Feasibility Of Biodiesel Production Research Articles

Comparison between Water Hyacinth and Waste Cooking Oils as Source of Biofuel Production

The problem of fossil fuel increases by time around the world, Biodiesel is an environmentally friend renewable diesel fuel alternative. The present work aims to determine the possibility for biofuel production from non-edible plant (Water hyacinth) and waste cooking oils in addition to potential uses as source for glycerol, pigments and antioxidant compound sources. this study aimed to investigate the feasibility of biodiesel production from water hyacinth using two solvent systems (chloroform: methanol, 2:1v/v and Hexane), Moreover, WCO applying one steps alkaline transesterification process using methanol, NaOH (0.25) and KOH (0.25, 0.5 and 1g) as a catalyst and hot distilled water for purification. both produced biodiesel (from Eichhornia and WCO) was characterized using FTIR and some chemical constant such as IV, SV and AV. The highest biodiesel produced from Eichhornia recorded with chloroform: methanol system when compared with Hexane. However, the highest biodiesel produced from WCO was recorded when using KOH (0.25g). Also, the obtained results reported the possibility for use glycerol produced from the both biofuel sources in body butter (makhmaria) production, Authors concluded that, the produced biodiesel from both sources was within the recommended standards of biodiesel fuel. Also, water hyacinth became useful in antioxidant compounds production, the contained pigments may be used as natural coloring substances in different fields.

Study of the Feasibility of Biodiesel Production, from Vegetable Oils and Catalysts of Seafood Residues, in a Batch Hydrogenation Reaction Unit, Assisted by Microwave and Conventional Heating

In this work, it was proposed to study the feasibility of biodiesel production, from residues of vegetable oils used in domestic activities, employing (CaCO3) shells prepared like calcium oxide (CaO) as catalysts, in a batch reaction unit, on bench scale, installed at IPEN-CNEN/SP. This unit is capable of operating with high pressure hydrogen gas (up to 200bar) and high temperature (up to 500°C, using microwave - MW (2.450MHz, with up to 2kW continuous and 8kW pulsed) and conventional heating – (electric) MC. In the tests, the oil load (mL), type and mass of catalyst, with or without hydrogen gas pressure (bar), temperature (°C), reaction time (h), microwave power (W), the speed of the load (rpm) agitation and the conventional heating were evaluated. The analytical determinations of the samples were carried out by means of density, gas chromatography (GC) and X-ray fluorescence. Data were collected in order to be compared with other methodologies, already used in the literature. The purpose of this work was to analyze the efficiency of the use of these types of catalysts and oils in the production of biodiesel, as an alternative technology. The Ca and CaO contents found in the pink shell, before and after the calcination, were 36.2% and 98.8%, respectively. The best result obtained for the density was 0.875182g/cm3, for the test with 4g of calcined shell catalyst and reaction of 1h. As to the methyl ester content, the highest result was 95.33%, in a test with 4g of catalyst and reaction of 3h. In the non-calcined shell test (22.5g), although the amount of mass used was much larger (5% of the oil mass), the ester content was very low, 2.11%.

Feasibility of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: lab-scale to pilot-scale analysis.

In the last few decades, consciousness of fossil fuel resources and increased environmental concerns have given the need for emergence of alternative fuel. Biodiesel is one of the potential renewable energies produced from edible and non-edible biomass which could be a potential alternative for petrol-derived diesel. In this work, initially the process of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using potassium hydroxide as catalyst and the process parameters were studied in laboratory. The maximum biodiesel yield of 97% was attained at 75 °C with 1 wt% catalyst concentration and oil-methanol molar ratio of 1:06 at 350 rpm and 90 min. Also, these process conditions were used for biodiesel production in the pilot plant and obtained 97% yield. Overall, mass balance for the pilot plant was studied to analyze the product yield loss. The fatty acid methyl ester formation in the plant was confirmed by characterization with FTIR and 1H NMR. Further, the quality of biodiesel produced was compared for its physiochemical properties with the ASTM standards.

Synthesis of biodiesel from chicken’s skin waste by homogeneous transesterification

ABSTRACTPoultry skin waste is considered to be a promising source of biodiesel. However, this source presents an environmental threat as it is being discharged into landfills without any treatment. We studied the feasibility of biodiesel production from poultry skin waste. Two-step extraction of lipids from chicken’s skin was developed and gave 97.5% yield using the optimum time and temperature. Esterification was then optimised to remove free fatty acids (FFA) where the ideal parameters were 65 °C during 30min with a molar ratio of methanol to oil of (1:3) and 1% of H2SO4. The third step was the transesterification which was performed using 60 °C and 300–600 rpm agitation for 1 h, with 1% basic catalyst and 1:3 (molar ratio) of methanol to oil. The biodiesel (FAME), was characterised using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) followed by chemical and physical analyses such as iodine number, acid number, flash point and cetane number. The total conversion was obtained using above conditions and most of the studied proprieties of produced biodiesel meet the EN14214 standard. This is an extremely encouraging result, offering a good source of biodiesel by valuing poultry skin waste.

