Fe3O4 Hybrid Research Articles

Self‐healing, adhesive, photothermal responsive, stretchable, and strain‐sensitive supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels based on host–guest interactions

AbstractThe development of multifunctional supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels remains challenging. Here, the dynamic host–guest interactions involving the host molecule CB[8] and guest units were utilized to prepare Fe3O4 hybrid supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels. The results showed that the hydrogels obtained possessed a porous structure. The CB[8]‐modified Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@CB[8]) nanoparticles served as cross‐linkers in forming the network of hydrogels. By adjusting the Fe3O4@CB[8] content, the mechanical properties of the hydrogels could be controlled. The tensile stress was measured at 160 kPa with a fracture strain of 1380%, while the compression stress was 230 kPa at 70% compression strain. The self‐healing efficiency of the hydrogels at room temperature reached 95% after 24 h. The as‐obtained hydrogels show strain sensitivity and have the potential for applications in detecting elbow and finger movements. Our supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels exhibit multiple functions, including self‐healing, injectability, photothermal responsiveness, and conductivity, making them suitable for integration into flexible electronics.Highlights Fe3O4@CB[8] nanoparticles serve as cross‐linkers for the nanocomposite hydrogels. CB[8] based host–guest interactions enable hydrogels to self‐heal. Fe3O4@CB[8] endow hydrogels with stretchability and photothermal responsiveness. Hydrogels exhibit injectability, NIR responsiveness, and conductive ability.

Solar evaporation of liquid marbles with Fe3O4/CNT hybrid nanostructures

HypothesisThrough the rational design of nanomaterial composites, broadband light harvesting and good thermal insulation can be achieved simultaneously to improve the efficiency of water evaporation. ExperimentSolar evaporation experiments were carried out on liquid marbles (LMs) coated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and hybrid nanomaterials (Fe3O4/CNTs) with different mass ratios of 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2. FindingThe results showed that the mixture of Fe3O4/CNTs enhances the light harvesting ability and solar interfacial evaporation performance. Fe3O4/CNT-LM at the mass ratio of 2:1 case provides the highest evaporation rate of 11.03 μg/s, which is about 1.22 and 1.34 times higher than that of Fe3O4 and CNT, respectively. This high performance is mainly due to the synergistic effect between Fe3O4 nanoparticles and CNTs, as the hybrid nanostructure significantly improves the both photothermal conversion and heat localization capability. Numerical simulation further supports that the composite can concentrate the electromagnetic field and heat at the phase-change interface. This leads to a rapid evaporation of the boundary region. This study provides a novel approach to a three-dimensional interface by assembling nanomaterials on the drop surface to enhance evaporation, which may have far-reaching implications for seawater desalination.

Supramolecular hydrogels mediated by cucurbit[6]uril-modified Fe3O4 with self-healing, photothermal responsiveness and stretchability for flexible electronics

The development of supramolecular hydrogels with multifunction is in high demand. In this work, Fe3O4 hybrid supramolecular hydrogels were fabricated via dynamic host–guest interactions between the host molecule CB[6] and guest units. The “supramolecular crosslinker” formed by CB[6]-modified Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@CB[6]) nanoparticles, was used to generate a 3D network of supramolecular hydrogels. Results indicate that the tensile stress of the sample is 0.31 MPa, and the self-healing efficiency of the supramolecular hydrogels at room temperature is nearly 100% (fracture strain) after 48 h. The hydrogels exhibited a self-healing property without a loss of conductivity. Furthermore, these supramolecular hydrogels were used to detect the bending of human fingers and knees. The hybrid supramolecular hydrogels with photothermal responsiveness, self-healing, injectability, stretchability, conductive ability and biocompatibility, can find applications in flexible electronics.

Laminar Convective Heat Transfer Across a Circular Pipe by using MWCNT + Fe3O4 Hybrid Nanofluid: A Numerical Study

MWCNT + Fe3O4 - water hybrid nanofluid’s heat transfer due to convection through a pipe was studied numerically and presented in this paper. Using the ANSYS FLUENT 22 software, the single phase energy equation of second order, momentum equation, and mass equation are all solved. The diameter of the pipe was 4mm and lthe lengthwas 800mm. Water which was considered the base fluid was used with different volume fractions (0% to t%) of MWCNT + Fe3O4 nanoparticles for a wide variety of Reynolds number (300 to 1000) at a steady heat flux of 2000 W/m2 at the wall of the tubes. The result demonstrates that for both MWCNT + Fe3O4 -H2O nanofluid and water, increasing Reynolds number increases the Surface Nusselt number, skin friction coefficient and also the pressure loss in the evolved region.

