Features Of Plant Development Research Articles

REFLECTION OF THE NATIONAL CULTURE OF THE FRENCH PEOPLE IN PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH A GASTRONOMIC COMPONENT

The article considers the connection between the language and culture of the French people, analyzes the two-way nature of this connection, shows the importance of researching the national character traits of the people to reveal their mentality. The article is devoted to the analysis of the relationship between gastronomy which is an integral part of culture and phraseology which characterizes a certain language. It is the combined study of these concepts that allows to determine the peculiarities of the formation and development of the culture of the French people as a whole. The article also defines the main concepts used in the research - such as "language", "culture", "phraseology", "phraseology with a gastronomic component". The article also provides a general description of French cuisine, defines the list of products that are particularly popular among the French people. In this connection, it has been established that the most widespread phraseological units in the French language are the phraseological units with gastronomic component which are related to food. The article also provides examples of phraseological units with a gastronomic component, based on the classification of phraseological units proposed by the scientist O. Lapinina according to the subject-concept relationship. Among the researched phraseological units there are expressions representing food products of animal and plant origin (namely, meat and meat products;vegetables and greens); names of flavorings, seasonings and raw materials; names of ready meals); gastronomic components for designation of alcoholic, low-alcohol and non-alcoholic drinks. In addition, the article analyzes the history of the origin of individual phraseological units with a gastronomic component and what underlies the formation of these phraseological units. As a result of the study, it has been concluded that the most common criteria used for the formation of phraseological units with a gastronomic component are, in particular, the following: laws of biology - description of the behavior of certain animals or features of plant development, habits and traditions of the people at a certain historical stage, characteristic features of their life, food preferences, etc. The article also identifies potential areas of application of research results to other social sciences.

Genome-wide identification of MADS-box gene family in sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) identifies a SEPALLATA homolog gene involved in floral development

BackgroundSacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is a vital perennial aquatic ornamental plant. Its flower shape determines the horticultural and ornamental values. However, the mechanisms underlying lotus flower development are still elusive. MADS-box transcription factors are crucial in various features of plant development, especially in floral organogenesis and specification. It is still unknown how the MADS-box transcription factors regulate the floral organogenesis in lotus.ResultsTo obtain a comprehensive insight into the functions of MADS-box genes in sacred lotus flower development, we systematically characterized members of this gene family based on the available genome information. A total of 44 MADS-box genes were identified, of which 16 type I and 28 type II genes were categorized based on the phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, the structure of MADS-box genes and their expressional patterns were also systematically analyzed. Additionally, subcellular localization analysis showed that they are mainly localized in the nucleus, of which a SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) homolog NnMADS14 was proven to be involved in the floral organogenesis.ConclusionThese results provide some fundamental information about the MADS-box gene family and their functions, which might be helpful in not only understanding the mechanisms of floral organogenesis but also breeding of high ornamental value cultivars in lotus.

О МОРФОЛОГИИ ПОЧЕЧНЫХ ЧЕШУЙ И КАТАФИЛЛОВ ULMUS GLABRA HUDS. (ULMACEAE)