Feasibility of biodiesel production and CO2 emission reduction by Monoraphidium dybowskii LB50 under semi-continuous culture with open raceway ponds in the desert area

BackgroundCompared with other general energy crops, microalgae are more compatible with desert conditions. In addition, microalgae cultivated in desert regions can be used to develop biodiesel. Therefore, screening oil-rich microalgae, and researching the algae growth, CO2 fixation and oil yield in desert areas not only effectively utilize the idle desertification lands and other resources, but also reduce CO2 emission.ResultsMonoraphidium dybowskii LB50 can be efficiently cultured in the desert area using light resources, and lipid yield can be effectively improved using two-stage induction and semi-continuous culture modes in open raceway ponds (ORPs). Lipid content (LC) and lipid productivity (LP) were increased by 20% under two-stage industrial salt induction, whereas biomass productivity (BP) increased by 80% to enhance LP under semi-continuous mode in 5 m2 ORPs. After 3 years of operation, M. dybowskii LB50 was successfully and stably cultivated under semi-continuous mode for a month during five cycles of repeated culture in a 200 m2 ORP in the desert area. This culture mode reduced the supply of the original species. The BP and CO2 fixation rate were maintained at 18 and 33 g m−2 day−1, respectively. Moreover, LC decreased only during the fifth cycle of repeated culture. Evaporation occurred at 0.9–1.8 L m−2 day−1, which corresponded to 6.5–13% of evaporation loss rate. Semi-continuous and two-stage salt induction culture modes can reduce energy consumption and increase energy balance through the energy consumption analysis of life cycle.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the feasibility of combining biodiesel production and CO2 fixation using microalgae grown as feedstock under culture modes with ORPs by using the resources in the desert area. The understanding of evaporation loss and the sustainability of semi-continuous culture render this approach practically viable. The novel strategy may be a promising alternative to existing technology for CO2 emission reduction and biofuel production.

Peanut Based Biodiesel Production in Georgia: An Economic Feasibility Study

An increased emphasis on renewable energy in recent years stems from diminishing supplies of fossil fuels. Add to that an ever-increasing global demand for energy and the conditions for a sustained push towards alternative, renewable forms of energy are clearly present. Biodiesel can be regarded as one such source of alternate energy. It is a renewable diesel fuel substitute that can be manufactured from a variety of naturally occurring oils and fats, primarily through the process of trans-esterification. Peanuts constitute one of the main sources of biodiesel. From the national perspective, Georgia is leading state in the country for producing peanuts. It accounts for approximately 45 percent of the crop's national acreage and production. Last year Georgia farmers harvested 755,000 acres of peanuts, for a yield of 2.2 billion pounds (EPA, 2010). Southern Georgia is the most productive region due to its coastal plain region, which runs from Columbus through Macon to Augusta. However, for mainstream adoption of biodiesel to be successful, the economic case for production needs to be examined carefully. This paper analyzes and presents the economic feasibility of biodiesel production, with a focus on southeast Georgia.

Biodiesel production from municipal secondary sludge

In the present study, feasibility of biodiesel production from freeze dried sewage sludge was studied and its yield was enhanced by optimization of the in situ transesterification conditions (temperature, catalyst and concentration of sludge solids). Optimized conditions (45°C, 5% catalyst and 0.16g/mL sludge solids) resulted in a 20.76±0.04% biodiesel yield. The purity of biodiesel was ascertained by GC–MS, FT-IR and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy. The biodiesel profile obtained revealed the predominance of methyl esters of fatty acids such as oleic, palmitic, myristic, stearic, lauric, palmitoleic and linoleic acids indicating potential use of sludge as a biodiesel feedstock.

Economic feasibility of jatropha oil as biodiesel

We studied economic feasibility of biodiesel production from jatropha in current research work. We prepared the biodiesel by process of transesterification of the unfiltered jatropha oil in presence of three percent of KOH catalyst. We added ethanol to oil by 30% volume basis. We kept as reaction temperature at 60 ± 5°C for one hour. The developed batch production unit of 5 litres capacity at Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal was used for biodiesel production from jatropha oil. We obtained 90.20% biodiesel recovery. We calculated the economic feasibility of prepared biodiesel by analysis of economics of jatropha plantation, jatropha oil extraction, jatropha ethyl ester production. We found the cost of oil per kg and JEE production per litre to be 25.34 and 28.64, respectively.

