Fe3O4 Nanocatalyst Research Articles

Study of Fe3O4 and Cu2+ doped modified Fe3O4 nano catalyst for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and eriochrome black-T dyes: Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial assessment

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of undoped Fe3O4 and 3% Cu-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles via a cost-effective and environmentally friendly co-precipitation method. A comprehensive suite of nanomaterial characterization techniques, including energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), was employed to confirm the elemental composition, structural parameters, and chemical states of the prepared materials. Additionally, fragmentation analysis using LC–MS illustrated the structural stability and breakdown of the nanoparticles under specific conditions. Both the materials were characterized by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) for investigating the magnetic, and surface characteristics respectively. Furthermore, the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated for their photocatalytic degradation efficiency towards methylene blue and eriochrome black T dyes. A systematic investigation of various parameters, including the pH of the dye solution, dye concentration over time, catalyst dose, dye concentration versus degradation, catalyst reusability, and kinetic study, was conducted to understand the factors influencing the photocatalytic activity of both undoped and Cu-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The LC-MS analysis predicted the probable degradation pathways of MB and EBT dyes. This work provides insights into the sustainable synthesis, comprehensive characterization, and practical application of Fe3O4-based nanoparticles for water treatment applications, highlighting their potential as efficient and environmentally benign Photocatalyst for wastewater remediation. An investigation was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial properties of both undoped and doped nanoparticles. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the synthesized nanoparticles were determined against the bacterial strains E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. pyogenes, as well as the fungal strains C. albicans, A. niger, and A. clavatus.

Application of Fe3O4@MCC Nanoparticles as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Sustainable Multicomponent Synthesis of 2,3′‐Biindoles

AbstractDeveloping innovative methods for synthesizing unique 2,3'‐biindole derivatives is crucial for the progression of drug and material discovery. The use of transition‐metal‐catalyzed coupling improves the efficiency and structural diversity in the synthesis of biindoles. Among these methods, heterogeneous catalysis, particularly using Fe3O4 nanocatalyst supported by microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), is promising for green chemistry applications. In the present work, sixteen 2,3'‐biindole derivatives (4a‐p) were prepared using Fe3O4@MCC nanocatalyst which demonstrated enhanced performance, cost‐effectiveness, and reusability. The magnetic properties of the catalyst enable easy separation, simplifying purification processes, and enhancing overall reaction efficiency to 78%–93%. This method aligns with sustainable chemical practices and offers practical benefits for various industrial applications. This environment friendly method boasts several advantages and demonstrates excellent green chemistry metrics, including process mass intensity, environmental impact factor, atom economy, and reaction mass efficiency, atom economy, carbon efficiency, chemical yield, and optimum efficiency.

Aerobic oxidation of aliphatic alcohol in cotton surface using epigallocatechin-3-gallate-iron (II, III) oxide (EGCG-Fe3O4) nanocatalyst from green tea extract

ABSTRACT This study involved the synthesis of epigallocatechin-3-gallate-Iron (II, III) oxide (EGCG- Fe3O4) nanocatalysts by reacting Fe2O3 with EGCG extracted from green tea (Camellia sinensis) aqueous extract. This environmentally friendly method was used as an alternative to traditional synthesis routes. The EGCG- Fe3O4 nanocatalysts were characterised using various techniques, including fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), BET Surface area analysis, analysis and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results showed that the Fe3O4 nanocatalyst absorption peak at 363 nm indicated the formation of the Fe3O4 nanocatalyst, while the EGCG absorption peak shifted slightly to 274 nm, indicating the formation of the EGCG nanocatalyst. The conversion of final product aliphatic aldehyde from aliphatic alcohol in cotton surface via a solvent free aerobic oxidation using EGCG-Fe3O4 nanocatalyst. The final product of aliphatic aldehyde was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR. The molecular weight of the product was determined by mass spectral characterisation (EI-MS), which showed a molecular ion m/z of 72.06 (M+, 100%), which was confirmed by the molecular weight of isobutyraldehyde conforming to the molecular mass using EI-MS mass spectral analysis. This method has been used for aerobic oxidation of aliphatic alcohols in the textile and pharmaceutical industries and offers several advantages, including the use of environmentally friendly reaction conditions, reduced catalyst concentrations, high product yields, affordability, absence of solvents, and recovery and reuse of the EGCG-Fe3O4 nanocatalyst.

