Fe Plates Research Articles

Tailoring the microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu–Fe alloy by varying the rolling path and rolling temperature

Cu–Fe alloys are expected to be extensively used in electronics, transportation and machinery industries due to the extraordinary mechanical properties and functional properties. To optimize rolling process and the final properties of Cu–Fe plates. The effect of rolling path, rolling temperature and thickness reduction on microstructure evolution, mechanical and electrical properties of Cu–Fe alloy are carefully investigated. The results shown that the thickness reduction has a significant effect on mechanical properties of Cu–Fe alloy. The yield strength of Cu–Fe plates with 20% thickness reduction is more than 2 times higher than that of homogenized ingot. While the yield strength increases gradually as further increasing the thickness reduction. Rolling temperature is an important parameter determining the strength-ductility balance. The strength of plate rolled with 80% thickness reduction at 400 °C is similar to that of the plates in cold-rolled state, and the ductility is higher than that for the plates in the cold-rolled state. Further investigation reveals that the formation of heterogeneous structure characterized with recrystallized-fine grains embedded in deformed-coarse grains is responsible for the observed extraordinary mechanical properties. Rolling path could also affect the microstructure evolution and formability of the plates. For plate rolled with route 1 (unidirectional rolling), a stronger Copper-type texture with two Brass-type textures are observed. For plate rolled with route 2, where the rolled plate is rotated to 90° with respect to previous rolling direction between adjacent rolling passes, only Brass-type texture is generated. A rolling-path dependent edge-crack behavior is observed during rolling. Edge cracks are generated during rolling with route 2, while the edge cracks are not observed for plates rolled with route 1. Factors affecting the edge-cracks behavior are also discussed.

Correlation of Sunlight Intensity and Output Voltage on Collector Plate-based Cascaded Thermoelectric Generator Modules

The intensity of solar energy is an important factor in viewing the performance of the thermoelectric generator (TEG). Most studies only look at the effect of treatment on the TEG module in the form of cooling mode and its materials. Therefore this study examines the effect of the solar intensity value on the magnitude of the module voltage. On the hot side of the module are placed heat absorber plates of copper, Fe and aluminum plates as well as non collector plates. Modules are cascaded and connected in series as many as 14 modules per plate, so that a total of 56 TEG modules are used. Data collection is carried out simultaneously on all plates. The test results show that the increase in solar intensity is liner with the magnitude of the TEG module voltage or in other words the correlation is positive. The data also shows that copper collector plates produce the highest voltage difference, followed by Ferro, Alumina and no-plates at ∆V 0.871, 0.805; 0.369 and 0.153 V, respectively

Electrocoagulation with Fe-Al hybrid electrodes for the removal of arsenic, fluoride, and silica from natural groundwater

This communication is about the removal of arsenic (As), fluoride (F−) and hydrated silica (HS) from real underground water (initial concentration: 28 µg L−1 arsenic, 1.55 mg L−1F−, 155 mg L−1 HS, 35 mg L−1 sulfate, pH 7.4, and 470 µS cm−1 conductivity) by electrocoagulation (EC). The novel EC reactor consists of eight horizontally stacked cells using Fe and Al plates as sacrificial anodes with an upward flow. The abatement of As and the elimination at the same time of F− and HS was performed by analyzing the influence of the mean linear flow velocity (1.2 < u < 4.8 cm s−1) at different current densities (3 < j < 7 mA cm−2) imposed on the EC system. The best condition was carried out at j = 7 mA cm−2 and u = 1.2 cm s−1, achieving complete arsenic elimination, and a remaining F− concentration of 0.45 mg L−1, fulfilling the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline for arsenic (< 10 μg L−1) and fluoride (< 1.5 mg L−1). The remaining HS reached a value of 10 mg L−1. Spectroscopic techniques applied to the Fe-Al flocs evidenced the generation of iron oxides and hydroxides, as well as the formation of aluminosilicates.