In situ synthesis of Fe2O3/Fe3O4 nanoarray hybrid as highly effective electrocatalysts for alkaline hydrogen evolution

It is of great importance to rationally develop and design cost-effective, high durable and non-noble metal catalysts for electrocatalytic water splitting. Here, self-supported well-defined crystalline iron oxides hybrid (FeOx/IF) was successfully fabricated by facile in-situ thermal air oxidation of iron foam. An investigation into the effects of thermal oxidation temperature on the crystalline structure and surface appearance of FeOx/IF was studied. The resultant FeOx/IF-550 reveals nanoarrays morphology composed of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 hybrid with Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 heterojunctions, which exhibits remarkably superior catalytic activity towards HER with a low overpotential of only 98 mV to drive a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline solution. Meanwhile, FeOx/IF-550 exhibits good durability with negligible attenuation of overpotential at a large current density of 500 mA cm−2 for 24 h in alkaline solution. The excellent HER performance of FeOx/IF is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4, increased accessible active sites and accelerated charge transfer. The present study provides new insights into the design of cost-effective electrocatalysts with high activity and excellent stability for industrialization.

An interfacial host-guest inclusion complex regulated supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogel showing tunable mechanical strength, self-healing, strain sensitivity and NIR responsiveness.

The development of supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels with good mechanical properties and multifunctional characteristics remains challenging. The reinforced role of interfacial weak interactions is important for the mechanical properties of nanocomposite hydrogels. Here, a dynamic host-guest inclusion complex from the host molecule CB[7] and guest units was employed to prepare Fe3O4 hybrid supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels. The results show that the as-obtained hydrogel with a porous structure was prepared. The CB[7]-modified Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@CB[7]) nanoparticles severed as a cross-linker for fabricating the hydrogel's network. By changing the Fe3O4@CB[7] content, their tensile stress ranged from 0.102 to 0.403 MPa and their compression stress ranged (70% compression strain) from 0.059 to 0.775 MPa. By changing the guest units, their tensile stress ranged from 0.3 MPa to 0.403 MPa. The self-healing efficiency of the hydrogels was 99% after 48 h at room temperature. The as-obtained hydrogels with strain sensitivity can be applied for detecting the movement of an elbow and finger. The supramolecular hydrogel exhibits NIR responsiveness, self-healing, injectability, tunable mechanical strength and conductive ability, and can be used in flexible electronics.

Rapid Colorimetric Detection of Hg (II) Based on Hg (II)-Induced Suppressed Enzyme-Like Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol by Au@ZnO/Fe3O4 in a Cosmetic Skin Product

Herein, we synthesized gold-coated ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposites. Initially, we prepared Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles based on the co-precipitation of Fe3+ and Fe2+ under aqueous ammonia as a precipitating agent. Thereafter, the ZnO/Fe3O4 composite was prepared by dispersing the synthesized magnetic nanoparticles into an alkaline zinc nitrate solution. After calcination of the precipitate, the formed ZnO/Fe3O4 composites were coated with gold nanostructures by dispersing the composites in auric acid/ethylene glycol solution in a water bath. The synthesized Au@ZnO/Fe3O4 hybrid material was able to catalyze the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP). We demonstrate that this catalytic activity can be exploited for the detection of Hg2+ ions in a cosmetic product. In the presence of Hg2+ ions, the catalytic activity of Au@ZnO/Fe3O4 was greatly suppressed. This novel finding underlies a straightforward, sensitive, and highly selective detection probe for Hg2+. The material exhibited excellent analytical performance as marked by the very low limit of detection (LOD) of 2.34 nM, which was well below acceptable levels of 4.99 μM for mercury in cosmetics as set by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and within the linear dynamic ranges of 0–10 nM. High recoveries ranging from 96.5 to 100.3% accompanied by excellent selectivities toward Hg2+ over potentially interfering species were obtained.