Data-Based Modeling, Multi-Objective Optimization and Multi-Criteria Decision Making of a Catalytic Ozonation Process for Degradation of a Colored Effluent

In the catalytic ozonation process (COP), the reactions are complex, and it is very difficult to determine the effect of different operating parameters on the degradation rate of pollutants. Data-based modeling tools, such as the multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network, can be useful in establishing the complex relationship of degradation efficiency with the operating variables. In this work, the COP of acid red 88 (AR88) with Fe3O4 nano catalyst was investigated in a semi-batch reactor and a MLP model was developed to predict the degradation efficiency (%DE) of AR88 in the range of 25 to 96%. The MLP model was trained using 78 experimental data having five input variables, namely, AR88 initial concentration, catalyst concentration, pH, inlet air flow rate and batch time (in the ranges of 150–400 mg L−1, 0.04–0.4 g L−1, 4.5–8.5, 0.5–1.90 mg min−1 and 5–30 min, respectively). Its optimal topology was obtained by changing the number of neurons in the hidden layer, the momentum and the learning rates to 7, 0.075 and 0.025, respectively. A high correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.98) was found between the experimental and predicted values by the MLP model. Simultaneous maximization of %DE and minimization of Fe3O4 concentration was carried out by multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) and the Pareto-optimal solutions were successfully obtained. The trade-off was analyzed through multi-criteria decision making, and one Pareto-optimal solution was selected. The developed model and optimal points are useful for treatment of AR88 wastewater.

Assessment of the synthesis method of Fe3O4 nanocatalysts and its effectiveness in viscosity reduction and heavy oil upgrading

In this research, Fe3O4 nanocatalysts were synthesized systematically microwave-assisted. The effectiveness of the synthesized nanocatalysts in reducing viscosity and upgrading heavy oil was evaluated. The nanocatalysts were investigated for their magnetic and electromagnetic properties. The impact of microwave radiation's time and power on the size and purity of nanocatalysts was investigated. The purities in the crystal network of Fe3O4 nanocatalysts expanded as a result of reducing microwave radiation time and power due to less heat production. Increased temperature leads to dope NH4Cl into the Fe3O4 nanocatalysts crystal network. At: 1 min and power of 400 watts the most satisfactory results in the size and purity of nanocatalysts. The electromagnetic properties, size, and effectiveness of the synthesized Fe3O4 nanocatalysts have been examined to determine the effect of the synthesis method. The performance of Fe3O4 nanocatalysts synthesized by co-precipitation and microwave-assisted viscosity reduction and heavy oil upgrading was evaluated and compared. The crystallite size of the Fe3O4 nanocatalysts synthesized by microwave-assisted was smaller than that synthesized using co-precipitation. Fe3O4 nanocatalysts synthesized by microwave-assisted and the co-precipitation method decreased viscosity by 28% and 23%, respectively. Moreover, Fe3O4 nanocatalysts synthesized by microwave-assisted reduced the sulfoxide index and aromatic index considerably more than the co-precipitation synthesized Fe3O4 (90% against. 48% and 13% vs. 7%, respectively).

Synthesis and characterization of a new Schiff-base complex of copper on magnetic MCM-41 nanoparticles as efficient and reusable nanocatalyst in the synthesis of tetrazoles

In this work, first we synthesized 2,2′-((1Z,11Z)-2,5,8,11-tetraazadodeca-1,11-diene-1,12-diyl)bis(4-bromophenol) (TDBB) as a new Schiff-base ligand. Also, magnetic MCM-41 nanoparticles (MCM-41/Fe3O4) were synthesized by doping Fe3O4 into mesoporous MCM-41 channels. Then, MCM-41/Fe3O4 nanoparticles were modified by TDBB. Finally, a copper Schiff-base complex of TDBB (Cu-TDBB@MCM-41/Fe3O4 was synthesized by anchoring copper ions on the modified MCM-41/Fe3O4. The prepared nanocatalyst has been characterized by various techniques such as SEM, EDS, AAS, WDX, TGA, and XRD. Cu-TDBB@MCM-41/Fe3O4 nanoparticles were employed as an environmentally friendly, valuable, and reusable nanocatalyst for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles and all products were formed with good to excellent yields. In addition, Cu-TDBB@MCM-41/Fe3O4 nanocatalyst can be recovered and reused up to six times without considerably decreasing catalytic efficiency or metal leaching.

