Cognitive Processing Characteristics Research Articles

Hubungan Antara Pembelajaran PAI & Budi Pekerti terhadap Perilaku Sosial Siswa di Sekolah Menengah Pertama: Studi Deskriptif di kelas IX SMPN 48 Bandung

This research aims to explore the relationship between learning Islamic Religious Education (PAI) and character towards the social behavior of students in class IX SMPN 48 Bandung. The research method used is qualitative with a naturalistic approach. Data was obtained from students, PAI teachers, school principals, and deputy heads of curriculum. The research results show that PAI learning plays an important role in shaping students' character, especially in the aspect of discipline in worship. Factors such as the behavior and characteristics of other people, cognitive processes, environmental factors, and cultural background also influence students' social behavior. PAI teachers have a crucial role in guiding students to develop positive attitudes, such as a sense of empathy, integrity, responsibility and honesty. There is a positive relationship between PAI learning and students' social behavior, where understanding religious values ​​can influence student behavior positively. PAI teachers also play an important role in shaping students' social behavior through real examples in everyday life and interactive teaching methods. The implications of this research for education are the importance of developing an innovative PAI curriculum, continuous training for PAI teachers, supporting a positive school environment, and involving parents in their children's religious education. It is hoped that the results of this research can contribute to the formation of character and social behavior of students at SMPN 48 Bandung and strengthen understanding of religious values ​​in education.

Relationship of professional success and development of cognitive mental processes and personal qualities of Vietnam Naval specialists

The levels of development of cognitive mental processes and personal qualities among specialists of the Navy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam undergoing military service under a contract were considered, and their relationship with military-professional success was assessed. In July 2023, specialists from the Kirov Military Medical Academy together with Vietnamese specialists of the Russian–Vietnamese Tropical Center, conducted a pilot psychological and psychophysiological examination of naval specialists of the Navy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to study the characteristics of cognitive mental processes (attention, memory, and thinking), motivational and personal qualities, and expert assessments of the success of military-professional adaptation. Statistically significant relationships between expert assessments of professional success and the level of development of cognitive mental processes, characteristics of the motivational sphere, neuropsychic stability, and psychological adaptation characteristics have been identified. The results showed sufficient validity and reliability of the methodological apparatus used for assessing cognitive mental processes and personal psychological adaptive abilities in relation to assessing their relationship with the success of military-professional adaptation, an effective solution of professional and service tasks. The possibility and prospect of considering them in professional psychological selection and medical and psychological (psychophysiological) support of professional activities, examination, and, if necessary, subsequent medical and psychological rehabilitation of naval specialists of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to maintain a high level of their professional health, as well as the need for further research.

A Pilot Study on Cognitive Processing Characteristics and Cerebral Mechanisms of Native Chinese-Speaking Savant Calendar Calculators with Autism Spectrum Disorder

A Pilot Study on Cognitive Processing Characteristics and Cerebral Mechanisms of Native Chinese-Speaking Savant Calendar Calculators with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Этнокультурные и конфликтологические аспекты восприятия интернет-мемов: результаты эксперимента с использованием айтрекинга