Integration of hierarchical magnesium silicate with polypyrrole-coated hollow Fe3O4 hybrids as a synergistic adsorbent toward efficient water treatment

Here we demonstrate the rational design and synthesis of hierarchical Fe3O4@PPy/Mgsilicate composites for applications in water treatments. Through a facile step-by-step strategy, ultrathin Mgsilicate nanosheets (NSs) are grown on polypyrrole (PPy) coated Fe3O4 NPs to achieve the hollow structured Fe3O4@PPy/Mgsilicate composites. This smart design can effectively shorten the mass transfer of molecules, increase the specific surface area, and provide more active sites for adsorption of organic pollutants. Owing to its large specific surface area, hierarchical hollow structures, and the synergistic adsorption effect between the PPy interlayer and magnesium silicate outlayer, the resulting composites exhibited excellent adsorption on Congo Red (CR) with high adsorption capacity of 540.5 mg·g-1. The separation of the composites after sorption can be easily performed with an external magnet because of the multiple Fe3O4 cores. These results indicate that the Fe3O4@PPy/Mgsilicate composites can be employed as a highly promising adsorbent in water treatment.

Synthesis and characterization of magnetic Ag–Fe3O4@polymer hybrid nanocomposite systems with promising antibacterial application

Introduction Bacterial infections caused by different strains of bacteria still one of the most important disorders affecting humans worldwide. Polymers nanocomposite systems could be considered as an alternative to conventional antibiotics to eradicate bacterial infections. Significance In an attempt to enhance the antibacterial performance of silver and iron oxide nanoparticles, decrease their aggregation and toxicity, a polymeric hybrid nanocomposite system combining both nanoparticles is produced. Methods Magnetic Ag–Fe3O4@polymer hybrid nanocomposites prepared using different polymers, namely polyethylene glycol 4000, ethyl cellulose, and chitosan were synthesized via wet impregnation and ball-milling techniques. The produced nanocomposites were tested for their physical properties and antibacterial activities. Results XRD, FT-IR, VSM, and TEM results confirmed the successful preparation of hybrid nanocomposites. Hybrid nanocomposites have average crystallite sizes in the following order Ag–Fe3O4@CS (8.9 nm) < Ag–Fe3O4@EC (9.0 nm) < Ag–Fe3O4@PEG4000 (9.4 nm) and active surface area of this trend Ag–Fe3O4@CS (130.4 m2g−1) > Ag–Fe3O4@EC (128.9 m2g−1) > Ag–Fe3O4@PEG4000 (123.4 m2g−1). In addition, they have a saturation magnetization in this order: Ag–Fe3O4@PEG4000 (44.82 emu/g) > Ag–Fe3O4@EC (40.14 emu/g) > Ag–Fe3O4@CS (22.90 emu/g). Hybrid nanocomposites have a pronounced antibacterial action against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus intermedius compared to iron oxide nanoparticles and positive antibacterial drug. In addition, both Ag–Fe3O4@EC and Ag–Fe3O4@CS have a lower MIC values compared to Ag–Fe3O4@PEG and positive control. Conclusion Magnetic Ag–Fe3O4 hybrid nanocomposites could be promising antibacterial nanomaterials and could pave the way for the development of new materials with even more unique properties and applications.

Glutamate oxidase-integrated biomimetic Fe3O4 hybrids as cascade nanozymes for glutamate detection

Herein, a new nanozyme/natural enzyme hybrid biosensor was established for ultrasensitive l-glutamic acid (L-Glu) detection. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles with peroxidase-like activity and stability was used as a nanozyme and carrier for immobilizing l-Glutamate oxidase (GLOD) through Schiffff base reaction to construct a chem-enzyme cascade detector. The resultant Fe3O4-GOLD exhibited a wide linear range (10−500 μM) and a low detection limit of 6.03 μM for L-Glu detection. Furthermore, the Fe3O4-GOLD exhibited excellent pH stability, thermal stability, reusability and storage stability. After repeated nine cycles, Fe3O4-GOLD still retained 70% of its initial activity. Meanwhile, Fe3O4-GOLD maintained 50% of its initial activity after storage for 20 days, while free GLOD only retained 20% of its initial activity. This strategy of integrating biomimetic Fe3O4 and natural enzymes for cascade catalysis makes it possible to design an efficient and stable chemo-enzyme composite catalysts, which are promising for applications in biosensing and biomimetic catalysis.