Application of photocatalytic proxone process for petrochemical wastewater treatment

Industrial wastewaters are different from sanitary wastewaters, and treatment complications due to their unique characteristics, so biological processes are typically disrupted. High chemical oxygen demand, dye, heavy metals, toxic organic and non-biodegradable compounds present in petroleum industry wastewater. This study intends to optimize the photocatalytic proxone process, utilizing a synthesized ZnO–Fe3O4 nanocatalyst, for petroleum wastewater treatment. The synthesis of ZnO–Fe3O4 was done by air oxidation and layer-by-layer self-assembly method and XRD, SEM, EDAX, FT-IR, BET, DRS, and VSM techniques were used to characterize the catalyst. Central composite design (CCD) method applied to investigated the effect of pH (4–8), reaction time (30–60 min), ozone gas concentration (1–2 mg/L-min), hydrogen peroxide concentration (2–3 mL/L) and the amount of catalyst (1–0.5 g/L) on the process. In the optimal conditions, biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal, reaction kinetic, and synergistic effect mechanisms on the process were studied. Based on the ANOVA, a quadratic model with R2 = 0.99, P-Value = 0.0001, and F-Value = 906.87 was proposed to model the process. Based on the model pH = 5.7, ozone concentration = 1.8 mg/L-min, hydrogen peroxide concentration = 2.5 mL/L, reaction time = 56 min, and the catalyst dose = 0.7 g/L were proposed as the optimum condition. According to the model prediction, an efficiency of 85.3% was predicted for the removal of COD. To evaluate the accuracy of the prediction, an experiment was carried out in optimal conditions, and experimentally, a 52% removal efficiency was obtained. Also, at the optimum condition, BOD5 and TPH removal were 91.1% and 89.7% respectively. The reaction kinetic follows the pseudo-first-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.98). Also, the results showed that there is a synergistic effect in this process. As an advanced hybrid oxidation process, the photocatalytic proxone process has the capacity to treat petroleum wastewater to an acceptable standard.

Dried figs like nitrogen-doped graphene oxide anchored cobalt-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticle as sulfur host for high performance Li-S battery

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) represent a prospective energy storage device because of their low cost and high theoretical energy density. However, the performance of LSBs was largely constrained by the kinetics of polysulfides (LiPSs) conversion and shuttle effect. Thus, a metal-doped metal oxide is proposed as an efficient adsorbent and catalyst for LiPSs. We designed cobalt-doped Fe3O4 nano-catalysts which was in situ grown on the N-doped graphene conductive network as a multifunctional sulfur host. Evidenced by experimental characterization, it is demonstrated that due to the appropriate doping amount (EGO/Co-Fe3O4 (700)), the host exhibits efficient adsorption and rapid catalytic conversion of LiPSs. Compared with the undoped Co catalyst (S@EGO/Fe3O4), The S@EGO/Co-Fe3O4 (700) electrode possesses high initial discharge specific capacity (1488.4 mAh/g, 0.2 C), and superior cycle stability (900.8 mAh/g after 100 cycles). Impressive performances are also attained at lean electrolyte conditions (electrolyte-to-sulfur (E/S) ratio ∼ 7 μL mg−1).

Biocatalyst Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles with Cu(II), Mn(II), Zn(II) and Immobilised Catalase

AbstractThis article described a process for the preparation of a Fe3O4 nanocatalyst modified with Mn(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions immobilised with catalase. The effectiveness of the description of the ion sorption process was compared with four equilibrium models: Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich–Peterson and Sips. The proposed models allow the description of both single- and multi-component sorption. The results were also verified by DFT analysis. The Langmuir model describing single-component sorption and the extended Langmuir model for multi-component systems with the best fit represented the sorption of metal ions on Fe3O4. The maximum sorption capacity values in the pseudo-second-order kinetic model were 10.76, 12.87 and 10.52 mg/g for Cu(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II) in the single-component systems and 11.79, 8.54 and 2.03 mg/g for Cu(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II) in the multi-component system, respectively. The kinetics parameters were described most accurately by a pseudo-second-order model, which suggested, along with the Extended Langmuir model, the chemical nature of the sorption. After preparation of the Fe3O4/Mn–Zn–Cu material, catalase was immobilised on the surface of the material. The final material was able to decompose hydrogen peroxide with an activity of 7130 units/g of material. Modification of the material with Mn(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) resulted in an increase in H2O2 removal efficiency exceeding 99.9%.