Biomass Productivity and Fatty Acid Composition of Chlorella lobophora V M Andreyeva, a Potential Feed Stock for Biodiesel Production

Green algae represent the fastest producible source of biomass that has diverse uses as biofuel, food, feed-stocks and the like. The biomass is rich in oils, which can be used as biofuel and the cultivation may be used to purify water as well. Productivity and quality of algal biomass depends on species and strains as well as environmental conditions of growth. Therefore, identification of new species and strains as well as standardization of media composition and environmental conditions for optimum yield of specific products, especially oil has a high relevance in algal technological research. In this connection, biomass productivity and oil yield of a local strain of Chlorella lobophora in BBM and modified BBM media are compared. Chemical characterization of the oil and feasibility of biodiesel production from the extracted oil is also assessed. Biomass productivity and the lipid productivity of the alga in both the media are found to be significantly different (P < 0.05). Fatty acid profiling of the oil extracted from the dried algal biomass using GC-MS analysis reveals that Palmitic acid (16:0) and Oleic acid (18:1) are the major fatty acids and nutraceutically important fatty acids are also present. The oil can be effectively transesterified to methyl esters. FTIR spectroscopy confirms the quality of the biodiesel produced. As the potentials of this local algal strain for biomass production and oil yield is confirmed, further standardization of environment conditions for better oil yield and quality biomass production is progressing to optimize its value as globally competent nutraceutical and biofuel resource.

Production and characterization of biodiesel from algae

The feasibility of biodiesel production from microalgae as third generation biodiesel feedstock was studied in the present investigation. The studies were conducted to evaluate the growth patterns of the algae species i.e. Spirulina, Chlorella and pond water algae. The oil was extracted from the algae biomass and then transesterified. Simultaneous extraction and transesterification were also studied using different solvents. Maximum biodiesel yield was obtained using simultaneous extraction and transesterification using hexane as a solvent. The systematic characterization of algae biomass, algae oil and algae biodiesel was carried out to establish the potential of microalgae for biodiesel production.

Characterization of Blended Biodiesel Fuel Properties with Small Portion of Butanol as a Fuel Additive

The increasing energy demand challenge, in addition to the crises of mineral oils depletion that becoming a very serious topic. As the main fuel used in energy production for all scopes of life now is the fossil fuels, there is an urgent need to find out an alternative fuel to fulfill the energy demand of the world. The feasibility of biodiesel production from palm oil was investigated with respect to its fuel properties and blending characteristics with petroleum diesel. Though biodiesel can replace diesel satisfactorily, problems related to fuel properties persist. In this study an oxygenated additive butanol (BU) was added to palm oil biodiesel (POME)-diesel blend B50 (50% POME + 50% diesel) in the ratios of 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% and tested for their properties improvement. The results showed slight improvement in acid value, significant viscosity and density. Maximum decrease in pour point by 6 °C at 5% butanol, on the other hand maximum decrease in energy contenent about 11% at 7% butanol compare to blended fuel B50.

Influence of 1-Butanol Additives on Palm Biodiesel Fuel Characteristics and Low Temperature Flow Properties

Diesel engines are widely used in almost all professions and cannot be dispensed with in the near future. Now the fossil fuels which are mainly used in diesel engines are depleting continually accompanied by increasing consumption and prices, there is the need to find alternative fuel to fulfil the worlds energy demand. Alternative fuels like biodiesel, are being used as effective alternative for diesel. The feasibility of biodiesel production from palm oil was investigated with respect to its fuel properties. Though biodiesel can replace diesel satisfactorily, problems related to fuel properties persist. In this study an oxygenated additive 1-butanol (BU) was blended with palm oil biodiesel (POME) in the ratios of 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% and tested for their properties improvement. These blends were tested for energy content and various fuel properties according to ASTM standards. Qualifying of the effect of additive on palm biodiesel fuel properties can serve the researchers who work on biodiesel fuels to indicate the fuel suitability for diesel engines according to fuel standards. Blends of BU in POME resulted in an improvement in acid value, viscosity, density and pour point with increasing content of BU in the blend. Further improvement in the pour point temperature of the palm oil methyl esters 1-butanol blends (B-BU) at 7°C can be achieved by adding 7% BU additive to POME, accompanied by 8.07% decrease in energy content of biodiesel.