The carbon-doped Fe3O4 montmorillonite particle electrode for the degradation of antiviral drugs in electro-Fenton system

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the extensive use of epidemic control drugs such as Arbidol (ARB) and Acyclovir (ACV) has significantly increased and the environmental pollution caused by these residues has attracted increasing attention. In this article, a novel montmorillonite graphene-like carbon hybrid Fe3O4 compound (Mt/GH/Fe3O4) as particle electrode catalyst was prepared and applied in three-dimensional-electro-Fenton (3D-EF) for the ARB and ACV degradation. The structure and composition of the compound catalyst were characterized. The degradation efficiency of targets was significantly increased in the 3D-EF degradation system and even more thorough for the degradation of targets, compared with simple 2D, 3D, and EF catalytic degradation systems. The degradation rate of antiviral drugs can reach >90% in 5 min with excellent stability. The research demonstrated that the clay mineral with a special structure loaded with graphene-like carbon and Fe3O4 had supplied an ideal reaction medium for the electro-Fenton reaction. Mt./GH/Fe3O4-based 3D-EF degradation system would have promising applications in the degradation and removal of antiviral drug residuals in the environment.

Multifunctional organohydrogel with rambutan-like microstructure for waste heat recovery and intelligent sensing

Energy shortages and ecological concerns have led to a focus on efficient waste heat utilization. Phase-change organohydrogels and thermoelectric generators combine to provide electricity from waste heat, which is a promising method for waste heat recovery and reuse. In this work, a multifunctional organohydrogel was elaborately fabricated through the Pickering emulsion method and UV-initiated polymerization, composed of rambutan-like phase change microspheres and polyacrylamide (PAAm) skeleton. In particular, the paraffin wax (PW) was employed as a phase change material and microencapsulated within cellulose nanofibril (CNF)/carbon nanotube (CNT)/Fe3O4 hybrid shells. Attributed to the unique microspheres, the resultant organohydrogel possessed various advanced features. The phase transition behaviors of the microspheres enabled the organohydrogel to store, release, and manage thermal energy. Harvested waste heat can be efficiently stored in the organohydrogel and discharged into the thermoelectric system. The thermoelectric generator achieved remarkable output voltage and current of 518.0 mV and 86.3 mA via thermal-electricity conversion, respectively. Additionally, the organohydrogel also exhibited favorable thermosensitive properties over a wide temperature range (from −18.0 to 90.0 °C), and mechanical responsiveness with a low detection limit (1.0%). Thus, organohydrogels with rambutan-like microstructures presented promising potentials for thermal energy storage systems and next-generation multifunctional electronic devices.

Porous carbon derived from cherry blossom leaves treatment with Fe3O4 enhanced the electrochemical performance of a lithium storage anode

Metal oxides have been proposed as promising anode materials for next-generation batteries, but the large volume changes and poor electron and ion conductivity limit their electrochemical performance. To mitigate the negative effects of volume expansion on battery performance, a flower-like Fe3O4 structure coated with carbon is studied via one step wet chemical method. The Fe3O4 particles are uniformly distributed in highly porous carbon derived from cherry blossom leaves, resulting in a larger specific area and higher conductivity for the Fe3O4@C anode. In this hybrid Fe3O4@C nanocomposite, the ultrafine carbon coating effectively reduces volume expansion while providing excellent electrochemical performance. The flower-like Fe3O4@C electrodes demonstrate a specific capacity of approximately 1110 mAh g–1 at a current density of 1.0 A g–1. Moreover, the composite material Fe3O4@C exhibits a specific capacity of 848.1 mAh g–1 at a high current density of 2.0 A g–1 over 1000 cycles. These results indicate that the hybrid composition Fe3O4@C possesses excellent electrochemical properties, and suggest that this strategy could be applied to other hybrid materials for energy harvesting and storage.