Background. The development of media communication technologies leads to the new ways of information exchange. Content takes compact forms which requires to transform cognitive sphere in order to better operate with the emerging forms of information. Memosphere seems to be one of the directions in the development of modern media content, in which ethnocultural, social, value and cognitive features of perception unfold. Objective. The study is aimed at identifying the characteristics of perception and cognitive processing of the meme as the most relevant media form. Ethnocultural aspect of processing and identification of a meme is revealed, as well as the peculiarities of the perception of memes under the condition of a conflict between the ethnocultural identity of the respondent and the memosphere in which a specific meme originated. Methods. The experimental study included two series in which cultural specifics of cognitive activity in respondents when perceiving memes belonging to the Russian and Chinese memospheres were analyzed. Registration of oculomotor activity was carried out with an SMI RED 250 Hz tracker, hardware and software “SMI Gaze & Eye-tracking System” were applied. The experimental task involved visual analysis of polycode text (image), followed by an assessment of the origin of the meme (Russian or Chinese media sphere), as well as by marking the most subjectively significant image elements. Respondents' self-reports on the key features in meme identification were subjected to content analysis. IBM SPSS Statistics 26 was used in statistical analysis of the data obtained. Study Participants. 39 respondents took part in the experimental study: undergraduates at the Faculty of Journalism, Lomonosov Moscow State University, average age 24.7 years (SD = 4.1), including 21 citizens of the Russian Federation and 18 citizens of the People's Republic of China. Results. Respondents from the two groups successfully completed the task of meme identification in 64% of cases. The text in Russian was designated as the most informative element of the meme in both groups. Data on eye movements revealed a general tendency towards focal perception of the stimulus among respondents from Russia and towards sliding viewing among students from China. The origin of the stimulus shows weaker effect on the characteristics of oculomotor activity. For Russian memes, successful identification is associated with a shorter scanning path, and for Chinese memes, on the contrary, with a longer scanning path, which suggests the existence of an optimal visual scanning method for the culture-specific graphic structure of a meme. Conclusions. The results showed that ethnocultural features are manifested both at the level of constructing memes and at the level of their perception and cognitive processing by respondents. The conflict of perception manifests itself in the impossibility to interpret ethnocultural references, which leads to a misunderstanding of the meaning and is reflected in the parameters of the respondents’ oculomotor activity.

The Neuropedagogical Aspects of Mental and Cognitive Activity in Younger School-Age Children

This article discusses theoretical angles of investigating the psychological development of younger school-age children and the examination of cognitive processes, due to the fact that each age group is associated with its own predominant activity. The leading activity is distinguished by the formation and alteration of other forms of activity, the restructuring of fundamental cognitive processes and personality development. It might not consume all of a child’s spare time, but it does affect his/her growth during that age. Engaging in learning activities is of paramount importance for young learners. Firstly, it establishes essential relationships between the child and society. Secondly, it serves as the groundwork for developing core personality traits and certain cognitive processes of younger school-age children. The level of success that students in this group attain will significantly determine their well-being and standing in the class. Ukrainian research has outlined various learning challenges commonly experienced by younger school-age children and the psychological factors behind them. Accordingly, learning challenges can be attributed to a lack of attention, inadequate short-term and long-term memory, visual reasoning, mental processes and general intelligence. However, not only children with learning difficulties require an individual approach. Considering the distinct cognitive mental processes of younger school-age children, teachers can create the most favourable conditions for their learning and growth. Therefore, this article aims to study the characteristics of cognitive mental processes in younger school-age children.

Age differences in interbrain synchronization during peer cooperation: an EEG hyperscanning study.

Healthy peer relationships could provide emotional and social support for adolescents experiencing dramatic physical and environmental changes. Examining age differences in cognitive neural processing during peer interaction provides insight into adolescent interpersonal contact and "social brain" development. The present study compared the age differences between adolescents and adults by examining the behavior and interbrain synchronization of pairs in a cooperative computer game task. 32 pairs of adolescents and 31 pairs of adults were recruited as participants. The reaction times and interbrain synchronization of the participants were measured. The results revealed that interbrain synchronization activation following the onset of the "ready signal" was primarily detected in low-frequency bands such as delta and theta. Adolescent pairs' interbrain synchronization activations were significantly higher than those of adult pairs in the anterior and central brain regions, such as the frontal, frontal-central, and parietal lobes. Correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation between occipital region interbrain synchronization and behavioral performance. The findings provide behavioral and neurophysiological evidence for the characteristics of adolescent interpersonal cognitive processing and point to the significance of low-frequency interbrain synchronization in interpersonal coordination.

Analyses of response time data in the same–different task.

