Characteristics Of Gardens Research Articles

Valuable Characteristics of Historical Gardens in Tomsk

The article defines valuable characteristics of historical gardens and parks in Tomsk, formed in the late 18 and early 20th centuries as recreational areas and urban planning elements in is planning structure.Purpose: To identify valuable characteristics of further development of protective measures for historical territories.Methodology: Comprehensive historical and architectural analyses and generalization of archival materials, field data. This analysis of existing methods for determining valuable characteristics of cultural heritage objects and their application, taking into account garden and park territories in Tomsk. The analysis is based on the methods used in various regions of the Russian Federation.Research findings: An attempt is made to develop a scientifically based method for assessing valuable characteristics of landscape architecture and art of the city of Tomsk, which allow for physical preservation and targeted functional use of gardens and parks and continuous development of the urban and natural environment of the city.Practical implications: The results can be used in the preparation of protective documents regulating the preservation procedure, development and further use of historical gardens and parks as objects of cultural and natural heritage.Originality: Valuable characteristics of historical gardens and parks in Tomsk are determined for the first time and a methodology is developed for establishing the historical and cultural value of the Tomsk gardens and parks, including a set of criteria and assessment tools with calculated indicators of historical and cultural objects.

Species Diversity and Structural Characteristics of High Altitudinal Home Gardens in New Tehri district of Garhwal region, Uttarakhand

Species Diversity and Structural Characteristics of High Altitudinal Home Gardens in New Tehri district of Garhwal region, Uttarakhand

Analysis of Roof Garden Plant Allocation and Its Benefits in Guanzhong Area under the Background of Human Settlement: A Case Study of Yangling Demonstration Area

Taking the Yangling demonstration area as the research object, this paper analyzes the local climate and combines the micro-environmental characteristics of rooftop gardens in Yangling to explore the principles of plant configuration in rooftop gardens. It selects suitable plants for rooftop gardens and investigates their ecological benefits in improving the urban heat island effect, reducing rainwater accumulation, and purifying the air, providing a reference for the construction and management of rooftop gardens in the Guanzhong region.

Japanese Gardens: Time of Letting – Time of Growth

Abstract From a transcultural stance the contribution explores an access to the problem of nature and time which relies on our embodied experience of our environment. By means of a phenomenological investigation into distinctive features of Japanese gardens, such as rocks and trees, the specific temporalities incorporated in these elements become elucidated. The intention is to invalidate the Eurocentric opposition of nature and culture, as the “natural” environment grows together with “cultural” activities, and cannot be separated from human engagement, in the case of Japanese gardening. There “nature” cannot become objectified or conceptually determined. It can only be disclosed by our bodily getting involved in an environment, encompassing a peculiar way of “becoming time”. This mode of temporalization exhibits significant similarities with Martin Heidegger’s Gelassenheit. Therefore, time and nature in a Japanese garden both request and set forth, a specific existential attitude towards our life environment.

DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR CREATING A DIFFERENTIATED NUTRITION SYSTEM FOR INTENSIVE APPLE ORCHARDS OF DIFFERENT AGES

The paper presents an analysis of existing methodological approaches to the construction of fertilization systems for apple orchards, striving to fully satisfy the needs of trees for nutrients and the formation of a high level of productivity of plantings. However, most studies are based primarily on the provisions of one of the basic laws of agriculture, based on the balance of mineral nutrition elements, which takes into account primarily the volume of elements removed from the soil and the amount of elements applied with fertilizers. However, most of these studies are incomplete and do not take into account the pomological characteristics of cultivated gardens, as well as their age condition. In this regard, based on data on the need of fruit trees for basic macro- and microelements at different stages of organogenesis, a methodological basis was developed and justified for creating a differentiated nutrition system for intensive apple orchards of different ages. The developed methodological approaches to the formation of an optimal nutrition system for gardens of different ages will be in demand among specialists in the field of horticulture and nursery farming, specializing in the design and implementation of highly efficient tree nutrition systems in garden growing technologies. The next stage of the work will be conducting field tests of the developed system for constructing a nutritional scheme for trees at different age periods of development.