Scalable electrodeposition of NiFe-based electrocatalysts with self-evolving multi-vacancies for high-performance industrial water electrolysis

Water electrolysis is a promising technique for green hydrogen production to achieve the global strategic goal of carbon neutrality. Herein, we propose an optimized-electrodeposition set-up in Ethaline-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) for the electrochemical preparation of NiFe-based catalysts. The developed synthesis procedure involves the anodic dissolution of Fe plates to provide Fe sources, which are gradually incorporated into the in-situ grown Ni films to fabricate NiFe-based electrodes. Our findings show that introducing nitrate ions coupled with electrochemical water oxidation can induce the formation of multi-vacancy-rich NiFe-based catalysts with outstanding water splitting performance in quasi-industrial conditions. A simulated industrial anion exchange membrane (AEM)-based device loaded with our NiFe-based electrocatalysts requires only 1.73 Vcell to reach 1000 mA cm−2 in 5.0 M KOH at 60 °C and works continuously for up to 200 h. The present work provides a means for the scalable synthesis of self-supported NiFe-based catalysts for industrial water splitting.

An innovative process combining electrocoagulation and photoelectro-Fenton-like methods during the abatement of Acid Blue 113 dye

This paper focuses on the implementation of a smart hybrid water treatment process that combines electrocoagulation (EC) and active chlorine-based photoelectro-Fenton-like (PEF-like) methods to remove Acid Blue 113 (AB 113) dye, used as a model persistent organic pollutant (POP), from synthetic solutions containing chlorides. The composition of AB 113 solutions expressed in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 250–1000 mg L-1 in 2000 mg L-1 NaCl at neutral pH. EC is conceived as a dye removal process, where iron flocs partially remove the dye in high concentrations. The residual dye in the solution (after EC) is oxidized to CO2 in the PEF-like treatment. An up-flow EC reactor was used for EC with two Fe plates as anode and cathode. A filter-press cell with a Ti|Ir-Sn-Sb-oxides anode and a stainless-steel cathode was employed for the PEF-like process. During PEF-like, the chloride is oxidized to HClO, reacting with residual Fe2+ from the EC to yield •OH. In EC, the influence of the electrolyte flow velocity (0.69 ≤ u ≤ 3.47 cm s−1), applied current density (6 ≤ j ≤ 18 mA cm−2), and initial AB 113 dye on the COD and color removal were systematically examined. The solution after EC was handled by PEF-like at u = 24.2 cm s-1, j = 15 mA cm-2, adjusting 0.4 mM Fe2+. The best conditions of EC were j = 18 mA cm-2 and u = 0.69 cm s-1, reaching COD removals from 67%. After EC, the residual COD was treated by PEF-like, reaching the complete abatement of organic matter. The total operating costs of the treatment (EC + PEF-like) ranged between 1.36 and 1.39 USD m-3. SEM-EDS, XRD, FTIR, and organic elemental analysis (OEA) of the dry flocs confirmed the adsorption of AB 113 on iron aggregates. HPLC analysis during the PEF-like process allowed to identify traces of carboxylic acids at the end of the treatment.

Hydrogen Absorption into Fe Plates with Rust Layers Containing Various MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Amounts during Atmospheric Corrosion with Controlled Humidity

Hydrogen Absorption into Fe Plates with Rust Layers Containing Various MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Amounts during Atmospheric Corrosion with Controlled Humidity

Hydrogen Absorption into Fe Plates with Rust Layers Containing Various MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Amounts during Atmospheric Corrosion with Controlled Humidity

Hydrogen Absorption into Fe Plates with Rust Layers Containing Various MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Amounts during Atmospheric Corrosion with Controlled Humidity

Evaluation of electrochemical treatment of real hospital wastewater with different electrode materials

In this paper, the treatment of real hospital wastewater (HWW) by electrocoagulation process (EC), which is one of the electrochemical treatment methods, has been evaluated. In the EC process, aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) plates as anode and cathode are used. Experimental studies were conducted at 5, 10, 20, 30 voltage (V) and 5, 10, 20, 30, 45 minutes (min) exposure times. pH, temperature, and conductivity were monitored. COD and phenol removal were evaluated. As a result of experimental studies, Al and Fe electrodes were effective in the treatment of HWW with EC. The highest COD removal efficiency was 93% at 30V 10 min and 95% at 30V 5 min for Al and Fe electrode, respectively. The highest phenol removal efficiency is 97% at 10V 10 min and 97% at 10V 5 min for Al and Fe electrode. When all parameters are evaluated, optimum electro kinetic conditions for treatment of HWW was obtained for 10V 5 min by the Fe electrode.

