Feature Optimization Techniques Research Articles

A weighted prior tensor train decomposition method for community detection in multi-layer networks

Community detection in multi-layer networks stands as a prominent subject within network analysis research. However, the majority of existing techniques for identifying communities encounter two primary constraints: they lack suitability for high-dimensional data within multi-layer networks and fail to fully leverage additional auxiliary information among communities to enhance detection accuracy. To address these limitations, a novel approach named weighted prior tensor training decomposition (WPTTD) is proposed for multi-layer network community detection. Specifically, the WPTTD method harnesses the tensor feature optimization techniques to effectively manage high-dimensional data in multi-layer networks. Additionally, it employs a weighted flattened network to construct prior information for each dimension of the multi-layer network, thereby continuously exploring inter-community connections. To preserve the cohesive structure of communities and to harness comprehensive information within the multi-layer network for more effective community detection, the common community manifold learning (CCML) is integrated into the WPTTD framework for enhancing the performance. Experimental evaluations conducted on both artificial and real-world networks have verified that this algorithm outperforms several mainstream multi-layer network community detection algorithms.

Paddy insect identification using deep features with lion optimization algorithm

Pests are a significant challenge in paddy cultivation, resulting in a global loss of approximately 20 % of rice yield. Early detection of paddy insects can help to save these potential losses. Several ways have been suggested for identifying and categorizing insects in paddy fields, employing a range of advanced, noninvasive, and portable technologies. However, none of these systems have successfully incorporated feature optimization techniques with Deep Learning and Machine Learning. Hence, the current research provided a framework utilizing these techniques to detect and categorize images of paddy insects promptly. Initially, the suggested research will gather the image dataset and categorize it into two groups: one without paddy insects and the other with paddy insects. Furthermore, various pre-processing techniques, such as augmentation and image filtering, will be applied to enhance the quality of the dataset and eliminate any unwanted noise. To determine and analyze the deep characteristics of an image, the suggested architecture will incorporate 5 pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network models. Following that, feature selection techniques, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and an optimization algorithm called Lion Optimization, were utilized in order to further reduce the redundant number of features that were collected for the study. Subsequently, the process of identifying the paddy insects will be carried out by employing 7 ML algorithms. Finally, a set of experimental data analysis has been conducted to achieve the objectives, and the proposed approach demonstrates that the extracted feature vectors of ResNet50 with Logistic Regression and PCA have achieved the highest accuracy, precisely 99.28 %. However, the present idea will significantly impact how paddy insects are diagnosed in the field.

Enhancing Speaker Recognition Models with Noise-Resilient Feature Optimization Strategies

This paper delves into an in-depth exploration of speaker recognition methodologies, with a primary focus on three pivotal approaches: feature-level fusion, dimension reduction employing principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA), and feature optimization through a genetic algorithm (GA) and the marine predator algorithm (MPA). This study conducts comprehensive experiments across diverse speech datasets characterized by varying noise levels and speaker counts. Impressively, the research yields exceptional results across different datasets and classifiers. For instance, on the TIMIT babble noise dataset (120 speakers), feature fusion achieves a remarkable speaker identification accuracy of 92.7%, while various feature optimization techniques combined with K nearest neighbor (KNN) and linear discriminant (LD) classifiers result in a speaker verification equal error rate (SV EER) of 0.7%. Notably, this study achieves a speaker identification accuracy of 93.5% and SV EER of 0.13% on the TIMIT babble noise dataset (630 speakers) using a KNN classifier with feature optimization. On the TIMIT white noise dataset (120 and 630 speakers), speaker identification accuracies of 93.3% and 83.5%, along with SV EER values of 0.58% and 0.13%, respectively, were attained utilizing PCA dimension reduction and feature optimization techniques (PCA-MPA) with KNN classifiers. Furthermore, on the voxceleb1 dataset, PCA-MPA feature optimization with KNN classifiers achieves a speaker identification accuracy of 95.2% and an SV EER of 1.8%. These findings underscore the significant enhancement in computational speed and speaker recognition performance facilitated by feature optimization strategies.

Analysis of Hybrid Feature Optimization Techniques Based on the Classification Accuracy of Brain Tumor Regions Using Machine Learning and Further Evaluation Based on the Institute Test Data.

