Characteristics Of Rural Areas Research Articles

An Algorithm for Generating Outdoor Floor Plans and 3D Models of Rural Houses Based on Backpack LiDAR.

As the Rural Revitalization Strategy continues to progress, there is an increasing demand for the digitization of rural houses, roads, and roadside trees. Given the characteristics of rural areas, such as narrow roads, high building density, and low-rise buildings, the precise and automated generation of outdoor floor plans and 3D models for rural areas is the core research issue of this paper. The specific research content is as follows: Using the point cloud data of the outer walls of rural houses collected by backpack LiDAR as the data source, this paper proposes an algorithm for drawing outdoor floor plans based on the topological relationship of sliced and rasterized wall point clouds. This algorithm aims to meet the needs of periodically updating large-scale rural house floor plans. By comparing the coordinates of house corner points measured with RTK, it is verified that the floor plans drawn by this algorithm can meet the accuracy requirements of 1:1000 topographic maps. Additionally, based on the generated outdoor floor plans, this paper proposes an algorithm for quickly generating outdoor 3D models of rural houses using the height information of wall point clouds. This algorithm can quickly generate outdoor 3D models of rural houses by longitudinally stretching the floor plans, meeting the requirements for 3D models in spatial analyses such as lighting and inundation. By measuring the distance from the wall point clouds to the 3D models and conducting statistical analysis, results show that the distances are concentrated between -0.1 m and 0.1 m. The 3D model generated by the method proposed in this paper can be used as one of the basic data for real 3D construction.

A New High-Resolution Rural Built-Up Land Extraction Method Based on Artificial Surface Index with Short-Wave Infrared Downscaling

The complexity of surface characteristics in rural areas poses challenges for accurate extraction of built-up areas from remote sensing images. The Artificial Surface Index (ASI) emerged as a novel and accurate built-up land index. However, the absence of short-wave infrared (SWIR) bands in most high-resolution (HR) images restricts the application of index-based methods in rural built-up land extraction. This paper presents a rapid extraction method for high-resolution built-up land in rural areas based on ASI. Through the downscaling techniques of random forest (RF) regression, high-resolution SWIR bands were generated. They were then combined with visible and near-infrared (VNIR) bands to compute ASI on GaoFen-2 (GF-2) images (called ASIGF). Furthermore, a red roof index (RRI) was designed to reduce the probability of misclassifying built-up land with bare soil. The results demonstrated that SWIR downscaling effectively compensates for multispectral information absence in HR imagery and expands the applicability of index-based methods to HR remote sensing data. Compared with five other indices (UI, BFLEI, NDBI, BCI, and PISI), the combination of ASI and RRI achieved the optimal performance in built-up land enhancement and bare land suppression, particularly showcasing superior performance in rural built-up land extraction.

Disparities in the association between ambient temperature and preterm birth according to individual and regional characteristics: a nationwide time-stratified case-crossover study

BackgroundSeveral studies have reported that climate change elevates heat exposure in pregnant women and high temperatures during pregnancy are associated with preterm births (PTBs). Although the association might be disproportionate, related evidence remains sparse. We evaluated the disproportionate risk of PTB associated with ambient temperature during pregnancy by individual and regional characteristics in South Korea.MethodsWe collected data on birth certificates and daily mean temperatures during the period from 2011 to 2019. A time-stratified case-crossover design was used to investigate the association between temperature and PTB and stratified analyses were conducted to examine the effect modification of individual and regional characteristics.ResultsA total of 160,067 singleton PTBs were recorded in Korea from 2011 to 2019. A 5℃ increase in the mean temperature during the last four weeks before delivery was associated with an increased risk of PTB with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.03 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02, 1.05), and the association was more evident in mothers aged ≥35 years (OR: 1.06 [95% CI: 1.03, 1.10]) and with low education levels (OR: 1.04 [95% CI: 1.02, 1.05]). Additionally, the estimated risk was evident in districts with lower medical resources and more prominent disparities were shown by individual and regional characteristics in rural areas than in urban areas.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that the risk of PTB related to ambient temperature is disproportionate by individual and regional characteristics and suggests the need for public health policies to alleviate the disparities, especially in rural areas.