One-Pot Synthesis of Highly Active and Uniform Fe3O4 Nanocatalyst for Pyrolytic Decomposition of Peanut Shells

One-Pot Synthesis of Highly Active and Uniform Fe3O4 Nanocatalyst for Pyrolytic Decomposition of Peanut Shells

Synthesis of (E)-2-(Chloro (Phenyl) Methylene)-1-(6-Chloroquinoxalin-2-yl) Hydrazine Derivatives by Reusable Fe3O4 Nano Powder at Room Temperature

A multicomponent reaction (MCR) for the synthesis of five novel N'-(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl) benzohydrazide derivatives in excellent yields at room temperature have been achieved via a reaction between 1-(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl) hydrazine was added 4-chloroethyl benzoyl chloride followed by the addition of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. This was applied as an efficient and recoverable nanocatalyst for the one‐pot synthesis of hydrazine Derivatives. The catalyst was magnetically recovered and reused for 4 consecutive cycles without significant loss of its activity and selectivity. Fe3O4 Nano catalyst was prepared by the co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR, TEM, VSM, and analyses. This study presents an efficient multicomponent protocol, which provides several advantages, such as short reaction times, high yields, and easy working up this work.

Magnetically recoverable Fe3O4 nanocatalyst for the synthesis of biodynamically significant 1H-pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine-5,10-diones derivatives and its DFT study.

An environmentally sustainable and proficient method is reported for the synthesis of medicinally important pyrazolo[1,2-b] phthalazine dione derivatives by aqueous micellar medium catalysed by Fe3O4 NPs. Dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate with isocyanides in the presence of phthalhydrazide is used as starting material. The main advantages of this protocol are the availability of starting materials, short reaction times, green solvents and practical simplicity.

Efficient Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Novel Fused Indenofurane Derivatives Using Fe3O4-Magnetic Nanoparticles

An efficient one-pot procedure was investigated for the synthesis of new indenofuran derivatives employing poly-phenols and ninhydrins in the presence of magnetically reusable Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MNPs) in acetonitrile at different temperatures. Application of nanocatalysts for these reactions caused high efficiency, easy separation of products and clean reactions in a shorter time. Also, a study of antioxidant properties of synthesized compounds was performed using DPPH radical scavenging method and the impact of structural changes on these properties was investigated. The best antioxidant effect was seen for 3a with IC50 0.039 mM relative to BHT as the positive control (0.051 mM). In this paper, it was described that Fe3O4 MNPs can be used instead of glacial acetic acid to synthesize new indenofurane derivatives. The Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles improved the yield of the products and demonstrated significant reusable activity. This cost‐effective catalyst has the advantages of high product yields and simple work‐up procedures as well as high thermal and mechanical stability. HIGHLIGHTS Indeno[1,2-b]furans are attractive scaffolds because of their efficiency of synthesis and bioactivity properties. Indeno[1,2-b]furans, in particular, received considerable attention from a synthetic and biological perspective. During the synthesis of Indenofuran compounds, the Fe3O4 nanocatalyst shows better catalytic activity than their bulk-sized samples and also other catalysts. Efficient nanocatalyst with easy recovery and reusability.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Methylene Blue Degradation Over Green Fe3O4 Nanocatalyst Fabricated Using Leaf Extract of Rosmarinus officinalis

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Methylene Blue Degradation Over Green Fe3O4 Nanocatalyst Fabricated Using Leaf Extract of Rosmarinus officinalis

Accelerated C-face polishing of silicon carbide by alkaline polishing slurries with Fe3O4 catalysts

As a third-generation semiconductor material, Silicon carbide (SiC) excels in extraordinary physical and chemical properties, which makes, in turn, it hard to process. The strong oxidizing species·OH produced by the Fenton reaction has been effectively applied in the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of single-crystal SiC. In order to expand the applicable pH range of Fenton reaction, magnetic recoverable Fe3O4 nanocatalysts were prepared in this paper, and the Fenton system was successfully applied to SiC polishing in alkaline silica slurry, which significantly improved the material removal rate (MRR). UV–vis spectroscopy curves prove that in a H2O2 containing slurry, more·OH radicals were produced at pH 2.5 than that at pH 9.0 during Fe3O4 catalyst-assisted polishing, which is consistent with conventional wisdom about Fenton Reaction. Surprisingly, MRR of SiC wafer up to 632 nm/h was achieved at pH 9.0 instead of 2.5 using the same slurry. A detailed hypothesis is presented to elucidate the material removal mechanism of the Fenton reaction system on SiC polishing.

Water-Dispersible Nanocatalysts with Engineered Structures: The New Generation of Nanomaterials for Energy-Efficient CO2 Capture.