The goal of this study was to get optimal brain tumor features from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images and classify them based on the three groups of the tumor region: Peritumoral edema, enhancing-core, and necrotic tumor core, using machine learning classification models. This study's dataset was obtained from the multimodal brain tumor segmentation challenge. A total of 599 brain MRI studies were employed, all in neuroimaging informatics technology initiative format. The dataset was divided into training, validation, and testing subsets online test dataset (OTD). The dataset includes four types of MRI series, which were combined together and processed for intensity normalization using contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization methodology. To extract radiomics features, a python-based library called pyRadiomics was employed. Particle-swarm optimization (PSO) with varying inertia weights was used for feature optimization. Inertia weight with a linearly decreasing strategy (W1), inertia weight with a nonlinear coefficient decreasing strategy (W2), and inertia weight with a logarithmic strategy (W3) were different strategies used to vary the inertia weight for feature optimization in PSO. These selected features were further optimized using the principal component analysis (PCA) method to further reducing the dimensionality and removing the noise and improve the performance and efficiency of subsequent algorithms. Support vector machine (SVM), light gradient boosting (LGB), and extreme gradient boosting (XGB) machine learning classification algorithms were utilized for the classification of images into different tumor regions using optimized features. The proposed method was also tested on institute test data (ITD) for a total of 30 patient images. For OTD test dataset, the classification accuracy of SVM was 0.989, for the LGB model (LGBM) was 0.992, and for the XGB model (XGBM) was 0.994, using the varying inertia weight-PSO optimization method and the classification accuracy of SVM was 0.996 for the LGBM was 0.998, and for the XGBM was 0.994, using PSO and PCA-a hybrid optimization technique. For ITD test dataset, the classification accuracy of SVM was 0.994 for the LGBM was 0.993, and for the XGBM was 0.997, using the hybrid optimization technique. The results suggest that the proposed method can be used to classify a brain tumor as used in this study to classify the tumor region into three groups: Peritumoral edema, enhancing-core, and necrotic tumor core. This was done by extracting the different features of the tumor, such as its shape, grey level, gray-level co-occurrence matrix, etc., and then choosing the best features using hybrid optimal feature selection techniques. This was done without much human expertise and in much less time than it would take a person.

Detection of Prostate Cancer using Ensemble based Bi-directional Long Short Term Memory Network

Aim and Background: In recent periods, micro-array data analysis using soft computing and machine learning techniques gained more interest among researchers to detect prostate cancer. Due to the small sample size of micro-array data with a larger number of attributes, traditional machine learning techniques face difficulty detecting prostate cancer. Methodology: The selection of relevant genes exploits useful information about micro-array data, which enhances the accuracy of detection. In this research, the samples are acquired from the gene expression omnibus database, particularly related to the prostate cancer GEO IDs such as GSE 21034, GSE 15484 and GSE 3325/GSE 3998. In addition, ensemble feature optimization technique and Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) network are employed for detecting prostate cancer from the microarray data of gene expression. Results: The ensemble feature optimization technique includes 4 metaheuristic optimizers that select the top 2000 genes from each GEO IDs, which are relevant to prostate cancer. Next, the selected genes are given to the Bi-LSTM network for classifying the normal and prostate cancer subjects. Conclusion: The simulation analysis revealed that the ensemble based Bi-LSTM network obtained 99.13%, 98.97%, and 94.12% of accuracy on the GEO IDs like GSE 3325/GSE 3998, GSE 21034, and GSE 15484.

Ensemble classification of integrated CT scan datasets in detecting COVID-19 using feature fusion from contourlet transform and CNN

The COVID-19 disease caused by coronavirus is constantly changing due to the emergence of different variants and thousands of people are dying every day worldwide. Early detection of this new form of pulmonary disease can reduce the mortality rate. In this paper, an automated method based on machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) has been developed to detect COVID-19 using computed tomography (CT) scan images extracted from three publicly available datasets (A total of 11,407 images; 7397 COVID-19 images and 4010 normal images). An unsupervised clustering approach that is a modified region-based clustering technique for segmenting COVID-19 CT scan image has been proposed. Furthermore, contourlet transform and convolution neural network (CNN) have been employed to extract features individually from the segmented CT scan images and to fuse them in one feature vector. Binary differential evolution (BDE) approach has been employed as a feature optimization technique to obtain comprehensible features from the fused feature vector. Finally, a ML/DL-based ensemble classifier considering bagging technique has been employed to detect COVID-19 from the CT images. A fivefold and generalization cross-validation techniques have been used for the validation purpose. Classification experiments have also been conducted with several pre-trained models (AlexNet, ResNet50, GoogleNet, VGG16, VGG19) and found that the ensemble classifier technique with fused feature has provided state-of-the-art performance with an accuracy of 99.98%.