Background. Specific features of plant development and mechanisms ensuring such processes are expressly linked with the structure of buds and hence the leaf series formed on lateral shoots. Materials and methods . The material of the study was the shoots of the second to fifth orders of nineteen plant samples in their generative age (G1, G2) grown in the well-lighted habitats in the Park of Petrozavodsk and the Park of Komarovo Town (St. Petersburg). All buds on vegetative and vegetative-generative shoots (more than 250) were investigated. The leaf organs of the formed seventy-nine vegetative buds of Ulmus glabra Huds. were consistently disassembled and measured under an MBS-9 binocular. The analysis of the development of bud scales in unfolding buds made it possible to observe structural features unavailable in a static study of buds. Results and conclusions. The growth of the leaf organs in a series was found to occur in different ways. Almost completely suberized external scales represented a thickly grown leaf base fused with poorly developed stipules. The scales from the first to the fourth did not grow at all when the bud was unfolding. The fifth and the sixth scales showed weak intercalary growth during the unfolding. The tips of the seventh up to the tenth scales were weakly suberized and had two blades which formed a cap covering the tip of the bud. The scale which preceded the emergence of a leaf sprout with a leaf blade had on its tip pronounced lobes and a depression between them with a rounded bottom and hairs along the edge. It was followed by a sprout with large separated stipules, an almost unpronounced leaf base and a differentiated leaf blade; hence, there is a threshold in the differentiation of leaf sprouts. In the axil of each growing scale, a small dormant bud was set. Thus, the number of leaf organs on a shoot after unfolding was 10-15, while the leaves of the middle formation did not exceed 3-5, and besides only one growth period was observed in a majority of U. glabra plants in their generative age state. Using U. glabra as an example, the performance of the threshold mechanism within the genetic program of vegetative shoot development was demonstrated.

Peptide signalling during angiosperm seed development.

Cell-cell communication is pivotal for the coordination of various features of plant development. Recent studies in plants have revealed that, as in animals, secreted signal peptides play critical roles during reproduction. However, the precise signalling mechanisms in plants are not well understood. In this review, we discuss the known and putative roles of secreted peptides present in the seeds of angiosperms as key signalling factors involved in coordinating different aspects of seed development.

Особенности развития растений и урожайность сои в зависимости от сроков её посева

Особенности развития растений и урожайность сои в зависимости от сроков её посева

Imaging of calcium dynamics in pollen tube cytoplasm.

Cytoplasmic calcium [(Ca(2+))cyt] is a central component of cellular signal transduction pathways. In plants, many external and internal stimuli transiently elevate (Ca(2+))cyt, initiating downstream responses that control different features of plant development. In pollen tubes the establishment of an oscillatory gradient of calcium at the tip is essential for polarized growth. Disruption of the cytosolic Ca(2+) gradient by chelators or channel blockers inhibits pollen tube growth. To quantify the physiological role of (Ca(2+))cyt in cellular systems, genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators such as Yellow Cameleons (YCs) have been developed. The Cameleons are based on a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) process. Here, we describe a method for imaging cytoplasmic Ca(2+) dynamics in growing pollen tubes that express the fluorescent calcium indicator Yellow Cameleon 3.6 (YC 3.6), using laser-scanning confocal microscopy.

Mapping by VESGEN of Leaf Venation Patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana with Bioinformatic Dimensions of Gene Expression

ABSTRACT The leaf venation of angiosperms is key to their terrestirial dominance. These higher land plants include maple, corn, and ISS model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. The venation-dependent photosynthetic capacity of angiosperm leaves is largely responsible for terrestrial production of glucose and atmospheric oxygen, and may be fundamentally important to long-term space colonization. Leaf studies in orbit, where human-tended experiments are limited, can be enhanced by quantifying complex venation patterning. VESsel GENeration Analysis (VESGEN), a beta-level NASA software that analyzes vertebrate and human vascular branching for biomedical applications, is therefore being modified to map the branching venation patterns of dicot angiosperm leaves. By physiological branching rules, VESGEN decomposes a continuously connected vascular tree into its structural (dendritic) branching and reticulate (networked) capillary components. For an arabidopsis juvenile leaf flown on NASA Space Shuttle Mission (STS)-130, the venation patterning of larger structural vessel orders 1°-2° remained relatively constant compared to normal gravity (by vessel number density Nv , 1.24E-5/micron2, and 1.29E-5/micron2, respectively). However, as a measure of increased venation maturity, Nv of smaller reticulate orders ≥ 3° increased considerably from 7.7E-6/micron2 in ground control to 1.74E-5/micron2 in the STS-130 leaf. Vascular geometric complexity is another feature of plant development that is governed in part by changes in gene expression patterns responding to environmental influence. We therefore propose that the mapping of leaf venation patterns by VESGEN can provide additional insight into plant responses to the spaceflight environment.