Formation of Fe, Pt and (Pt/Fe) ultra-fine metal nanoparticles in different solution polarity prepared by Nd-YAG pulsed laser

Iron(Fe/FeO), Platium (Pt) and (Pt/Fe) ultra Fine(UF) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by pulsed (Q-switched, 1064 doubled frequency-Nd: YAG). The laser ablation of Fe and Pt metal plates has been performed by immersing these metal plates in deionised water (DDW) and ethanol alcohol solvent. The pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) process preformed with 100 pulse energy of 700 mJ and liquid depth is 5 mm. The formation efficiency of PLAL process was quantified in term of the absorption spectrum peaks and TEM images anlaysis. The absorption spectra of Iron (Fe/FeO, Pt) in DDW reveal a sharp and single peak around (292/363 and 234)nm, respectively, indicates the production of pure and spherical shape of Fe/FeO, Pt UF NPs with an average size in the range of 2-5 nm. While, it was notice absorbance peaks wavelength shifted to the shorter wavelength in ethanol alcohol due to high polarity of alcohol in both bimetalic nanoparticles (Fe and Pt). By changing the solution polarty it can open an easy way to control the size and shape of Fe and Pt and Bimetals (Pt/Fe ) colloidal nanoparticles.

Corrosion protection coating of three-dimensional metal structure by electrophoretic deposition of graphene oxide

Corrosion protection of metals is of great importance in many applications. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is one of the most effective techniques to produce anticorrosive graphene coatings on metals. However, EPD coating on complex shaped surfaces, such as three-dimensional (3D) structures, has rarely been reported, despite its importance in practical applications of metal anti-corrosion. In this study, we prepared three kinds of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets with large, medium, and small lateral sizes through simple dispersion methods, such as stirring, sonication, and homogenizer, respectively, and coated them on the surface of two-dimensional (2D) steel (Fe) plates and 3D Fe rods by the cathodic EPD process. As the lateral size of the coated GO sheets increased, a smoother and thicker coating layer was formed on the Fe plate, which resulted in better corrosion resistance. In addition, novel EPD equipment with multi-electrodes has been developed to coat GO sheets onto 3D metal structures. The GOs were successfully coated on 3D Fe rod using the EPD equipment with multiple electrodes, leading to improvement of the corrosion resistance while maintaining the high electrical conductivity. This approach provides a viable and scalable route for using graphene oxide coatings to protect metal surfaces from corrosion.

Performance and mechanistic study on electrocoagulation process for municipal wastewater treatment based on horizontal bipolar electrodes

The design of electrodes is crucial to electrocoagulation process (EC), specifically, with respect to pollutant removal and energy consumption. During EC, the mechanisms for interaction between different electrode arrangement and electrode reactions remain unclear. This work presents an integrated EC process based on horizontal bipolar electrodes (BPEs). In the electrochemical cell, the graphite plates are used as driving cathode while either Fe or Al plates serves as driving anode and BPEs. The BPEs are placed horizontally between the driving electrodes. For municipal wastewater treatment, the pollutant removal efficiency and energy consumption in different configurations of two-dimension electrocoagulation (2D-EC) system with horizontal BPEs were investigated. The removal efficiency of turbidity, total phosphorus and total organic carbon increased significantly with the number of BPEs. Noted that the energy consumption for TP removal decreased by 75.2% with Fe driving anode and 81.5% with Al driving anode than those of 2D-EC, respectively. In addition, the physical field simulation suggested the distributions of potential and current in electrolyte and that of induced charge density on BPE surface. This work provides a visual theoretical guidance to predict the distribution of reactions on BPEs for enhanced pollutant removal and energy saving based on electrocoagulation process for municipal wastewater treatment.

Luminescence spatial characteristics of ZnSe:Fe

Two types of thermal-diffusion-based technological routes have been realized to obtain ZnSe:Fe plates demanded for laser application in the mid-IR spectral range. For the technological routes used, the iron doping process is shown to lead to the formation of auxiliary luminescence bands including (1) luminescence of residual tetrahedral donors and acceptors; (2) unknown bound exciton line located at 459 nm; (3) broad bands with maxima at 490, 520, 670, and 820 nm; and (4) IR band at 960 nm previously assigned to centers related to transition metals. Using the measurements of photoluminescence under conditions of two-photon excitation and measurements of low-temperature microphotoluminescence, the intensity profiles of the bands have been shown to be uncorrelated with the concentration profile of the optically active (Fe2+) iron. This trend does not depend on the technological routes used. Thus, heavily Fe doped areas, as well as adjacent regions in ZnSe:Fe plates produced by thermal-diffusion-based techniques, contain auxiliary centers governing luminescence in visible and near IR spectral ranges. These centers are not directly related to the optically active (Fe2+) iron.