The Utilization of Television Media by the Rural Community in Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India: A Study

This study investigates the utilization of television media in the rural community of Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, focusing on the preferences and behaviors of different demographic groups. The research entails an extensive literature review on television media within the region, followed by a targeted survey among housewives, youths, farmers, and professionals in rural areas, conducted in the Tamil language. The survey results indicate that more than 30.49% of housewives, 26.83% of youths, 23.17% of farmers, and 19.51% of professionals exceeded the surveyed thresholds, highlighting significant engagement with television in diverse demographic segments. The findings illuminate the substantial role of television media in the rural community, emphasizing the need to comprehend and address the specific needs and interests of various demographic groups. This study contributes valuable insights into the dynamic relationship between television viewership patterns and demographic characteristics in rural areas, laying a foundation for further research and initiatives aimed at optimizing the impact of television in rural development.

CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE GENERATION IN RURAL AREAS AND METHODOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROGRAM FOR HANDLING IT

The article is devoted to the study of the characteristic features of waste generation in the rural areas of Ukraine and the elaboration of the methodology for developing a program for their management. The interpretation of the «waste» category in domestic legal documents is considered. The classification of waste according to various characteristics is proposed. which is based on the analysis of legislative acts, research by scientists and own analysis, The need to classify them according to the place of generation into urban and rural waste is justified, as this will help to take into account the specifics of these territories in terms of waste generation and management when drawing up local waste management programs. The wastes of rural areas are: 1) production waste, in particular from the agricultural industry; 2) domestic waste of households; 3) infrastructure waste of rural settlements. The peculiarities of the generation of production waste in rural areas are that their composition is dominated by waste from the agro-industrial complex (agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and the food industry). The directions of handling them by categories of materials, which include incineration, recycling and removal to specially designated places, is studied. The energy use of these wastes remains insignificant in Ukraine despite the great existing potential. The characteristic features of the generation and management of household waste in rural households are identified, including: the predominance of the organic fraction in the structure of generated waste, problems with the organization of centralized waste collection, the presence of spontaneous landfills, etc. Special attention is paid to waste problems in rural areas related to russia's military aggression: 1) excessive generation of household waste due to a large number of internally displaced wasps persons (hereinafter referred to as IDPs), which rural waste disposal systems cannot cope with; 2) limited capabilities of rural communities in the rapid disposal of waste from destruction caused by shelling. The methodology of developing the waste management programs for rural areas, the creation of which by local communities is a component of the implementation of the National strategy for waste management in Ukraine, is presented. The methodology takes into account all the features of rural areas in the generation of waste and the difficulties in their effective management. A typical structure of the program is presented, which provides for the analysis of the generation and management of waste in terms of waste types generated in the largest quantities. The methodology proposes to highlight directions for improving waste management in two directions: non-energy (reuse, recycling, least desirable – landfill) and energy (transformation of waste into energy carriers), as well as measures for effective management of waste caused by war.

Influencing people for good: Waste bank and social marketing communication strategies

Waste bank is one of mitigation strategies to reduce climate change impacts. This research focuses to examine the social marketing communication strategies used by the opinion leaders as social marketers to persuade people in Pendulan Hamlet to actively participate in the implementation of the waste bank. The study employed descriptive qualitative method. The data were collected using field observation, interviews, and documentation. The results found there were two main strategies to persuade people: (1) face-to-face communication; and (2) group communication. In addition, the characteristics of rural areas are important factors that influence the successful of social marketing communication strategies.

Household and household-related waste generation and characteristics in rural areas: A case study in Tanjungsari Sub-district

Waste management issues in rural locations differ from those in metropolitan ones. Unmanaged waste has the potential to harm the rural environment. Understanding the generation and characteristics of household and household-related waste is the starting point for planning waste management. Accurate measurement of waste generation and characteristics helps optimize waste reduction and recycling efforts. Therefore, this study aims to measure the waste generation and characteristics in rural areas using the Indonesia National Standard 19-3964-1994 method. The survey team visited 60 samples of residential and non-residential properties in the Tanjungsari Sub-district for eight consecutive days. Based on the results, the waste generation was 0.34 kg person-1 day-1. Organic waste (food waste, leaves, paper, and wood) accounts for the majority of garbage (81,34%), followed by inorganic materials (plastic, fabric, other materials, metal, and glass) at 15.66%, 1.86%, 0.91%, 0.12%, 0.11% respectively. The residential waste density is 196.1 kg m-3, while in non-residential areas is 63.63 kg m-3. Family size and income, living habits, and the type of economy or industry that develops have influenced the rural waste generation and composition. Rural waste management strategies need to consider organic waste as a raw material in composting or fermentation.