Preface

The last Royal Society Discussion Meeting on plant development, held in April 1986, focused on the establishment of specific developmental states by differential gene expression. Few plant genes or cDNAs had been sequenced, and the dramatic opportunities offered by transgenesis, use of Arabidopsis as a model system and methods such as pcr were still well below the horizon. Nevertheless, the meeting served to highlight many of the unique features of plant development including an alternation between sporophytic and gametophytic generations, the absence of a maintained germ line, an autotrophic lifestyle coupled with a sedentary existence in a constantly changing environment, an indeterminate mode of growth associated with a programme of continuous differentiation throughout the life cycle, and spectacular developmental plasticity exemplified by the ability of single cells to regenerate into whole plants.

Plant Proteins that Confer Resistance to Pests and Pathogens

Publisher Summary Throughout their lives, from dormant seed to maturity, plants are exposed to attack by a wide variety of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, predatory insects and other invertebrate pests. Plant resistance is often divided into constitutive defense, expressed as a normal feature of plant development, or inducible defense, switched on following contact with the invading organism. A fundamental distinction is often drawn between pre–existing or constitutive features of the plant, and inducible systems switched on following challenge by a pest or pathogen. Lectins bind to chitin and other glycoconjugates containing N–acetylglycosamine or N–acetylneuraminic acid, and also cause the agglutination of mammalian red blood cells. The most widely studied graminaceous lectin is wheat germ agglutinin, an M r 36000 protein consisting of two identical 171–residue chains. Thionins were first purified from wheat flour in the early 1940s and called purothionins. Lysozymes from egg white and bacteriophage are among the most widely studied proteins; they inhibit bacterial growth by hydrolysis of cell–wall peptidoglycans. In devising strategies for the manipulation of defense proteins in transgenic plants it is essential to consider the behavior of the target organism, as well as the construct to be used. The specificity of protective proteins for different groups of insects and other invertebrates provides an opportunity to develop resistances that are either highly specific or have wide spectra, based on individual proteins or combinations. A combination of protective proteins may also assist in preventing the development of resistance to individual components.

The role of water in the regulation of plant development

It is postulated that the changes in growth and metabolic activity that characterize many features of plant development are produced by the interaction between the hydraulic conductivity of the tissues and the influence of environmental factors, transpiration and osmotic gradients on the uptake, distribution, or loss of water. Mechanisms based on this concept are proposed for six aspects of development. These are (i) seed germination and stem elongation (water uptake), (ii) apical dominance and tropisms (water distribution), and (iii) leaf senescence and abscission (water loss). The postulated mechanisms are based on the hypothesis that water is the factor that normally limits the rate of growth and metabolic activity in the intact plant. The validity of the concept is supported by the unique capacity of water to perform three basic functions. These functions are (i) to mediate environmental effects on growth and metabolism, (ii) to correlate the growth of different parts of the plant, and (iii) to integrate growth and metabolic activity at the cellular level. It is also suggested that the responses induced by the application to plants of certain growth-regulating substances can be mainly attributed to the capacity of these substances to promote the uptake of water.

Effect of polarity and kinetin on the browning reaction of Dioscorea batatas and D. japonica

Although polarity is a universal feature of plant development, only one substance, auxin, is known to have a strictly polar movement, at least in most instances. The experiments which will be presented indicate that other substances, such as phenolic compounds, may also move in a polar manner. In the course of experiments done is this laboratory with excised stem segments of a clone of Dioscorea batatas it was observed that such expiants produced a marked browning in the agar medium when planted right-side up, but not when planted in an inverted position (Dupaigne, 1967). This initial observation led to the experiments which will be reported here. Plant Material. Two species of Dioscorea were used, D. batatas Decn. and D. japonica. The plants were grown in the greenhouse at approximately 28° (day) and 20° (night) under 16-hr photoperiods.