Measurement of the temperature distribution on the surface of the laser heated specimen in a diamond anvil cell system by the tandem imaging acousto-optical filter

ABSTRACTWe demonstrate that combining the laser heating (LH) system in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) with a tandem acousto-optical tunable filter (TAOTF) allows measurement of the temperature distribution (TD) under infrared (IR, 1064 nm) LH of a specimen under high pressure in a DAC. The main component of the system is a TAOTF synchronized with a video camera. The system allows TD mapping within a temperature range of approximately 1000–2000 K on the surface of a laser-heated object (Fe plates) at high pressure in a DAC with a spatial resolution 2 µm by fitting the actual signal to Planck’s equation at each point.

Effects of Severe Plastic Deformation and Interstitial Carbon on Corrosion Resistance of Steel

For the improvement of mechanical properties of steels, nanocrystallization is a center of interest. Nanocrystallization greatly influences on the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, ductility, and wear resistance. Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is one of the effective methods to generate the nanocrystalline structure. It was reported that nanocrystallization also affects corrosion behavior of steels. When the grain size of stainless steels is less than 1 μm, it would appear that the grain boundaries act as barriers against the growth of pitting corrosion1). Interstitial carbon atoms also affect the corrosion behavior2). In this study, the SPD layers were fabricated on Fe plates by ball-milling, and electrochemical measurements were conducted to investigate the corrosion behavior of the SPD layers. Planetary ball-milling was applied to fabricate the SPD layers on Fe and stainless steel plates. The Fe and type 304 stainless steel plates were polished by SiC paper through a 1500 grid and put into a stainless steel pot with Fe powders, and mechanical alloying of Fe and C powders was accomplished. Grinding balls were made of stainless steel. In the milling process, the SPD layers of Fe-C alloy were fabricated on the Fe and stainless steel plates. To investigate the effect of the carbon concentration, the amount of the carbon powders put into the pot was changed. Potentiodynamic anodic polarization curves were measured in deaerated H3BO3-Na2B4O7-1 mM NaCl solution (pH 8.0) at 298 K to elucidate the influence of the SPD and the carbon concentration on the corrosion resistance of the Fe-C steels. With the exception of the electrode area (ca. 5 mm × 5 mm), the surfaces of the specimen were coated with an epoxy resin and paraffin. The measurements were performed in a conventional three electrode cell. The reference electrode was Ag/AgCl (3.33 M KCl) and the counter electrode was a Pt plate. The results of potentiodynamic anodic polarization for the SPD layers on the Fe plates are shown in Fig. 1. In the case of pure Fe, the increase of the anodic current density at ca. -0.5 V was due to the anodic oxidation and/or dissolution of Fe. In the potential range of -0.3 to 0 V, the current density decreased by passivation. And then, the current density drastically increased. This appeared to be attributed to localized corrosion. On the other hand, at around -0.5 V, the current densities for Fe-0.1mass%C and Fe-0.5mass%C were higher than that of pure Fe. However, the passivation current density of Fe-0.5mass%C specimen was the lowest. Therefore, the increase of carbon concentration possibly causes the improvement of corrosion resistance.

Effect of the Addition of Molybdenum on the Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Zinc–Iron Plating

Zn–Ni plating is indispensable in various industries because of its high corrosion resistance. However, Ni has been reported to trigger allergies; thus, an alternative Ni-free plating is desired. Zn–Fe plating is considered to be a promising candidate, albeit its corrosion resistance still needs to be improved. The corrosion resistance of Zn–Fe plating is expected to increase by the addition of Mo as the third alloying element as it is more noble than Zn and Fe. In this study, Zn–Fe–Mo plating with a corrosion resistance nearly equivalent to that of the Zn–Ni plating was fabricated. Zn–Fe–Mo plating was electrically deposited from continuously-agitated plating baths prepared by mixing ZnSO4, FeSO4, Na2MoO4, Na3C6H5O7, and Na2SO4 using Fe or Ni plates as the substrate. The surface morphology, composition, crystal phase, and electronic state of Mo of the platings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The anti-corrosion performance was evaluated by Tafel extrapolation method. Formation of plating comprising a Mo containing alloy phase was found to be crucial for improving corrosion resistance. The Zn–Fe–Mo plating demonstrates promise for replacing anti-corrosion Zn–Ni platings.