Research on Tang-Style Garden Color Characteristics and Application Strategy

Garden colour plays an important role in creating spatial atmosphere, mood and regional landscape characteristics. At present, there are more studies on the colours of the existing Jiangnan gardens, while there are fewer studies on the colours of the Tang-style gardens built since modern times. In order to further explore the colour characteristics of Tang-style gardens, based on the natural colour system, the garden colours are divided into dynamic colours and static colours, and the colour characteristics of Tang-style gardens are initially explored, so as to further excavate the colour culture of Tang-style gardens, and to promote the protection of the colour culture of Tang-style gardens, in order to protect the traditional colours of the mood of the theme and the translations, and to inherit and promote the traditional use of colours in China.

A GIS-based study on the spatial distribution and influencing factors of monastic gardens in Jiangxi Province, China

The temple gardens are an important human landscape and have an important position in the Chinese garden system. Using GIS analysis tools, primarily the Nearest Neighbor Index, Kernel Density Estimation, and Spatial Autocorrelation, and employing a Geographic Detector model, we analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of 4,317 temples and gardens in Jiangxi Province. Research shows that: 1) The spatial distribution type of temple gardens in Jiangxi Province is agglomeration type, with large spatial differences in distribution, forming a spatial distribution pattern of “generally dispersed and concentrated in some areas”; 2) the distribution of temple gardens in Jiangxi Province is uneven. They are mostly distributed in five prefecture-level cities: Ganzhou, Jiujiang, Shangrao, Fuzhou, and Nanchang; 3) The overall spatial distribution of temple gardens in Jiangxi Province has positive autocorrelation characteristics, and prefecture-level cities have significant proximity characteristics, forming a “high-high” “agglomeration” and “low-low agglomeration” distribution patterns; 4) Temple gardens in various regions are affected by geomorphological factors, and are mostly concentrated in the lower altitude range of 0–500 m and the gentle slope of 0°–30°. Most of the distribution density of temple gardens in various prefecture-level cities is within the buffer zone distance of the road network within the range of 0–1.5 km. 5) Economic, cultural, demographic, and historical factors have affected the development of temple gardens. Areas with more active economies have a denser number of temple gardens. The unique regional culture affects the distribution of temples and gardens in different regions. In places where the modern population is densely distributed, there are fewer temples and gardens, while in places where the population is less densely distributed, there are more temples and gardens. 6) The use of geographical detectors to detect influencing factors shows that the greatest impact on the spatial distribution of temple gardens in Jiangxi Province is the road network, followed by elevation, slope, GDP, and water systems. The research is conducive to scientific understanding of the distribution of temple gardens among prefecture-level cities in Jiangxi Province, and provides reference for strengthening the protection of temple gardens and exploring the tourism characteristics of temple gardens.

Comparison of Rooftop Garden Elements in Japan and Indonesia. Study case of Ginza Six Garden, Japan, and PIM 3 Garden, Indonesia

A rooftop garden is located on the topmost level of a building and provides similar benefits as traditional urban green space while accommodating the limited land issue in cities. The practice of rooftop gardens keeps increasing in urban areas worldwide. There may be differences between rooftop gardens in different countries, be it in the design, the elements, or the activities. This study explores the difference between rooftop gardens in Indonesia and Japan, particularly Jakarta and Tokyo. This study aims to compare the characteristics of rooftop gardens in Jakarta and Tokyo. This study follows a descriptivequalitative approach. The data used in this study is based on visitors’ photos and reviews uploaded to the internet and supported by field observation. PIM 3 Garden’s design concept is based on the trend of citizen culture, which likes to update their activities on social media. In contrast, Ginza Six Garden’s design is based on the Ginza area's history, which combines traditional and modern culture. Since the design concepts are different, the garden elements and the user activities are also different. The main reason for these differences is most likely due to cultural differences. Indonesian people like sharing their activities on social media more than Japanese people. Although the gardens exhibit contrasting designs, elements, and user activities, both seem to accommodate their respective users’ needs and behaviors effectively.