Feasibility analysis of freight-passenger integration using taxis in rural areas by a mixed-integer programming model

Rural areas generally have a small population and making it challenging to establish public transportation services as a commercial business. For this reason, the resulting business environment is such that it is unavoidable to reduce or abolish services if the number of users decreases, and the business sustainability becomes vulnerable. Given this background, one of the strategies for business sustainability is through freight-passenger integration, that is, the provision of both passenger transportation and freight delivery services. In particular, given that the taxi business can flexibly set destinations and travel times, it is highly likely that freight can be delivered in rural areas using taxis.However, there are many small taxi operators in rural areas. Because of this, when introducing freight-passenger integration, it is necessary to evaluate the feasibility of freight-passenger integration by determining whether it is possible to deliver all passengers and freight with a limited number of drivers and whether it is possible to obtain sufficient profit. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the characteristics of rural areas and constructed a model using mixed-integer programming that can reproduce the taxi operation resulting from the introduction of freight-passenger integration. Through the model, we evaluated the feasibility of freight-passenger integration based on profit and labor using taxi-operation historical data in a real-world area. Specifically, it was able to determine objectively under which conditions there will be a labor shortage and how much profit can be anticipated under such conditions.

Sustainable Pilar Of Rural Tourism Development

Tourism is not only done in urban areas but also has been in great demand in the countryside. This is due to the beauty of nature, cultural uniqueness, and other characteristics in rural areas that attract visitors. Besides aiming to reduce the fatigue of activities in the city, tourists also want to experience nature and the life of rural communities. This literature study research seeks to identify the main pillars of sustainable rural tourism development. Sustainable rural tourism development is the development of the tourism sector in the village by observing the sustainability of tourism, such as efficient use of environmental resources while preserving natural heritage and biodiversity, including respecting the socio-cultural authenticity of the local community in terms of inter-cultural tolerance and should provide socio-economic benefits to all stakeholders, using qualitative descriptive methods. The writer analyzed the objects of the study in terms of tourism development, rural tourism, sustainable rural tourism development, and the role of stakeholders in rural tourism development. The main pillars found are culture and community participation (socio-culture), ecology (environment), and policy (politics).

Rural landscape characterization from the perspective of the tourist using online reviews: A case study of Yayou Gou Village in Shandong, China

In the field of landscape characterization, it is difficult to obtain the tourists’ perceptions of a landscape. To overcome these drawbacks, online available reviews and comments from tourists can be utilized as an alternative way to characterize a landscape. This study examined the rural landscape characterization in Yayou Gou Village, which is a unique attraction in Shandong, China. A qualitative content analysis was undertaken on the tourists’ comments and reviews of Yayou Gou Village on tourist websites and social media platforms, including Qnar, Meituan, Ctrip, Dianping and Sina Microblog. NVivo 12 was used for the content analysis and qualitative coding. A variety of natural, cultural, and social, perceptual, and seasonal characteristics of a rural landscape, as well as facilities and infrastructure were revealed. Cultural and social landscape characters including performance landscape and festival activities, building, educational and home-stay landscape, diet landscape, and night landscape, which are obviously richer than other aspects in this rural village. Natural, perceptual, and seasonal landscape characters are not fully exploited for rural tourism and landscape. This study suggests that natural, cultural, and social rural landscape, and facility and infrastructure were influenced by spatial, seasonal, and perceptual dimensions. Suggestions for better landscape conservation and management can be acquired through the characterization process. This study provides an innovative approach for landscape characterization with online review data from various tourists. It demonstrates that online social media data contain abundant information about the landscape that they have visited and could be well used to explore the landscape’s characteristics in rural areas.

