Characteristics Of Fear Research Articles

An Integrative Review on Cross-Cultural Psychometric Studies of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale.

Background and Purpose: The rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide prompted global fear and panic among all populations. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale was developed to assess the degree of fear. This review summarizes and synthesizes the revised cross-cultural validation studies of the Revised Fear of COVID-19 Scale to explore the properties of the scale and fear characteristics among different populations. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted on the electronic databases of PubMed and Scopus. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis framework. Results: The review demonstrated that the Revised Fear of COVID-19 Scale has robust psychometric properties and fear impacts mental health across all study populations. The characteristics of the fear of COVID-19 are associated with specific variables. Conclusion: The Revised Fear of COVID-19 Scale can be used as a screening tool to assess levels of COVID-19 fear among different populations globally.

Art Mask Design Using Grotesque Characteristics in Modern Art

Art in the fast-changing modern era creates various works through organic combinations without any clear distinction. Art mask, a territory of art expressed by using masks that resemble a human face, the representation of the grotesque fusion design implemented by the art mask present various senses and thinking skills to modern people who expect new things against the existing forms. Therefore, the characteristics of fear, dislike, playfulness, and atypia in Grotesque can open up to a new making method in a comprehensive and innovative way. By incorporating the characteristics of Grotesque paintings that have become popular in modern art, this study expressed demonism by expressing the heterogeneous appearance of a sleeping woman and in a smooth line and geometric way in the form of a human face in the work expressed in art mask which is based on “Nightmare” by John Henry Pujelly in Work I, the bizarre image of the extremely exaggerated size of the eyes was embodied in a deformed form by not expressing the nose with the motif of “Strange Balloon-like Eyes Traveling to Infinite” by Odilong Le Dong in Work II, the tears in both eyes on the mask represented a physically damaged body, and used various lines to express disgust. Work III expressed the playfulness of infantile grotesque like clowns by using elements of satire in “conspiracy” by James Ansore as a motif. The Work IV expressed the time of hopelessness without life by expressing abnormally abhorrent and unnatural things and the distorted cravings of life in fear as skeletons that are abnormally disgusting and unnatural by using “Release of the Fifth Seal of John's Apocalypse” by El Greco as a motif. The conflicting emotions were expressed by gradating the skull's eyes with black paint, and was reinterpreted as a dream and hope using various colors of color. As a result of this study, it was identified that paintings that expressed the characteristics of grotesque through art mask production can present unlimited imagination and a variety of topics to artists in the makeup field. This study is expected to be used as a basic data for a follow-up study on art mask design in the future and will help to develop art mask designs.

Characteristics of fear of crime in evacuation shelters after the Great East Japan Earthquake

ABSTRACTAfter the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011, numerous evacuees had to stay in evacuation shelters such as school gymnasiums. In general, after a disaster, ensuring the safety and security of evacuees in evacuation shelters is a serious problem. Consequently, many of these evacuees feared that they would be victims of crime in the shelters or that their evacuated homes would be burgled. To examine what factors evoke a general fear of crime in shelters and burglary of evacuated homes, we conducted an online questionnaire on 300 evacuees in Miyagi Prefecture who had stayed at such shelters. From a factor analysis of fear of 16 specific kinds of crime in shelters, we extracted two factors representing fear of property and female-related crime. We then found that a general fear of crime in shelters was associated with being young and a fear of female-related crime, while a fear of burglary of evacuated homes was associated with being female, owning a detached house, and fear of property crime. Based on these results, we provide recommendations aiming to help reduce the fear of crime in shelters and burglary of evacuated homes.

Barriers and Facilitators to Digital Rectal Examination Screening Among African-American and African-Caribbean Men

To examine the effect of race/ethnicity and fear characteristics on the initiation and maintenance of digital rectal examination (DRE) screening. A total of 533 men from Brooklyn, New York, aged 45-70 years, were classified into 4 race/ethnic groups: U.S.-born whites, U.S.-born African-American, Jamaican, and Trinidadian/Tobagonian. The participants recorded the number of DREs in the past 10 years. The demographics and structural variables and prostate cancer worry and screening fear were measured using validated tools. Overall, 30% of subjects reported never having a DRE, and 24% reported annual DREs. African-American, Jamaican, and Trinidadian/Tobagonian men had greater prostate cancer worry and screening fear scores than did the white men (all P < .05). African-American, Jamaican, and Trinidadian/Tobagonian men were less likely to maintain annual DREs than white men (odds ratio 0.17, 0.26, and 0.16, respectively, all P < .05). The men with low screening fear were more likely to have had an initial DRE (OR 2.3, P < .05 vs high screening fear) but were no more or less likely to undergo annual DREs. Having a regular physician, comprehensive physician discussion, and annual visits were also associated with undergoing DREs. We identified several ethnically varying barriers and facilitators to DRE screening. African-American and African-Caribbean men undergo DRE less often and have greater prostate cancer worry and screening fear scores than did white men. Screening fear predicts the likelihood of undergoing an initial, but not annual, DRE screening. Access to a physician and annual visits facilitate DRE screening. Interventions that include both culturally sensitive education and patient navigation and considered whether patients should be initiating or maintaining screening might facilitate guideline-consistent screening.