The Same-Different task presents two stimuli in close succession and participants must indicate whether they are completely identical or if there are any attributes that differ. While the task is simple, its results have proven difficult to explain. Notably, response times are characterized by a fast-same effect whereby Same responses are faster than Different responses even though identical stimuli should be exhaustively processed to be accurate. Herein, we examine a little more than a quarter million response times (N = 255,744) obtained from 327 participants who participated in one of 14 variants of the task involving minor changes in the stimuli or their durations. We performed distribution fitting and analyzed estimated parameters stemming from the ex-Gaussian, lognormal, and Weibull distributions to infer the cognitive processing characteristics underlying this task. The results exclude serial processing of the stimuli and do not support dual-route processing. The fast-same effect appears only through a shift of the entire response time distributions, a feature impossible to detect solely with mean response time analyses. An attention-modulated process driven by entropy may be the most adequate model of the fast-same effect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Synesthesia has specific cognitive processing during Go/No-go paradigms

Grapheme-color synesthesia is a consistent and automatic perception of non-physical color when presented with a grapheme. Many previous studies focused on the synesthetic visual system, but other cognitive functions in grapheme-color synesthetes have remained unclear. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the characteristics of cognitive processing for motor execution and inhibition during Go/No-go paradigms in grapheme-color synesthesia using event-related potentials (ERPs). Six grapheme-color synesthetes and 24 non-synesthetes performed visual, auditory, and somatosensory Go/No-go paradigms. Omission errors were higher in grapheme-color synesthetes than non-synesthetes. Group-trial interactions (i.e., synesthetes–non-synesthetes × Go–No-go) were observed for the latency of the visual N2 component and amplitude of the somatosensory N2 component. Latencies of auditory and somatosensory P3 components were shorter in grapheme-color synesthetes than non-synesthetes. These findings suggest that grapheme-color synesthetes have specific cognitive processing in motor execution and inhibition as well as synesthetic color perception. Our data advance understanding of cognitive processing in grapheme-color synesthesia.

ФЕНОМЕНОЛОГИЯ ГЕРМЕНЕВТИЧЕСКОЙ ПРАКТИКИ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

Objective of the study: to consider the phenomenology of hermeneutical practice of pedagogy and modern education. The methodological basis of the research consisted of the fundamental provisions of the philosophical foundations of hermeneutics, the ideas of the phenomenological approach, the idea of the content characteristics of cognitive processes. as well as the essence of understanding in the aspect of understanding the concept of "experience", considered as a factor of subjectivization of pedagogical reality. Research results consist in concretizing the definition of the category «life world» in the context of interpretation; defining hermeneutics and phenomenology by forms of discursive practices in terms of addressing the subject; understanding the experience that determines the completeness of understanding by the form of knowledge; defining the basic ideas of implementing the hermeneutic approach in modern educational practice; defining the characteristics of the technological aspect of phenomenological hermeneutic practice; substantiation of cultural guidelines of hermeneutical practice of pedagogy and modern education by metaprincipes. Prospects of the study are connected with the development and testing of an integrative complex of hermeneutical technologies of divination and the experience of social realization of personality in the existence of culture.

Systems factorial technology provides novel insights into the cognitive processing characteristics of open-skill athletes

Sport expertise has been shown to modulate the cognitive advantage in open-skill athletes, with evidence for a greater advantage for athletes practicing interceptive sports relative to strategic sports. However, this conclusion is solely based on central tendency measures such as accuracy or mean reaction time (RT), dismissing important information embedded in the intra-individual temporal dynamics of cognitive performance. This study aimed to better understand the cognitive advantage associated with open-skill sports, with a non-parametric approach assessing cognitive process at the level of RT distribution (i.e., systems factorial technology, SFT). Twenty-eight interceptive sport athletes, 27 strategic sport athletes, and 26 physically active non-athletes performed a go/nogo version of the redundant target task to assess their processing capacity of simultaneously monitoring multiple information channels. SFT was applied to assess resilience capacity, an estimate of workload capacity underlying inhibitory control. Our findings showed that interceptive sport athletes exhibited shorter mean RT relative to non-athletes selectively in the task condition involving distracting information, while strategic sport athletes showed greater resilience capacity over earlier responses relative to the other groups. These findings suggest that the two types of open-skill sports may be associated with different processing specificity, possibly reflecting the domain-specific rules and requirements.