Feature selection in P2P lending based on hybrid genetic algorithm with machine learning

The emergence of online lending services such as peer-to-peer (P2P) lending has simplified transactions for lenders, eliminating the need for traditional bank intermediaries. However, accurately predicting potential lender defaults is a critical challenge in preventing financial distress, as lenders bear the burden of default risk. This challenge becomes even more complicate with P2P lending datasets that feature a multitude of complex attributes. To improve predictive accuracy, the study focuses on optimizing feature selection in this data-rich environment. Its main objective is to identify the most influential features for predicting default risk among P2P lenders through feature optimization techniques, leveraging the Genetic Algorithm (GA) in conjunction with ten different Machine Learning models. The study employed a hybrid approach of GA with three mutation rate levels, basic (MR=0), moderate (MR=0.5), and extreme (MR=1), to provide insights into model responsiveness and performance under various mutation scenarios. Notably, the results highlight GA+XGBoost as the best-performing model with a stable fitness score of 86.132% compared to others. This research holds significant potential for improving lender risk management in the P2P lending landscape by effectively identifying higher risk lenders. Ultimately, the findings contribute positively to the mitigation of financial risks for lenders within the P2P lending ecosystem.

Feature importance in the age of explainable AI: Case study of detecting fake news & misinformation via a multi-modal framework

In recent years, fake news has become a global phenomenon due to its explosive growth and ability to leverage multimedia content to manipulate user opinions. Fake news is created by manipulating images, text, audio, and videos, particularly on social media, and the proliferation of such disinformation can trigger detrimental societal effects. False forwarded messages can have a devastating impact on society, spreading propaganda, inciting violence, manipulating public opinion, and even influencing elections. A major shortcoming of existing fake news detection methods is their inability to simultaneously learn and extract features from two modalities and train models with shared representations of multimodal (textual and visual) information. Feature engineering is a critical task in the fake news detection model's machine learning (ML) development process. For ML models to be explainable and trusted, feature engineering should describe how many features used in the ML models contribute to making more accurate predictions. Feature engineering, which plays an important role in the development of an explainable AI system by shaping the features used in the ML models, is an interconnected concept with explainable AI as it affects the model's interpretability. In the research, we develop a fake news detector model in which we (1) identify several textual and visual features that are associated with fake or credible news; specifically, we extract features from article titles, contents, and, top images; (2) investigate the role of all multimodal features (content, emotions and manipulation-based) and combine the cumulative effects using the feature engineering that represent the behavior of fake news propagators; and (3) develop a model to detect disinformation on benchmark multimodal datasets consisting of text and images. We conduct experiments on several real-world multimodal fake news datasets, and our results show that on average, our model outperforms existing single-modality methods by large margins that do not use any feature optimization techniques.

A New Sentiment and Fuzzy Aware Product Recommendation System Using Weighted Aquila Optimization and GRNN in e-Commerce

Customer reviews are playing an important role in e-commerce for increasing sales by knowing the customer’s purchase pattern and expectations. The reviews that are collected after completing their purchase reflect the quality and services in e-commerce. The user’s reviews are characterized and categorized through sentiment and semantic analysis. Moreover, the sentiment and semantic classification processes are also performed to predict the user’s purchase patterns and liked products. However, the available classification is not able to predict the user’s purchase patterns. In this paper, we propose a new Product Recommendation System (PRS) to predict the appropriate product for users based on their purchase behavior and pattern. The proposed recommendation system incorporates the standard data preprocessing tasks like tokenization process, Parts of Speech (PoS) tagging process, and parsing, a new sentiment and semantic score calculation procedure, and a new feature optimization technique called the Weighted Aquila Optimization Method (WAOM). Moreover, the sentiment and semantic classification processes are performed by applying a General Regression Neural Network with the incorporation of fuzzy temporal features (FTGRNN) and obtaining better classification results. The newly developed PRS is evaluated by conducting experiments in this work and also proved as superior than other systems available in this direction in terms of prediction accuracy, precision, recall, serendipity and nDCG.