Editorial Comment

The authors provide an insightful study of 2 ethnic groups that are very different, yet have typically been grouped together in epidemiologic studies (African-American men and African-Caribbean men). Although many studies exist that have examined ethnic differences in both access to care for prostate cancer 1 Talcott J.A. Spain P. Clark J.A. et al. Hidden barriers between knowledge and behavior: the North Carolina prostate cancer screening and treatment experience. Cancer. 2007; 109: 1599-1606 Crossref PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar and increased mistrust within African-American men and the healthcare system, 2 Diiorio C. Spain P. Clark J.A. et al. Differences in treatment-based beliefs and coping between African American and white men with prostate cancer. J Community Health. 2010; 109: 1599-1606 Google Scholar the authors tie “screening fear” to a statistically significant decrease in annual digital rectal examinations. It might be that culturally sensitive strategies to modify fearful attitudes about prostate cancer and prostate cancer screening could improve the poor screening rates in the African-Caribbean population. Barriers and Facilitators to Digital Rectal Examination Screening Among African-American and African-Caribbean MenUrologyVol. 77Issue 4PreviewTo examine the effect of race/ethnicity and fear characteristics on the initiation and maintenance of digital rectal examination (DRE) screening. Full-Text PDF

Oral‐health‐related quality of life among children with and without dental fear

This study aims to determine whether the oral-health-related quality of life (ORHQoL) and its dimensions differed among children with and without dental fear when different characteristics of fear were measured. The participants were 11- to 14-year-old Finnish child volunteers from the Oulu University Hospital cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) treatment register (n = 51) and schoolchildren (n = 82). Dental fear was measured with 'Treatment of dental decay' and 'Attending dentist' dimensions of the modified Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale and a single question. ORHQoL was measured with CPQ(11-14). Background variables were gender and the dental care experienced. The response rates were 87% and 51% in the schoolchildren's and CLP groups, respectively. Those who were afraid of 'Treatment of dental decay' had higher mean CPQ(11-14 )total scores (33.2) and higher scores for social (8.8) and emotional well-being (9.0) than those who were not fearful (24.0, 6.2, and 5.8, respectively, P < 0.05), indicating poorer ORHQoL. Among those with experience of orthodontics, the association between dental fear and social and emotional well-being was weaker than among those with no experience of orthodontics. Dental fear may have a negative effect on a child's ORHQoL, especially on social and emotional well-being. Positive minor treatment experiences might weaken this effect.

Fear and stress reactions in two species of duck and their hybrid

Susceptibility to fear and stress has often been studied in birds using selection experiments. Crosses between different species of the same genus have also been used to study the type of transmission observed for “fixed action patterns.” In this experiment we used a cross between two species (male muscovy and female pekin ducks) to study the genetic transmission of various characteristics of fear reactions and adrenal activity. Males of the three genetic types (two parental species and the hybrid) were submitted to tonic immobility and fear of man tests. Blood was collected for corticosterone assay before and after physiological stress or injection of 5 μg/kg of immediate synacthen (ACTH agonist). The muscovy duck showed lower levels of fear reactions than the pekin duck in the majority of behavioral tests (six of eight). Corticosterone levels were also nearly always the lowest in muscovy ducks (five of six). Generally speaking, the muscovy duck appeared to be less fearful and less susceptible to stress than the pekin duck. The mule duck was similar to one parent, midway between the two, or showed heterosis for fear of man at 10 weeks of age (more fearful than the two parents). Corticosterone levels were midway between the two parents in the mule duck with only one exception, i.e., where the pekin duck was dominant. The existence of heterosis for fear is surprising, as this character is classically considered to be submitted to stabilizing selection. The transmission of corticosterone levels and other fear characteristics is, however, compatible with stabilizing selection. The results are discussed in terms of adaptability.