corresponding to 5% of the human fecal microflora), 28 ARGs, and Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion of Enterobacteriaceae isolates was utilized to assess resistance to eleven clinically relevant antibiotics. The intervention was associated with a 1.5 log10 reduction (95% confidence interval: -0.73, -2.3) in the concentration of the enteric 16S gene and a 31% reduction (adjusted prevalence ratio = 0.69, [0.52, 0.92]) in the mean number of ARGs per fly compared to a control group with poor sanitation. This protective effect was consistent across the six ARG classes that we detected. Enterobacteriaceae isolates-only from the pre-intervention phase-were resistant to a mean of 3.4 antibiotics out of the eleven assessed. Improving onsite sanitation infrastructure in low-income informal settlements may help reduce fly-mediated transmission of enteric bacteria and the ARGs carried by them.

Planning Of Raw Water Distribution Network Sumberrejo Village Candipuro District Lumajang Regency

Indonesians have an average domestic water consumption of 34.2 liters/person/day while the minimum amount to meet basic human needs is 50 liters/person/day. The lack of water consumption requires a water distribution system so that minimum water consumption can be met. Sumberrejo Village is one example that does not have a water distribution network, so to meet daily water needs using ground wells. The use of earthen wells certainly has risks, namely contamination from fecal waste. Research on water distribution network planning needs to be done due to these problems. This plan aims to determine the availability of water to flow through Sumberrejo Village, water needs in the projection year, pipe dimensions, and reservoir dimensions used. This study used a quantitative descriptive method. Hydraulic analysis of piping networks using the Hazen–William method with the Epanet 2.2 auxiliary program. The results of the study found that the availability of water in Sumberrejo Village was inadequate, so it used the Gedang Sutro water source located in Sumberwuluh Village. Water demand in the projection year is 20,966 l / s at peak hour conditions. The diameter of the pipe used in this planning is 8 inches; 6 inches; 5 inches; 4 inches; 3 inches; 2.5 inches; 2 inches; 1.5 inches; 1.25 inches; 1 inch; and 0.75 inches. The reservoir used in this planning is tubular with a diameter of 11.5 m and a height of 4.5 m.

Assimilation of fish farm wastes by the ecosystem engineering bivalve Atrina zelandica

As feed-additive aquaculture expands to open ocean areas, there is concern that ecologically important habitats may be adversely impacted by sedimentation of farm wastes. In this study, we investigated assimilation of salmon faecal wastes by an ecosystem engineering bivalve that occurs in open ocean environments (Atrina zelandica), as well as effects on physiology and fatty acid metabolism. A. zelandica were subjected to one of 3 treatment diets (fish faeces, 1:1 mix of algae:faeces and algae) in a 51 d laboratory trial. We found a diet-related response in fatty acid composition, including increased prevalence of oleic acid (OA) in digestive tissues of A. zelandica fed on both the fish faeces diet and the mixed diet, indicating fish wastes were assimilated in both treatments. Fish waste consumption was related to a more marked reduction in fatty acid content of digestive gland, as well as lower proportions of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in digestive tissues. Fatty acid composition in gonad and muscle tissues was more strongly influenced by sex. Regardless of dietary treatment, females accumulated C18 fatty acids in gonad tissues, particularly OA, which may preclude the use of OA as a fish waste tracer in this organ. The accumulation of specific fatty acids according to sex may indicate a capacity for preferential selection and retention or biosynthesis of biologically important fatty acids. If present, these mechanisms may increase resilience of A. zelandica to stress from deficiencies in LC-PUFA when using fish wastes as a trophic subsidy.