Epileptic Seizure Classification and Feature Optimization Technique Using Grey Wolf Algorithm on Dynamic Datasets

Epileptic Seizure Classification and Feature Optimization Technique Using Grey Wolf Algorithm on Dynamic Datasets

An IoT and Fuzzy aware e-Healthcare system using feature optimization tuned T-CNN with high dimensional data

Many real-time applications, including some emerging ones, rely on high-dimensional feature datasets. For simplifying the high-dimensional data, the various models are available by using the different feature optimization techniques, clustering and classification techniques. Even though the high-dimensional data is not handled effectively due to the increase in the number of features and the huge volume of data availability. In particular, the high-dimensional medical data needs to be handled effectively to predict diseases quickly. For this purpose, we propose a new Internet of Things and Fuzzy-aware e-healthcare system for predicting various diseases such as heart, diabetes, and cancer diseases effectively. The proposed system uses a newly proposed Intelligent Mahalanobis distance aware Fuzzy Weighted K-Means Clustering Algorithm (IMFWKCA) for grouping the high dimensional data and also applies a newly proposed Moth-Flame Optimization Tuned Temporal Convolutional Neural Network (MFO-TCNN) for predicting the diseases effectively. The experiments have been done by using the UCI Repository Machine Learning datasets and live streaming patient records for evaluating the proposed e-healthcare system and have proved as better than others by achieving better performance in terms of precision, recall, f-measure, and prediction accuracy.

Machine learning-based diagnosis of breast cancer utilizing feature optimization technique

Breast cancer disease is recognized as one of the leading causes of death in women worldwide after lung cancer. Breast cancer refers to a malignant neoplasm that develops from breast cells. Developed and less developed countries both are suffering from this extensive cancer. This cancer can be recuperated if it is detected at an early stage. Many researchers have proposed several machine learning techniques to predict breast cancer with the highest accuracy in the past years. In this research work, the Wisconsin Breast Cancer Dataset (WBCD) has been used as a training set from the UCI machine learning repository to compare the performance of the various machine learning techniques. Different kinds of machine learning classifiers such as support vector machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), K-nearest neighbors(K-NN), Decision tree (DT), Naïve Bayes (NB), Logistic Regression (LR), AdaBoost (AB), Gradient Boosting (GB), Multi-layer perceptron (MLP), Nearest Cluster Classifier (NCC), and voting classifier (VC) have been used for comparing and analyzing breast cancer into benign and malignant tumors. Various matrices such as error rate, Accuracy, Precision, F1-score, and recall have been implemented to measure the model's performance. Each Algorithm's accuracy has been ascertained for finding the best suitable one. Based on the analysis, the result shows that the Voting classifier has the highest accuracy, which is 98.77%, with the lowest error rate. Finally, a web page is developed using a flask micro-framework integrating the best model using react.

An Adaptive Technique for Underwater Image Enhancement with CNN and Ensemble Classifier

Image Restoration is a significant phase to process images for their enhancement. Underwater photographs are subject to quality issues such as blurry photos, poor contrast, uneven lighting, etc. Image processing is crucial in the processing of these degraded images. This research introduced an ensemble-based classifier based on the bagging approach to enhance UW images. The support vector machine and random forest classifiers serve as the ensemble classifier's main classifiers. Additionally, to complement the feature optimization technique, the proposed ensemble classifier leverages particle swarm optimization. The feature selection method for the classifier is improved by the feature optimization process. To validate results, underwater images are collected by the Kaggle repository. In this process, Extreme Learning (EL) and Convolution Neural Network (CNN) are compared with suggested algorithms. The simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm outperformed the existing work.