Heat transfer coefficient and thermal performance of heat pipe with R134a/mineral oil nanodiamond+Fe3O4 hybrid nanorefrigerant

Experimental research has been done on the heat transfer coefficient and thermal performance of heat pipe operating with R134a/mineral oil (5:1% weight percent) based nanodiamond+Fe3O4 hybrid nanorefrigerants. The in-situ growth approach was used to create the hybrid nanoparticles, which were subsequently characterized by X-ray diffraction. Using a vibrating sample magnetometer, the prepared sample magnetic measurement was determined. The studies were conducted with varying heat inputs of 100, 150, and 200 W and with particle loadings of 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%, respectively. The results show that when using hybrid nanofluids instead of base fluid, the wall temperatures at the evaporator and condenser sections of heat pipe are lower. At a heat supply of 200 W, the average temperature in evaporator and condenser sections are reduced by 30.08% and 19.21%, respectively. At [Formula: see text] = 1.0% vol. loading and 200 W, the thermal resistances in the evaporator and condenser sections drop to 24.58% and 21.74%, respectively. In comparison to the base fluid, the heat transfer coefficients of the evaporator and condenser are greater to 37.08% and 30.24%, respectively, at a heat input of 200 W. The thermal performance of the heat pipe is enhanced by employing the hybrid nanoparticles based nanorefrigerant, and it is also increased with increasing particle loadings.

Effect of graphene oxide–iron oxide hybrid nanocomposite on the high-velocity impact performance of Kevlar fabrics impregnated with nanosilica/polyethylene glycol shear thickening fluid

In this paper, the influence of graphene oxide (GO) and GO–Fe3O4 hybrid nanocomposite (GFHN) as additives for nanosilica/polyethylene glycol shear thickening fluid (STF) was investigated on the fiber pull-out response and high-velocity impact performance of Kevlar fabrics. To fabricate GFHN nanofillers, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were linked onto the graphene oxide surfaces using the electrostatic self-assembly method. The GO sheets and GFHN nanofillers were separately incorporated into STF containing fumed silica nanoparticles and the Kevlar fabrics were impregnated with the obtained STF-GO and STF-GFHN nano-mixtures. The pull-out test results of the impregnated Kevlar fabric indicated that the STF-GO nano-mixture decreased while the STF-GFHN nano-mixture increased the friction between the yarns of the impregnated fabric. This was in correlation with the high-velocity impact test results in which the STF-GO nano-mixture deteriorated while the STF-GFHN nano-mixture considerably improved the high-velocity impact resistance of the impregnated Kevlar fabric. The Kevlar fabric impregnated with STF-GFHN nano-mixture containing 0.4 wt% GFHN nanofillers experienced the maximum pull-out force and impact energy absorption with 163% and 73% improvements, respectively, compared to the neat fabric.

Ultrasmall Fe3O4 and Gd2O3 hybrid nanoparticles for T1-weighted MR imaging of cancer

AbstractGadolinium-based contrast agents (GdCAs) have been the most frequently used T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for decades. However, they have serious disadvantages such as low longitudinal relaxivity value (r1) and high dose associated-nephrotoxicity that restrict their wide applications. These emphasize the need for an ideal stable and biocompatible T1-weighted CA with high contrast enhancement performance. Here, we propose a wet-chemical synthesis technique to form a nanocomposite consisting of ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles (US-IO) and Gd2O3 hybrid nanoparticles stabilized with dextran (FG-HNPs) for T1-weighted MR imaging. Relaxometry study showed that FG-HNPs have a high r1 value (42.28 mM−1S−1) and low relaxivity ratio (r2/r1: 1.416) at 3.0T. In vivo MRI contrast enhancement factor (ΔSNR) for FG-HNPs (257.025 ± 17.4%) was found to be 1.99-fold higher than US-IO (129.102 ± 15%) and 3.35-fold higher than Dotarem (76.71 ± 14.2%) as routinely used T1-weighted CA. The cytotoxicity assay and histological examination confirmed the biocompatibility of FG-HNPs. The biodistribution study, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Prussian blue (PB) staining of tumor tissue proved the effective tumor localization of FG-HNPs. Therefore, FG-HNPs can be suggested as a promising CA for T1-weighted MRI of tumors by virtue of their remarkable relaxivities and high biocompatibility.

The effect of GO–Fe3O4 hybrid coating on the magnetic field detection by a tapered optical fiber sensor

In this research, a magnetic field sensor based on the tapered optical fiber was fabricated. The tapered area of the optical fiber was coated by the GO–Fe3O4 hybrid prepared through the electrostatic self-assembly. High sensitivity of 99–324 pW/mT was obtained for the taper lengths of 6.8–11 mm and taper diameters of 3.3–12.8 μm using a laser with a wavelength of 1550 nm (2 mW) and the magnetic flux density of 0–60 mT. It was found that the output power increased linearly as the magnetic field increased. Moreover, the sensor sensitivity increased linearly by increasing the taper length and decreasing the taper diameter due to an increase in the evanescent field penetration.