핵심명사의 통사적 위치가 한국인 학습자의 중국어 주격/목적격 관계절 처리에 미치는 영향

This study examines the acquisition situation of Chinese relative clause phrases by Korean learners through a self-paced reading task. This study aims to analyze three parts. First, The cognitive processing characteristics of Korean learners of different Chinese level groups when they process and comprehend Chinese subjective and objective relative clauses. Second, the effect of the syntactic position of head nouns on the cognitive processing of Chinese subjective and objective relative clauses. Third, the universal applicability of the representative second language relative clause acquisition theory hypothesis. In this study, two-way ANOVA was performed by dividing the within-subject of the experiment into different relative clause syntax types and between-subjects into a high-level group and a low-level group. The results showed that there were some differences between the high-level group and the lower-level group in the processing of Chinese subjective-objective relative clause sentences. These differences appeared in the reaction times of the experiments. The reaction time for each experimental sentence in the low-level group was much longer than that in the high-level group. In addition, the low-level group exhibited cognitive information processing characteristics that were affected by canonical word order, which is “NVN”, and exhibited the “garden path effect” when processing relative clauses. However, the high-level group showed a pattern of processing sentences relying on the “filler-gap dependencies”clue. Therefore it was found that as the learner’s second language level improved, the dependence on syntactic information increased when gradually acquiring procedural knowledge and understanding sentences. In addition, through the analysis of related data, it was found that the low-level group was less affected by the syntactic positional factors of the head noun, and there was no preference between the Chinese subjective relative clause and the objective relative clause. However, the high-level group showed the processing advantage of SRC (subjective relative clause) located in the subject position of the main clause. The results support the “frequency hypothesis”, “word order typicality hypothesis”, “structural distance hypothesis”, and the “integrated competition model,” consistent with the existing second language acquistion theories.

Characteristics of cognitive processes of mentally disabled pupils at primary school as the basis for the implementation of a level-differentiated approach in correctional and pedagogic work

The article presents an analysis of the results of studying the cognitive processes of mentally disabled schoolchildren. Based on this analysis, the levels of formation of cognitive processes are identified and characterised. The basis for determining the levels is the number of fully correctly completed tasks. Mentally retarded children in forms I-V revealed low, below average or average levels of formation of cognitive processes. As general manifestations, difficulties in the logical processing of information and lack of drawing conclusions due to the lack of formation of thinking and mental operations can be noted; difficulties in retaining speech information in memory, as well as a reduced ability to regulate their activity were also evident. The remaining manifestations differ depending on the level of formation of cognitive processes. In this regard, the conditions of correctional and pedagogic work with the mentally disabled in correctional classes and at Maths lessons are highlighted.

Representation of gender-specific vocabulary through sociocultural transformations of linguistic identity

The article reconsiders the sociolinguistic basis of gender-specific vocabulary representation within the context of linguistic identity’s sociocultural transformations. The comprehension of language interaction is postulated as an indispensable precondition for understanding linguistic identity to affect their sociocultural development. It is also connected with the influence of sociocultural transformations on the features of cognitive processes. The study primarily follows selection, descriptive, and synthesis methods. The strategies of gender-specific vocabulary usage as a rate of male and female’s differentiation are essential in the study of linguistic identity. It is important in the sense that the gender category determines the psychological and social development of individuals, especially their verbal behaviour. Gender-specific vocabulary circulation in the context of the evolution of linguistic identity is the result of such sociocultural processes as a focus on gender-sensitive communication patterns, avoidance of language gender imbalance, and social dynamics. Gender-specific vocabulary may serve as a modifier of an individual’s verbal behaviour and speech internalisation processes. Such kinds of lexis may act as tools for constructing the linguistic view of the world and defining the language ontologisation options. In the context of the last years’ social and cultural changes, the development of linguistic identity explicates the idea of verbal behaviour and sociocultural processes’ interdependence. Linguistic identity has been revealed as a representative of identity in general to reflect social and cultural levels of existence which are shown through the language. Keywords: speaker, communication, social parity, verbalisation, gender, behavioural pattern.

The contribution of temporal analysis of pupillometry measurements to cognitive research.