Use of Iron Powder to Obtain High Yields of Leptothrix Sheaths in Culture

The Leptothrix species, Fe-oxidizing bacteria, produce an extracellular, microtubular sheath with a complicated organic–inorganic hybrid nature. We have discovered diverse industrial functions for this material, e.g., electrode material for Li-ion batteries, catalyst enhancers, pigments, plant growth promoters, and plant protectants. To consistently obtain material with the qualitative and quantitative stability needed for industrial applications, we focused on developing an optimum culture system for sheath synthesis by the Leptothrix sp. strain OUMS1. Although we have used Fe plates as an Fe source in the liquid silicon-glucose-peptone medium (SGP), the plates do not yield a consistent quality or precise mass, and formation of Fe-encrusted sheath is restricted to a surface of the plates, which limits harvest yield. In this study, to obtain a high yield of sheaths, we cultured OUMS1 in SGP supplemented with Fe powders. The addition of Fe powders to the medium (up to 14.0 g/L) did not adversely influence growth of OUMS1. The final yield of sheaths was about 10-fold greater than in the Fe plate culture. The sheaths also maintained a microtubular form and crystalline texture similar to those produced on Fe plates in SGP. The results proved the usefulness of Fe powder for consistently high yields of Fe-encrusted sheaths of stable quality.

OS0511-444 破壊形態を考慮したFe-Al異材接合継手の疲労寿命予測

Dissimilar material joint makes a machine light and efficient. Welding is widely used to connect dissimilar materials, but an intermetallic compound produced in the interface and stress specificity at interface end are concerned to decrease the joint strength. It is important to evaluate the strength of welded joint for designing machine and structure. In this study, single lap specimens with welding joint of Fe and Al plates were prepared for a tensile shear test and a fatigue test. Joint strength and interfacial strength were investigated by modifying shape of welding joint. Fracture analysis revealed the interface was brittleness destruction and the joint strength depends on the strength of the starting point of the destruction. Fatigue curve can be classified every destruction form by using the hotspot stress of the starting point of the destruction.

Cosmic-ray muon spin rotation in Fe and industrial application

Spin polarized positive muons contained in the cosmic-rays were stopped in the Fe plates providing a characteristic spin rotation signal of decay positrons. This signal along with the decay lifetime of the negative muons can be used as a non-invasive radiographic measurement method for a characterization of the inner structure of the aged architectures. Principle, results of test experiments and future prospects are described.

Facile immobilization of heparin on bioabsorbable iron via mussel adhesive protein (MAPs)

Motivated by adhesive proteins in mussels, strategies using dopamine to modified surface have become particularly attractive. In the present work, we developed a novel and convenient method to modify the biodegradable Fe plates with heparin. Iron was first treated by a facile one-step pH-induced polymerization of dopamine, and then a high density heparin was successfully grafted onto the surface via coupling with polydopamine (PDA) active layer. Heparin immobilization contributed much longer blood clotting coagulation time than the pure Fe sample, and hence reduced the risk of thrombosis. Cell viability tests suggested that the heparin modified Fe plates were more favorable to the proliferation of ECV304 cells. In summary, the heparin modified Fe plates with good anti-thrombus properties and inhibiting the proliferation of VSMC cells provide great prospects for biodegradable iron.

A precise experimental study of various affecting operational parameters in electrocoagulation-flotation process of high-load compost leachate in a batch reactor.

The present study treated compost leachate, a high load organic and inorganic wastewater, using a batch electrocoagulation-flotation (ECF) process. ECF is an effective, fast, reliable, feasible, and economic technique for wastewater treatment. The interactive effects of operational factors such as influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), voltage, electrolysis time (ET), and electrodes distance (ED) on the efficiency of COD and total suspended solid (TSS) removal for various electrodes configurations (Al-Al, Al-Fe, Fe-Al, Fe-Fe) were analyzed and correlated. Al-Al was found to be the best configuration based on maximum removal of COD and TSS. Ultimately, analysis of associated results indicated that the best arrangement (Al-Al) possessed the following optimal factors: influent COD = 12,627 mg/L, voltage = 19 V, ET = 75 min, and ED = 3 cm for maximum removal of COD (96%) and TSS (99%). Confirmation tests indicated a 95% confidence interval for good agreement of the experimental results and predicted values from fitted correlations. Analysis of outcomes demonstrated that COD concentration was the most effective variable for COD and TSS removal, and, in addition, an increase in ET and a decrease in ED had positive effects. Total corrosion on the Al and Fe plates was 34.8 and 146.6 g, respectively.