Effects of Blending Ethanol with Palm Oil Methyl Esters on low Temperature Flow Properties and Fuel Characteristics

In order to overcome escalating worldwide consumption of fossil fuel and global warming, an alternative fuel that is economically feasible, sustainable and environmental friendly must be developed for large-scale adoption. Alternative fuels like biodiesel, are being used as effective alternative for diesel. The feasibility of biodiesel production from palm oil was investigated with respect to its fuel properties. Though biodiesel can replace diesel satisfactorily, problems related to fuel properties persist. In this study ethanol (E) additive was blended in the ratios of 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% with palm oil biodiesel (POME) and tested for their properties improvement. These blends were tested for energy content and various fuel properties according to ASTM standards. Qualifying of the effect of additive on palm biodiesel fuel properties can serve the researchers who work on biodiesel fuels to indicate the fuel suitability for diesel engines according to fuel standards. Blends of ethanol in POME resulted in an improvement in acid value, viscosity, density and pour point with increasing content of ethanol in the blend. Further improvement in the pour point temperature of the palm oil methyl esters ethanol blends (B-E) at 5oC can be achieved by adding 4% ethanol additive to POME, accompanied by less than 1% decrease in energy content of biodiesel which still within specifications contained in ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards, suggesting that ethanol may be the suitable prudent choice as biodiesel additive.

Technological feasibility of biodiesel production from bioaugmented hydrolysate of waste sludge in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

The hydrolysate of waste sludge was used as the feedstock of biodiesel production, and its technological feasibility was investigated. Waste sludge, collected from No.3 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant of Xi’an, was hydrolyzed in two parallel reactors firstly. Yeast was added into one reactor for bioaugmentation, and the other reactor without yeast was used as a control. Then an acid-catalyzed in situ esterification process was carried out to convert the hydrolysate to biodiesel. The results of hydrolysis showed that the reactor bioaugmented with yeast could promote hydrolysis compared with the control one because of an obvious variance in total suspended solid(TSS), volatile suspended solid(VSS) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD). Furthermore, gas chromatography (GC) analysis exhibited that the total volatile fatty acid (VFA) was low in the hydrolysate of bioaugmentation reactor; however, its yield of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by in situ esterification was obviously higher when compared with the control one. Therefore, it may be inferred that the hydrolysate of bioaugmentation was mainly inclined to longer-chain fatty acid rather than to VFA. Anyway, an FAMEs yield of 9.24% (wt%) from dried sludge was attained after the 12-d bioaugmentation hydrolysis and succedent esterification. This value was not only higher than that of the control one but also higher than that reported in previous literature. The above results illuminated that it was feasible to produce biodiesel from the bioaugmented hydrolysate of waste sludge.

Production and statistical optimization of biodiesel from kitchen chimney dump lard

The global upsurge in world energy demand, sharp decline in petrofuels reserves, and greater concerns about the environment has constrained mankind to investigate newer and renewable feedstocks for liquid transportation fuels. Existent bioenergy feedstocks cannot suffice for the petro crude reserves, new feedstock for the same will serve as an incremental step for addressing the long recognized problem of energy supply and simultaneously also support further research endeavors related to green chemistry, feed stock biology and bio-energy research. In this regard, the present investigation aims to highlight kitchen chimney dump lard (a bio-waste), as a prospective feedstock for biodiesel production. Statistical implication (response surface methodology, RSM) can be helpful in design of experiments for biodiesel production and allied approaches. Biodiesel was produced from KCDL which contains high amount of free fatty acids (acid value 28 mg KOH/gm) by a two stage transesterification process. The biodiesel yield was optimized using RSM for optimal production and the yield was found to be 82% compared to 80% predicted using RSM. The biodiesel was characterized by CHN, GC-MS and FTIR spectroscopy. The fuel properties namely density, viscosity, cloud point, pour point, flash point and calorific value were analyzed to access the quality of the fuel. The results suggest the feasibility of biodiesel production from KCDL. Production of biodiesel from KCDL is feasible and warrants necessary research.