Batch and fixed bed sorption of low to moderate concentrations of aqueous per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on Douglas fir biochar and its Fe3O4 hybrids

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) can cause deleterious effects at low concentrations (70 ng/L). Their remediation is challenging. Aqueous μg/L levels of PFOS, PFOS, PFOSA, PFBS, GenX, PFHxS, PFPeA, PFHxA, and PFHpA (abbreviations defined in Table 1) multi-component adsorption (pH dependence, kinetics, isotherms, fixed-bed adsorption, regeneration, complex matrix) was studied on commercial Douglas fir biochar (BC) and its Fe3O4-containing BC. BC is a waste product when syn-gas is produced in a large scale from wet Douglas fir wood fed to gasification at 900–1000 °C and held for 1–20 s. This generates a relatively high surface area (∼700 m2/g) and large pore volume (∼0.25 cm3/g) biochar. Treatment of BC with FeCl3/FeSO4 and NaOH to chemically precipitate Fe3O4 onto BC. BC and its magnetic Fe3O4/BC analogue rapidly adsorbed (20–45 min equilibrium time) significant amounts of PFOS (∼14.6 mg/g) and PFOA (∼652 mg/g) at natural waters’ pH range (6–8). Adsorption from μg/L concentrations has produced remediated aqueous PFAS concentrations of ∼50 ng/L or below the detection limits, which is closing in on EPA advisory limits. Column capacities of PFOS were 215.3 mg/g on BC and 51.9 mg/g Fe3O4/BC vs 53.0 mg/g and 21.8 mg/g, respectively, for PFOA. Hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions are thought to drive this sorption. Successful stripping regeneration by methanol was achieved. Thus, hydrophobic Douglas fir biochar produced by fast high temperature pyrolysis and its Fe3O4/BC analogue are adsorbent candidates for PFAS remediation from the dilute PFAS concentrations often found in polluted environments. Small Fe3O4/BC particles can be magnetically removed from batch treatments avoiding filtration.

Activation Energy Performance through Magnetized Hybrid Fe3O4–PP Nanofluids Flow with Impact of the Cluster Interfacial Nanolayer

The current work investigated the mass and heat transfer of the MHD hybrid nanofluid flow subject to the impact of activation energy and cluster interfacial nanolayer. The heat transport processes related to the interfacial nanolayer between nanoparticles and base fluids enhanced the base fluid’s thermal conductivity. The tiny particles of Fe3O4 and PPy were considered due to the extraordinary thermal conductivity which is of remarkable significance in nanotechnology, electronic devices, and modern shaped heat exchangers. Using the similarity approach, the governing higher-order nonlinear coupled partial differential equation was reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Fe3O4–PPy hybrid nanoparticles have a considerable influence on thermal performance, and when compared to non-interfacial nanolayer thermal conductivity, the interfacial nanolayer thermal conductivity model produced substantial findings. The increase in nanolayer thickness from level 1 to level 5 had a significant influence on thermal performance improvement. Further, the heat and mass transfer rate was enhanced with higher input values of interfacial nanolayer thickness.

Hydrothermal features in the swirling flow of radiated graphene – Fe3O4 hybrid nanofluids through a rotating cylinder with exponential space-dependent heat generation

The current analysis tries to establish the hydrothermal characteristic for two hybrid nanofluids and a familiar nanofluid flow over a stretchable swirling cylinder. Graphene and Ferrous nanoparticles among present fluids water were appropriated by the affected flow. Moreover, the significant characteristics of aggressive space-dependent convective boundary conditions and heat source/sink were studied for flow and thermal mechanisms. Applicable comparison transformations were furnished to clarify those fluid equations for partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations. Every highest capable finite element method was enforced by clearing up consequent equations and boundary conditions. It’s extraordinary to the validity and reliability of the present numerical explanation in admirable accord with extant clear-cut solutions for the literature. Fluctuations by the confusions of swirling velocity, temperature, and axial velocity to certain related parameters are drawn over the design. The Nusselt number and twain components for skin friction coefficient values of more investigated elements are disclosed in the tables. The investigation finally confirms that nanoparticles were preferred to familiar fluids for improving heat transfer. Both the velocities are reduced for the magnetic flux, whereas temperature kept increasing.