Reaction time (RT) is one of the most frequently used measures to detect cognitive processes. When tasks require more cognitive processes/resources, reaction is slower. However, RTs may provide only restricted information regarding the temporal characteristics of cognitive processes. Pupils respond reflexively to light but also to cognitive activation. The more cognitive resources a task requires, the more the pupil dilates. However, despite being able to use temporal changes in pupil size (advanced devices measure changes in pupil diameter with sampling rates of above 1000 samples per second), most past studies using pupil dilation have not investigated temporal changes in pupil response. In the current paper, we discuss the advantage of the temporal approach to analyze pupil changes compared to a more traditional perspective, specifically, singular value methods such as mean value and peak amplitude value. Using data from two recent studies conducted in our laboratory, we demonstrate the differences in findings arising from the various analyses. In particular, we focus on the advantage of temporal analysis in detecting hidden effects, investigating temporal characterizations of the effects, and validating the experimental manipulation.

People with high empathy show increased cortical activity around the left medial parieto-occipital sulcus after watching social interaction of on-screen characters

People with high empathy interpret others' mental states in daily social interactions. To investigate their characteristics of social cognitive processing, we compared neuromagnetic activities between 20 males with high empathy and 23 males with low empathy while watching social interactions between two characters. Twenty stories of four-panel comic strips were presented; the first three panels described social interactions, and the last panel described empathic/nonempathic behaviors. People with high empathy exhibited increased cortical activity in the right occipital region, medial part of the bilateral superior frontal gyri, and right posterior insula while watching social interaction scenes, which suggests that they paid attention to others' faces and bodies, and inferred others' mental states. They also exhibited increased cortical activity in the left superior frontal gyrus while watching empathic behaviors. Moreover, they exhibited increased cortical activity in the region around the left medial parieto-occipital sulcus, which is related to self-projection, while passively watching both empathic and nonempathic endings. Taken together, these results suggest that people with high empathy pay attention to others and actively infer others' mental states while watching social interactions and that they reconstruct others' mental states and intentions through self-projection after watching a sequence of others' behaviors.

PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR IN PATIENTS WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN RECURRENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

The aim of the study was to determine the characteristics of suicidal behaviour (SB) in patients with cognitive impairment in recurrent depressive disorder (RDD). Materials and methods: The article presents a phenomenological analysis of suicidal behavior in 123 patients with recurrent depressive disorder. The study of cognitive dysfunctions in patients with recurrent depressive disorder included an analysis of the severity of cognitive impairment and the characteristics of cognitive processes, executive functions, and the specifics of social functioning. The study of the features of suicidal behavior included an analysis of the severity of suicidal risk, diagnosis of symptoms, stress level, suicidal behavior in the past, communication capabilities, reactions of significant others, and the severity of autoaggressive predictors. A complex of research methods was used: clinical-psychopathological, psychometrical, psychodiagnostical and statistical. Results: It was determined that patients with recurrent depressive disorder have specific characteristics of suicidal behavior, which included: a moderate to low level of suicidal risk; the severity of symptoms of depression, tension, anxiety, guilt, hopelessness and exhaustion; repeated visits to doctors for help; presence and recurrence of stress factors; anamnestic burden; violation of communications; the presence of autoaggressive predictors. Conclusions: It was found that a weak level of cognitive deficit, a tendency to catastrophisation and self-blame, low switchability and increased focus on negative stimuli in patients with recurrent depressive disorder was associated with a high risk of their suicidal behavior.

Revisie in vertaling: wanneer en wat

Translators often go through their texts several times before considering their translations ‘done’. In most translation process research the different runs through the text after producing a draft version of the translation are considered as a single revision stage of the translation process. If, however, the factor time is taken into account, it might be expected that the revision activities a translator performs differ in nature and function depending on the moment where they occur during the translation process. The present article is a search for describing and understanding revision processes based on this view. Revision activities in the think-aloud protocols of five translators are analysed with regard to cognitive context and text processing characteristics. Results show that there is little evidence that revision activities vary during the translation process. Revision activities seem to occur at random throughout the translation process and appear to be triggered locally.