Sensory gardens as a new form of urban green space in smart sustainable cities

Sensory gardens have been known since antiquity, but they are becoming more and more important in terms of smart city development. The article presents a literature review on the diverse functions of sensory gardens, the concept of a smart and green city, and the sensory garden as a new form of urban green spaces (UGS). The aim of the research was to identify expectations regarding the development of modern gardens in urban spaces, in the context of a smart city. The primary data collection method was social surveys on the expectations regarding the development of parks and city gardens, carried out among the inhabitants of Poland and Russia. The studied sample had a total of 230 people. The research was conducted in January 2021 using an internet survey. The questions were both open and closed, and related to issues such as: (1) the most important features of gardens and city parks; (2) the definition of a sensory garden; (3) the main functions that gardens and city parks should fulfil in the future. The results of the conducted research confirmed the adopted hypothesis that sensory gardens as green enclaves with different functions constitute new, prospective forms of development of urban green spaces in smart sustainable cities. The social needs for urban green spaces are clear and reflect current environmental problems regarding the quality of atmospheric air and access to green spaces in the vicinity. The respondents agree that the most important features of gardens and parks include fresh air and the possibility of resting. Keywords: green city, sustainable city, smart city, urban areas, sensory gardens; smart green city, smart green integration, and smart gardens.

Tactile maps of historical gardens: method of content selection

Historical gardens are a significant part of the cultural heritage. Exploration of such gardens is an important element of education. A particular challenge is to increase the accessibility of these facilities for the people with visual impairments (PVI). Among the aids enabling PVI visiting the gardens are tactile maps. The currently used tactile maps focus mainly on orientation and mobility. They do not allow exploration of gardens as a spatial composition, taking into account their cultural values. Therefore, the aim of our study was to develop the rules for content selection of tactile maps presenting those features of gardens that decide about their value, and to formalize these rules using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). In this research we analyzed features of 15 gardens in the five garden design styles: Baroque, Renaissance, English, Romantic, and Japanese. In result, we have proposed the way of mapping of the five garden design styles in a form useful for PVI. We have defined the procedure of content selection, as well as the catalogues of elements to be mapped at different levels of details, distinguishing repetitive and unique elements of each style. Finally, we have defined the easy-to-use list of content elements of tactile maps in the five design styles. Our solutions are described in a formalized way that allows their unambiguous understanding and universal application. The proposed solutions contribute to increasing the accessibility of gardens to PVI and allow them to learn about the values of cultural heritage of such places.

Characteristics and Roles of School Gardens in Urban Areas of Japan: Perspective of School Managers

Children spend most of their time at school; thus, agricultural experiences (AEs) in school gardens through school organizations are important for children to remain connected to agriculture and nature. Although various studies confirm the tremendous benefits of school gardens, the lack of studies on the characteristics of school gardens and the factors that influence the effectiveness of their AEs is telling. In this study, a questionnaire was developed and sent to the school garden managers of the public elementary schools in an urban area in Japan to analyze the characteristics of school garden and their influencing factors through descriptive analysis and inferential statistics. The results identified the location effects on the type of school gardens: school gardens inside the school are better able to ensure the safety of children but have less connection with the community; school farms outside the school are better able to ensure a place for children to have AEs; schools with both a school garden and farm have a stronger connection to the community than those with only school gardens, however, safety is decreased. In addition, the lack of budget, teachers, supportive policies, and motivation among school garden managers in operating school gardens was noted. Therefore, ensuring government support, coordinating the time of school garden managers, and strengthening the connection and cooperation between elementary schools and local communities are primary issues for consideration in the future.

Spatial distribution characteristics of urban private gardens under the influence of shiyin concept (seclusion in the city): Case studies of urban private gardens in Suzhou from the end of the 14th century to the middle of the 18th century

AbstractThis study examined the spatial distribution characteristics of urban private gardens under the influence of the shiyin concept (seclusion in the city) by studying urban private gardens in Suzhou from the end of the 14th century to the middle of the 18th century. Under the influence of shiyin, private gardens were constructed within the city. The urban spatial distribution features of 38 private gardens were analyzed through space syntax and related methods. The results show that (1) locationally, the private gardens were located more in main functional areas instead of suburban areas, and (2) structurally, the urban private gardens were integrated globally and separated locally in the urban space system. Combined with the discussion of shiyin, the results show that the reclusion aspect of shiyin is not related to the location distribution of urban private gardens, but is reflected more at the structural level, with urban private gardens locally separated from urban space systems. This study provides a new perspective to discuss urban private gardens in terms of urban space and suggests a focus on local structural features of private gardens at the medium and micro level of urban space (such as streets and blocks).