The high energy demand of CO2 absorption-desorption technologies has significantly inhibited their industrial utilization and implementation of the Paris Climate Accord. Catalytic solvent regeneration is of considerable interest due to its low operating temperature and high energy efficiency. Of the catalysts available, heterogeneous catalysts have exhibited relatively poor performances and are hindered by other challenges, which have slowed their large-scale deployment. Herein, we report a facile and eco-friendly approach for synthesizing water-dispersible Fe3O4 nanocatalysts coated with a wide range of amino acids (12 representative molecules) in aqueous media. The acidic properties of water-dispersible nanocatalysts can be easily tuned by introducing different functional groups during the hydrothermal synthesis procedure. We demonstrate that the prepared nanocatalysts can be used in energy-efficient CO2 capture plants with ease-of-use, at very low concentrations (0.1 wt %) and with extra-high efficiencies (up to ∼75% energy reductions). They can be applied in a range of solutions, including amino acids (i.e., short-chain, long-chain, and cyclic) and amines (i.e., primary, tertiary, and primary-tertiary mixture). Considering the superiority of the presented water-dispersible nanocatalysts, this technology is expected to provide a new pathway for the development of energy-efficient CO2 capture technologies.

High performance magnetically recoverable Fe3O4 nanocatalysts: fast microwave synthesis and photo-fenton catalysis under visible-light

Herein we developed a rapid and efficient method via microwave solvothermal treatment to synthesize magnetically recoverable Fe3O4 nanocatalysts active under visible light. The synthesis parameters' influence on the structure, morphology, magnetic and photocatalytic properties of the synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated. The results obtained indicate that the proposed synthesis approach led to Fe3O4 semicrystalline nanoparticles' formation with an average size of ~15 nm in just 10 min. The synthesized nanoparticles show improved magnetic properties and an excellent activity under visible-light for the degradation of reactive azo dye MO and tetracycline, i.e., ~100% was removed through photocatalytic degradation in less than 10 and 90 min, respectively. The process also allowed the rapid recovery of the catalyst through the application of an external magnetic field.

Effect of electromagnetic energy on net spin orientation of nanocatalyst for enhanced green urea synthesis

Catalytic activity of nanomaterials under applied electromagnetic field is a green method which is based on change in spin orientation of nanocatalyst. However, interaction of magnetic and dielectric nanocatalysts with electromagnetic field is not well understood. Here, we propose a kinetic model utilizing electromagnetic field effect on activation energy. This field causes weakening of the bond of the reactant molecules and reduction in activation energy of nanocatalysts. The underlying mechanism is singlet to triplet conversion with the change in spin orientation of gases and nanocatalysts at ambient condition. The results show that saturation magnetization and net spin of Fe3O4 nanocatalysts are higher than ZnO nanocatalyst by 6,764 and 56 times, respectively. Hence, 36.60% reduction in activation energy and 9.70% increase in rate constant for Fe3O4 results in 566.87% increment in urea yield. These findings will pave the way for a new insight on electromagnetic application for industrial chemical reaction.

Kinetics of Cavitation of an Intermediate Fraction of Coal Tar

The kinetics of an intermediate fraction of coal tar with a boiling point of 230–300°C in the presence of a Fe3O4 nanocatalyst was studied. The rate constants of cavitation processing of coal tar were calculated using the Simpson method with a random search optimization, and the apparent activation energy of the cavitation process with the intermediate fraction of coal tar was determined. The effects of temperature, processing time, and the Fe3O4 nanocatalyst on the yield of polyaromatic hydrocarbons were shown.

The Utilization of Fe3O4 Nanocatalyst in Modifying Cinnamaldehyde Compound to Synthesis 2-Amino-4H-Chromene Derivative

Abstract Fe3O4 nanoparticles have got more attention in their application as catalyst. This research aims to utilize Fe3O4 as nanocatalyst in modifying of cinnamaldehyde compound. In this study, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method using Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the characterization supports that Fe3O4 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized. Afterward, Fe3O4 would be applied in modifying of cinnamaldehyde compound. The results of the reaction were analyzed its absorbance, functional group, and molecular weight using UV/Vis Spectrophotometry, FT-IR and GC-MS. From the results of the synthesis and characterization, one cinnamaldehyde modified compounds was obtained, namely 2-amino-4-styryl-4H-benzo[h]chromene-3-carbonitrile (Compound 1). From the yield of the reaction, a significant difference was found between the reaction with and without catalyst