Depression in Brazilian farmers: prevalence and associated factors

Background The unique characteristics of rural areas and agricultural work can contribute to the genesis of diseases, including mental disorders such as depression. Aims To estimate the prevalence of and factors associated with depression symptoms in Brazilian farmers. Methods A cross-sectional epidemiological study involving 784 farmers of the state of Espírito Santo/Brazil was carried out. Depression was identified using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to assess the associated factors. Results The prevalence of depression symptoms among farmers was 16.8% (n = 132). Of those experiencing symptoms, 6.1% (n = 48) we're currently experiencing a depressive episode, and 10.7% (n = 84) a recurrent depressive episodes. The associated factors were: female gender (OR 1.63; 95% CI 1.04–2.54), not owning the land (OR 1.79; 95% CI 1.11–2.89), professional dissatisfaction (OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.18–3.35), previous pesticide poisoning (OR 2.87; 95% CI 1.45–5.67), complex multimorbidity (OR 1.95; 95% CI 1.15–3.31) and occurrence of previous depressive episodes (OR 9.83; 95% CI 4.39–21.99). Conclusions A high prevalence of depression symptoms was identified among rural workers. Sociodemographic, occupational, clinical, and professional dissatisfaction factors were associated with a higher risk of depression symptoms in this population.

Kierunki rozwoju obszarów wiejskich w Ukrainie i w Polsce

The aim of the article is to analyze in comparative perspective the peculiarities of functioning of rural areas in Ukraine and Poland. The study posed the following research questions: about the features of rural areas in Poland and Ukraine, about the changes that took place in rural areas in both countries, and to what extent the process of transformation of rural areas in Poland can be an example for Ukraine. The work is based on an analysis of statistical data from 2011–2020, a review of the scientific literature and strategic documents. The following research methods were used in the research: comparative analysis, monographic method, case study (characteristics of development directions in the Lublin and Tarnopol regions), and abstract logical method. The authors studied different approaches to understanding of the concept of rural area, taking into account their status, tendencies and the main problematic aspects of their development. There have been analyses of the factors that influenced the current state of development of agriculture in rural areas in both countries: the administrative-territorial reforms and of the impact of decentralization processes on the functioning of rural areas. The article also defines the main problems in rural areas, including demographic issues. The population employment index in urban and rural areas in Ukraine and Poland was analyzed. The necessary conditions for the further development of rural areas were determined. The example of Poland shows the great importance of carrying out today’s administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine at the lowest level of the country’s territorial division – the local one, and a thorough strengthening of the role and economic potential of local self-government in the rural areas.

Depressive symptoms in adults in rural and urban regions of Canada: a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging

ObjectivesPrevious studies on depression in rural areas have yielded conflicting results. Features of rural areas may be conducive or detrimental to mental health. Our objective for this study was to...

The Socio-Spatial Aspect of Rurality – A Case Study of Rural Settlements in Central Serbia

Contemporary rural areas have been significantly changed. Thus, previous rural typologies are no longer valid and there is a need for developing and standardising new measures of rurality. We developed a set of 23 rural indicators which were tested on data on the characteristics of rural areas in contemporary Serbian society. Based on statistical analyses, four variables were excluded and three main rural attributes were confirmed (population change, economic dependency ratio, population density in the built-up area). The reduced set of 19 variables could be a relevant platform for establishing a rural typology in Central Serbia, but also for conducting precise analyses of the transformation of rural areas in similar post-socialist societies.

Improving Data Delivery in Large Environments and Mobile Areas

Abstract Advances in communication technology have significantly altered our knowledge about telephone networks. The remarkable expansion in communication is obvious in numerous aspects of life of life; the transmission of information has never been easier. Wireless communication has also had a remarkable development, and these facilities have become more reliable and easily accessible. This study, through a descriptive approach in accordance with earlier studies, aims to explain how to increase the capacity of wireless data delivery in addition to other important challenges that face the enhancement of these services in remote areas. This study highlights the challenges that accompany the adoption of wireless networks in remote areas: particularly signal strength. This is highly linked to the specific features of rural areas in terms of living habits in separated nodes rather than in high-density population centers areas.

Study of an Improvement Plan for the Efficient Operation of Korean CAIND

This study explored an improvement plan for the overall preventive activity of Korean Citizen Corps Active in Disaster (CAIND). To this end, it utilized the statistical yearbooks of the Korea Ministry of Public Administration, Security, and Fire Service, and the National Statistical Office, for a period of four years from 2015 to 2018, and drew out the practical problems through statistical analysis. Through the results, the study provided four major suggestions for improvement. First, the education and training system of Korean CAIND should be established to satisfy regional conditions. Second, the quota management system of Korean CAIND that considers the characteristics of rural areas should be supplemented. Third, the reward system for Korean CAIND activities should be improved. Fourth, management members' readership competency of operating organizations, including that of the Korean CAIND captain in charge, should be strengthened. The results of this study are expected to be utilized as basic data to develop Korean CAIND in the future.