Evaluation of fuel properties for microalgae Spirulina platensis bio-diesel and its blends with Egyptian petro-diesel

Biodiesel is an attractive alternative fuel for diesel engines due to its technical, environmental and strategic advantages. The most widely produced biodiesel is the esters of vegetable oils, animal fats or waste cooking oils.In this study, the feasibility of biodiesel production from microalga Spirulina platensis has been investigated. The physico–chemical characteristics of the produced biodiesel were studied according to the standards methods of analysis (ASTM) and evaluated according to their fuel properties as compared to Egyptian petro-diesel. Blends of microalgae biodiesel and petro-diesel (B2, B5, B10 and B20) were prepared on a volume basis and their physico–chemical characteristics have been also studied. The obtained results showed that; with the increase of biodiesel concentration in the blends; the viscosity, density, total acid number, initial boiling point, calorific value, flash point, cetane number and diesel index increase. While the pour point, cloud point, carbon residue and sulfur, ash and water contents decrease. The observed properties of the blends were within the recommended petro-diesel standard specifications and they are in favor of better engine performance.

Feasibility of biodiesel production by microalgae Chlorella sp. (FACHB-1748) under outdoor conditions

Chlorella sp. (FACHB-1748) was cultivated outdoors under natural sunlight to evaluate its potential for biofuel production. Urea was selected as nitrogen source, and the concentration was optimized. When the culture reached the late exponential stage, a triggering lipid accumulation test was conducted using different concentrations of sodium chloride and acetate. A scaling-up experiment was also conducted in a 70L photobioreactor. The highest biomass productivity (222.42, 154.48 mg/L/d) and lipid productivity (64.30, 33.69mg/L/d) were obtained with 0.1g/L urea in 5 and 70 L bioreactors, respectively. The highest lipid content (43.25%) and lipid yield (1243.98 mg/L) were acquired with the combination of 10 g/L sodium chloride and acetate. Moreover, the qualities of biodiesel, cetane number, saponification value, iodine value, and cold filter plugging point complied with the standards set by the National Petroleum Agency (ANP255), Standard ASTMD6751, and European Standard (EN 14214).

Properties of soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) oil biodiesel and its blends with diesel

The feasibility of biodiesel production from soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) oil was investigated with respect to the fuel properties and its blending properties with diesel. Soapnut oil methyl esters (SNME) had satisfactory fuel properties, and the predominant components were methyl oleate at 55.2 wt.% and methyl eicosenoate at 23.9 wt.%. The SNME had the cetane number of 58, cold filter plugging point of 6 °C, flash point of 177 °C, iodine value of 83.6 g I2/100 g, and kinematic viscosity of 4.88 mm2/s at 40 °C. In addition, the oxidation stability of the SNME satisfied the requirements of the biodiesel specifications. Furthermore, the SNME was blended with diesel at various volumetric percentages and evaluated for fuel properties in comparison with the relevant specifications. The linear correlations were established to describe the variations of the properties of the SNME-diesel blends with the volumetric percentage of the SNME.

Biodiesel Production from Silkworm Pupae Oil Using Solid Base Catalyst

How to dispose large amounts of free fatty acids of the desilked silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) pupae oil in a suitable way have attracted considerable attention. The feasibility of biodiesel production from the desilked silkworm pupae oil using Na2O•SiO2•5H2O as a solid base catalyst was investigated, and the experimental conditions (i. e. molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst concentration, reaction time and reaction temperature) were studied. The experimental results indicated that Na2O•SiO2•5H2O possesses high catalytic activity towards the synthesis of biodiesel from the desilked silkworm pupae oil. The methyl esters conversion of up to 73 % for free fatty acids of the desilked silkworm pupae oil was achieved using the following reaction conditions: catalyst concentration 5 %, the molar ratio of methanol to oil 6:1, reaction temperature 70 °C, and retention time 8 h. Therefore, the desilked silkworm pupae oil is proved to be a new biodiesel source in a more sustainable way.

The feasibility of biodiesel production by microalgae using industrial wastewater

This study investigated nitrogen and phosphorus assimilation and lipid production of microalgae in industrial wastewater. Two native strains of freshwater microalgae were evaluated their biomass growth and lipid production in modified BBM medium. Chlamydomonas sp. TAI-2 had better biomass growth and higher lipid production than Desmodesmus sp.TAI-1. The optimal growth and lipid accumulation of Chlamydomonas sp. TAI-2 were tested under different nitrogen sources, nitrogen and CO2 concentrations and illumination period in modified BBM medium. The optimal CO2 aeration was 5% for Chlamydomonas sp. TAI-2 to achieve maximal lipid accumulation under continuous illumination. Using industrial wastewater as the medium, Chlamydomonas sp. TAI-2 could remove 100% NH4+-N (38.4mg/L) and NO3−-N (3.1mg/L) and 33% PO43−-P (44.7mg/L) and accumulate the lipid up to 18.4%. Over 90% of total fatty acids were 14:0, 16:0, 16:1, 18:1, and 18:3 fatty acids, which could be utilized for biodiesel production.