Manajemen Pekarangan Ramah Lebah Tanpa Sengat sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Jasa Lanskap Perkotaan

The concept of "Stingless Bee-Friendly Local Home Garden" can be an alternative for urban landscape conservation through home gardens, especially in Depok City, which has a rapid flow of development. For this reason, a management strategy is needed as part of an effort to improve the landscape services of Depok City. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of home gardens and the potential for developing stingless bee-friendly home gardens to support the optimization of urban landscape services. The research was conducted using a field survey on sample of home gardens selected through purposive sampling methods, interviews, questionnaires, and literature studies. Based on the conditions of climate, weather, ecology, 90 samples of home gardens and respondents, Depok City has the potential to develop the concept of a honey bee-friendly home garden. These conditions can support the activity of stingless bees and provide a source of available food throughout the year. The concept of a stingless bee-friendly home garden can be achieved by presenting a diversity of food plant sources, providing bee hives, and proper home garden management. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct socialization and training on stingless-bee keeping in the yard starting from farmers group, making an example of a honey bee-friendly home garden, and increasing green space connections in the city
 
 Keywords: home garden management, landscape services, stingless bee-friendly home garden, urban landscape

An analysis of the art of gardening in Dongguan's Ke Garden and its inspiration

Dongguan gives many people the impression that it is a manufacturing kingdom with factories all over the city. In fact, Dongguan is not a cultural desert in the eyes of many people; it is also an ancient city with a deep literary and artistic heritage and accumulation. Especially in the heart of the city lies a small but exquisitely designed garden of the Qing Dynasty, the Ke Garden. It can be described as a unique artisanal and Auxiliary side. The four famous gardens of Guangdong (Qinghui Garden in Shunde, Liang Yuan in Foshan, Ke Yuan in Dongguan and Yu Yin Shan Fang in Panyu) are representative of the gardens of the Lingnan region. Although it is a Lingnan garden, it has all the commonalities of a Chinese garden, with its corridors and windows, rockery and fish ponds, and its twists and turns. Therefore, the author has chosen to cut through Dongguan's Ke Garden to see the big picture in a small way. In turn, the characteristics of Lingnan gardens and their inspiration for modern gardens are analysed.

History of Chinese Classical Gardens

From the beginning of Shang Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty the development of Chinese classical landscape gardens went through five periods: the formation period of Shang, Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties, the transition period of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the heyday of Tang Dynasty, the maturity period of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the middle and end of Qing Dynasty. Five thousand years of glorious Chinese culture makes Chinese classical gardens different from Western gardens and Islamic gardens. The unique garden system and style give rise to the unique and profound Chinese classical garden system in world history. Based on the history of Chinese classical gardens, the paper focuses on the historical background of the development of the Song garden, the characteristics of typical gardens and literati gardens in the two Song dynasties, in order to understand the development process of the Song garden more deeply. Under the condition of learning and understanding, the method and concept characteristics of classical garden design in Song Dynasty are inherited and applied to modern garden planning and design.

Sky Gardens, Public Spaces and Urban Sustainability in Dense Cities: Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Singapore

This paper studies the spatial characteristics of sky gardens as public spaces to explore their potential to support urban sustainability in dense cities. This research understands public spaces as spaces that are open and available in different levels of access and use. The research focuses on 982 sky gardens in Shenzhen, Hong Kong, and Singapore. It adopts a mixed methodology, including site visits and observations, statistic measurements (based on SPSS software), and Grey Relation Analysis (GRA) methods. The research follows three steps: first, it studies the urban context, including urban density, land uses, and policy regulations regarding sky gardens and sustainability. Second, it examines sky gardens’ spatial characteristics in terms of form (morphology, typology, size, affordances, configuration), openness quality (accessibility, ownership, permeability), and geometry (open space ratio, height of space-to-building, void-to-solid ratio, shape index). Third, the research compares the findings in three case cities and discusses their potential to support urban sustainability. The results suggest that despite the limitations of sky gardens, they may play, to different degrees, fundamental roles as open public spaces in high-density urban environments supporting cities’ sustainability. High-density environments offer more opportunities for the sustainable development of sky gardens, which creates a new spatial paradigm for compact vertical greenery in high-density cities.