THE ESSENCE AND FEATURES OF STATE REGULATION OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

The article substantiates the need for effective state regulation of rural development, since overcoming the crisis requires both the mobilization of significant resources and the introduction of effective regulatory methods. The functions of state regulation of rural development are outlined and the relationship with the problems of rural development identified. The main problems of the modern village from the point of view of sustainable development are considered, which takes into account the real unity and interaction of the basic structural elements of rural territories.It has been found that effective state regulation of rural development should be based on a system of principles that should take into account the specific features of rural areas as an object of state regulation. The directions of actions of the authorities within each principle are determined. It is substantiated that the effectiveness of regulation of rural development depends on the mechanisms of state influence on their development. The instruments, methods and methods of action of the state authorities in terms of each mechanism are considered. It is noted that the peculiarities of state regulation of rural development lay in the real unity of their basic structural elements: economic base, social and environmental spheres. Characteristics of such components of rural population as "quality of life" and "standard of living" are given, as well as terms used in the conceptual and conceptual field of quality of life research. The analysis of scientific works on the quality and standard of living of the population revealed the components that are most commonly used in its assessment at the regional level. The concept of "state regulation of rural development" is formulated. It is substantiated that the necessity of state regulation of rural territories implies the use of functional- territorial system of public administration, which will allow to ensure optimal interaction between public authorities and local self-government.

Increased secondary aerosol contribution and possible processing on polluted winter days in China

China experiences severe particulate pollution, especially in winter, and determining the characteristics of particulate matter (PM) during pollution events is imperative for understanding the sources and causes of the pollution. However, inconsistencies have been found in the aerosol composition, sources and secondary processing among reported studies. Modern meta-analysis was used to probe the PM chemical characteristics and processing in winter at four representative regions of China, and the first finding was that secondary aerosol formation was the major effect factor for PM pollution. The secondary inorganic species behaved differently in the four regions: sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium increased in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) and Guanzhong (GZ) areas, but only nitrate increased in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) regions. The increased production of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was probably caused by aqueous-phase processing in the GZ and BTH regions and by photochemical reactions in the PRD. Finally, we suggest future AMS/ACSM observations should focus on the aerosol characteristics in rural areas in winter in China.

Investigation and Control Mode of Domestic Pollution in Rural Areas of Guangxi Province

Due to the unbalanced economic development and scattered residence in rural areas, it was difficult to adopt a centralized approach in rural environmental governance. Based on the survey results of the present situation of rural environment in Guangxi and the analysis of the pollution characteristics in rural areas, the control mode of domestic pollution suitable for rural areas was obtained. Based on this research, a demonstration project of Guangxi’s administrative village was selected.

Wykorzystanie zasobów baz danych GIS na potrzeby analizy zróżnicowania obszarów wiejskich w aspekcie działań PROW = Application of GIS databases for the analysis of rural areas diversity in the aspect of Rural Development Programme

A considerable number of measures taken under the Rural Development Programme have to be objectively and reasonably justified. These stem from strategic administrative decisions based on the results of analyses of complex natural, economic and demographic processes occurring in rural areas in time and space. Due to increasing functionality of the Geographical Information System (GIS) and wider availability of spatial information, the GIS databases and geospatial analyses are now the basis for solving spatial problems in the implementation of the Rural Development Programme. The aim of the study was to identify the features of rural areas in the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship (Lower Silesia Province) based upon selected components. For this purpose digital databases were employed. These are particularly relevant for sensible and sustainable rural development. With the use of the Corine Land Cover (CLC) database, the analysis concerning diversification of land cover and land use in the rural areas of the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship was carried out. Basing on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), the terrain relief and land slopes were examined. By the means of soil and agriculture database, the analysis of spatial diversification of soil suitability was also performed. Moreover, with the use of the Polish Central Statistical Office databases, the spatial diversification of selected economic and demographic components in the analyzed area was evaluated. The analyses provide geo-visualizations, i.e. digital models presenting high spatial diversification of rural areas of the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship. The spatial diversification results from the high physiographic variability of this area. It should be stressed that the models are very practical and essential for the Rural Development Programme to be implemented by the authorities responsible for protection and rural development.