The Neural Correlates of Effortful Cognitive Processing Deficits in Schizophrenia: An ERP Study.

Background: Individuals’ information processing includes automatic and effortful processes and the latter require sustained concentration or attention and larger amounts of cognitive “capacity.” Event-related potentials (ERPs) reflect all neural activities that are related to a certain stimulus. Investigating ERP characteristics of effortful cognitive processing in people with schizophrenia would be helpful in further understanding the neural mechanism of schizophrenia.Methods: Both schizophrenia patients (SCZ, n = 33) and health controls (HC, n = 33) completed ERP measurements during the performance of the basic facial emotion identification test (BFEIT) and the face-vignette task (FVT). Data of ERP components (N100, P200, and N250), BFEIT and FVT performances were analyzed.Results: Schizophrenia patients’ accuracies of face emotion detection in the BFEIT and vignette emotion detection in the FVT were both significantly worse than the performance of the HC group. Repeated-measures ANOVAs performed on mean amplitudes and latencies revealed that the interaction effect for group × experiment × site (prefrontal, frontal, central, parietal, and occipital site) was significant for N250 amplitude. In FVT experiment, N250 amplitudes at prefrontal and frontal sites in schizophrenia group were larger than those of HC group; the maximum N250 amplitude was present at the prefrontal site in both the groups. For N250 latency, the interaction effect for group × experiment was significant; N250 latencies in the schizophrenia group were longer than those of the HC group.Conclusion: Schizophrenia patients present effortful cognitive processing dysfunctions which reflect in abnormal ERP components, especially N250 at prefrontal cortex and frontal cortex sites. These findings have important implications for further clarifying the neural mechanism of effortful cognitive processing deficits in schizophrenia.

The learning process simulation based on differential equations of fractional orders

This article is an integrated study conducted to develop a learning model which would make it possible to identify the students’ changes of knowledge, abilities and skills acquisition over time as well as the formation of special features of their individual background. Authors have justified the application of the cybernetic model based on fractional equations for the description and evaluation of the student’s learning process. Learning is dealt as a transformation of young people’s knowledge, abilities and skills into a complex background, which envisages its implementation in the future professional activity. The advantage of the suggested model is better approximation characteristics which allow the consideration of a wide range of factors affecting the learning process including the youth’s neurodynamic and psychological nature. The research has employed both mathematical modeling methods and psychodiagnostic techniques (surveys, questionnaires). As a result of the findings, students who assimilate the content of teaching information and form personal experience in different ways have compiled different groups; the learning curve constructed on the basis of the heterogeneous differential equation of second order with integer powers has been compared with the set of models with equations of fractional order of aperiodic and fractional power components. The prospect of the issue to explore is the improvement of the suggested model considering special characteristics of cognitive processes aimed at the formation of an individual path of the student’s learning.

Does the type of mind wandering matter? Extending the inquiry about the role of mind wandering in the IT use experience

PurposeThis study sought to distinguish characteristics of cognitive processes while using information technology. In particular, it identifies similarities and differences between mind wandering and cognitive absorption in technology-related settings in an effort to develop a deeper understanding of the role that mind wandering plays when using information technology.Design/methodology/approachData was gathered using an online survey including responses from 619 English-speaking adults in 2019. We applied a confirmatory factor analysis and used a robust variant of maximum likelihood estimator with robust standard errors and a Satorra–Bentler scaled test statistic. The data analysis procedure was conducted with the R environment using the psych package for descriptive analysis, and lavaan to investigate the factorial structure and the underlying correlations.FindingsWe discuss the benefits of carefully differentiating between cognitive processes in Information Systems research and depict avenues how future research can address current shortcomings with a careful investigation of neurophysiological antecedents.Originality/valueTo date, mind wandering has been explored as a single phenomenon, though research in reference disciplines has begun to distinguish varieties and how they distinctly impact behavior. We demonstrate that this distinction is also important for our discipline by showing how two specific types of mind wandering (i.e. deliberate and spontaneous mind wandering) are differently correlated with sub-dimensions of cognitive absorption, a well-studied construct.