Architecture of Rooftop Gardens, as a New Dimension of Public Space in London. Case Studies in Qualitative Research

Abstract This paper focuses on rooftop gardens as a widely accessible space located on the rooftops of public buildings. Rooftop garden is a type of space which takes up a considerable surface on the rooftops of buildings, such as office towers, hotels, shopping malls, and serves the purpose of public space available to everyone. This relatively new public utility space arouses visitors’ interest, which is shown in the Authors’ research. This paper presents a qualitative research and results of the research conducted in three rooftop gardens in London. The investigations were concerned with: way of use, site attractiveness, maintenance and popularity level of each site in relation to the others. For this purpose, surveys were carried out among people who had visited at least one of the three study sites. Two non-participant observational surveys were also carried out during the warm and cold months. Conclusions were formulated as a result of the research described in this paper. During the research a profile of users visiting such public spaces as roof gardens was established. The characteristic architectural features of the roof gardens were also determined, so that their space could be considered accessible to all, attractive and willingly visited.

Characteristics of Tone River mulberry gardens in the Sawa District after the opening of railways

In this paper, the authors examine the characteristics of Tone River mulberry fields in the Sawa District after the introduction of rail transport during the Meiji and Taisho eras. Railways were opened in this area during the Meiji era, facilitating transportation of products and cultivation materials such as fertilizers to wider areas. Moreover, demand for cocoons, raw silk, and Isesaki Meisen-style silk fabrics had increased overseas as well as in Japan. This drove the popularity of sericulture in Japan, and many farmers bought "mulberry leaves" to make up for mulberry leaf shortages and "mulberry seedlings" to expand mulberry gardens. Mulberry plantations for the sale of mulberry leaves, mulberry plantations for the sale of mulberry seedlings, and mulberry plantations for rent began to crop-up among sericulture farmers in greater numbers than during the period before the opening of the railways. As a result, landscapes of mixed mulberry fields and paddy fields using different farming styles spread in areas where the risk of flooding was low and sericulture and silkworm egg farmers also owned paddy fields. In contrast, only flood-resistant mulberry gardens spread in the areas adjacent to the Tone River, where the possibility of flooding was high, resulting in a different type of mulberry landscape.

Types and Layout Characteristics of Private Gardens in Beijing in the Qing Dynasty Based on the Planar Composition of “Mountain and Water” (Shanshui) Features

Types and Layout Characteristics of Private Gardens in Beijing in the Qing Dynasty Based on the Planar Composition of “Mountain and Water” (Shanshui) Features

Modern Chinese and Japanese garden as a symbol of national identity in the context of globalism

The article considers examples of modern gardens and parks with elements of Chinese and Japanese landscape design, analyzes the degree of their similarity with historic gardens. A comparative analysis of historic gardens and modern gardens and parks is carried out in order to prove which elements of traditional oriental landscape design are cited the most. A set of elements that embody national identity in modern Chinese and Japanese gardens is argued. It is shown how, over time, including under the direct influence of multiculturalism and in connection with the typification of pavilions for mass construction, the concentrated national features of eastern gardens were gradually smoothed out. As the most recognizable elements of modern Chinese gardens, pavilions, sculpture, compositions of stones, Japanese gardens – gates-torii, pagodas, compositions of boulders, "dry gardens", landscaping with sakura, coniferous trees, and Japanese maples were identified. Compared to Chinese gardens, in a modern Japanese garden outside of Japan there may be no buildings at all or their number is minimal, and the natural environment itself is more natural. On the contrary, the Chinese garden outside of China showcases the art of landscape design and the craftsmanship of man-made landscape paintings.