Optimization of HD-sEMG-Based Cross-Day Hand Gesture Classification by Optimal Feature Extraction and Data Augmentation

Human–machine interaction requires accurate recognition of human intentions (e.g., via hand gestures). Here, we assessed the cross-day robustness of widely used hand gesture classification techniques applied to high-density surface electromyogram (HD-sEMG) signals (256 channels). Our evaluation covered techniques in each stage of the classification framework: first, 50 temporal-spectral-spatial domain features, second, 15 feature optimization techniques, and third, seven classifiers. Moreover, although HD-sEMG provides sufficient neuromuscular information, some of the channels may present low signal-to-noise ratio and should therefore be treated as outliers. Accordingly, we performed our evaluation with, first, all outlier channels retained, and second, removal of the features corresponding to poor-quality channels and substitution with interpolated values from neighbor channels. The impact of sliding window and data augmentation was also investigated. We examined the results on a 35-gesture classification task using HD-sEMG acquired from 20 subjects on two sessions in separate days. The results showed that interpolation of features from outlier channels significantly improved the performance in most cases. Use of a sliding window and of data augmentation contributed to a higher classification accuracy. For the classification of 11 selected gestures of common daily use, the support vector machine classifier achieved the highest classification accuracy of 91.9% in a cross-day validation protocol using an optimal combination of 13 features (each extracted from sliding windows), feature optimization by linear discriminant analysis, and data augmentation. Our work can serve as a technique-screening tool on cross-day applications of human–machine interactions.

Occupational Injury Risk Mitigation: Machine Learning Approach and Feature Optimization for Smart Workplace Surveillance.

Forecasting the severity of occupational injuries shall be all industries' top priority. The use of machine learning is theoretically valuable to assist the predictive analysis, thus, this study attempts to propose a feature-optimized predictive model for anticipating occupational injury severity. A public database of 66,405 occupational injury records from OSHA is analyzed using five sets of machine learning models: Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbors, Naïve Bayes, Decision Tree, and Random Forest. For model comparison, Random Forest outperformed other models with higher accuracy and F1-score. Therefore, it highlighted the potential of ensemble learning as a more accurate prediction model in the field of occupational injury. In constructing the model, this study also proposed the feature optimization technique that revealed the three most important features; 'nature of injury', 'type of event', and 'affected body part' in developing model. The accuracy of the Random Forest model was improved by 0.5% or 0.895 and 0.954 for the prediction of hospitalization and amputation, respectively by redeveloping and optimizing the model with hyperparameter tuning. The feature optimization is essential in providing insight knowledge to the Safety and Health Practitioners for future injury corrective and preventive strategies. This study has shown promising potential for smart workplace surveillance.

A Review on Speech Emotion Recognition Using Machine Learning

This paper focuses on the development of a robust speech emotion recognition system using a combination of different speech features with feature optimization techniques and speech de-noising technique to acquire improved emotion classification accuracy, decreasing the system complexity and obtain noise robustness. Additionally, we create original methods for SER to merge features. We employ feature optimization methods that are based on the feature transformation and feature selection machine learning techniques in order to build SER. The following is a list of the upcoming events. A neural network can use either of these two techniques. As more feelings are taken into account, the feature fusion-acquired SER accuracy falls short of expectations, and the plague of dimensionality starts to spread due to the addition of speech features, which makes the SER system work harder to complete its task. This is due to the SER system becoming more complicated when voice elements are added. Therefore, it is crucial to create a SER system that is more trustworthy, has the most practical features, and uses the least amount of computing power possible. By using strategies that maximize current features, it is possible to streamline the feature selection process by reducing the total number of accessible choices to a more reasonable level. This piece employs a method known as Semi-Non Negative Matrix Factorization to lessen the amount of processing trash that the SER system generates. (Semi-NMF). This approach can be used to change traits that are capable of learning on their own.

Analysis of the performance of feature optimization techniques for the diagnosis of machine learning-based chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) slowly decreases one’s kidney ability. A machine learning (ML) based early CKD diagnosis scheme can be an effective solution to reduce this harm. The efficiency of ML techniques depends on the selection and use of the appropriate features. Hence, this research analysis several feature optimization approaches along with a max voting ensemble model to establish a highly accurate CKD diagnosis system by using an appropriate feature set. The ensemble model of this research is structured with five existing classifiers. Three types of feature optimization namely feature importance, feature reduction, and feature selection where for each approach two most proficient techniques are analyzed with the mentioned ensemble model. Based on all analysis the research gets a feature optimization technique called Linear discriminant analysis belonging to the feature selection approach provides the most outstanding result of 99.5% accuracy by using 10-fold cross-validation. The results of this research indicate the efficiency of feature optimization for the diagnosis of ML-based CKD.

Automatic Upper-Limb Brunnstrom Recovery Stage Evaluation via Daily Activity Monitoring

Motor function assessment is crucial for post-stroke rehabilitation. Conventional evaluation methods are subjective, heavily depending on the experience of therapists. In light of the strong correlation between the stroke severity level and the performance of activities of daily living (ADLs), we explored the possibility of automatically evaluating the upper-limb Brunnstrom Recovery Stage (BRS) via three typical ADLs (tooth brushing, face washing and drinking). Multimodal data (acceleration, angular velocity, surface electromyography) were synchronously collected from 5 upper-limb-worn sensor modules. The performance of BRS evaluation system is known to be variable with different system parameters (e.g., number of sensor modules, feature types and classifiers). We systematically searched for the optimal parameters from different data segmentation strategies (five window lengths and four overlaps), 42 types of features, 12 feature optimization techniques and 9 classifiers with the leave-one-subject-out cross-validation. To achieve reliable and low-cost monitoring, we further explored whether it was possible to obtain a satisfactory result using a relatively small number of sensor modules. As a result, the proposed approach can correctly recognize the stages of all 27 participants using only three sensor modules with the optimized data segmentation parameters (window length: 7s, overlap: 50%), extracted features (simple square integral, slope sign change, modified mean absolute value 1 and modified mean absolute value 2), the feature optimization method (principal component analysis) and the logistic regression classifier. According to the literature, this is the first study to comprehensively optimize sensor configuration and parameters in each stage of the BRS classification framework. The proposed approach can serve as a factor-screening tool towards the automatic BRS classification and is promising to be further used at home.

User-Tailored Hand Gesture Recognition System for Wearable Prosthesis and Armband Based on Surface Electromyogram

Surface electromyogram (sEMG) based hand gesture recognition for prosthesis or armband is an important application of the human-machine interface. However, the measurement location of sensors greatly influences the hand gesture performance, especially with the inter-day or inter-subject validation protocols. Therefore, we acquired two-day hand gesture data of 41 subjects with a 256 (16×16) channel high-density sEMG electrode array. With the acquired data, we initially compared the support vector machine (SVM) and other four state-of-art classifiers under three validation protocols, i.e., intra-day, inter-day and inter-subject validation protocols. Then, we screened 14 feature optimization techniques, including 5 feature-projection methods and 9 feature-ranking approaches. To present the accuracy tendency with varying measure locations, we systematically explored the 10-hand gesture performance using data of 16 prosthesis measurement locations (PMLs) and 15 armband measurement locations (AMLs). As a result, the SVM classifier was suitable for the intra-day and inter-day validation protocols and the 2-dimensional convolutional neural network was selected for the inter-subject validation protocol. The mean accuracies of the hand gesture classification ranged from 95.68% to 99.12% (intra-day validation), from 68.41% to 88.02% (inter-day validation) and from 63.39% to 86.33% (inter-subject validation) for the prosthesis application. In addition, for the armband application, the mean accuracies ranged from 96.25% to 97.43% (intra-day validation), from 67.44% to 75.83% (inter-day validation) and from 65.53% to 75.40% (inter-subject validation). The accuracy is greatly correlated with the measurement location, which is highly associated with the neuromuscular structures of human bodies. In summary, our work can serve as a factor-screening tool for users customizing their systems according to their physical conditions and requirements.

Coronary Artery Disease Classification Using Deep Neural Network and Ensemble Models Optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization

Nowadays, many people are suffering from several health related issues in which Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is an important one. Identification, prevention and diagnosis of diseases is a very challenging task in the field of medical science. This paper proposes a new feature optimization technique known as PSO-Ensemble1 to reduce the number of features from CAD datasets. The proposed model is based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with Ensemble1 classifier as the objective function and is compared with other optimization techniques like PSO-CFSE and PSO-J48 with two benchmark CAD datasets. The main objective of this research work is to classify CAD with the proposed PSO-Ensemble1 model using the Ensemble Technique.