Liver Fe Concentrations Research Articles

Effect of dietary iron (Fe) supplementation on growth performance, hematological parameters and anti-oxidant responses of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792) post-smolts

Effects of graded dietary iron (Fe) levels on coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792) post-smolts were assessed by determining the growth performance, Fe deposited in tissue, liver and serum antioxidant and immunity responses. Six experimental diets containing graded Fe (FeSO4·7 H2O as a Fe source) levels of 23.70, 42.40, 63.80, 89.30, 102.70 and 125.70 mg/kg were made and fed to three replicate groups of fish. A total 180 coho salmon post-smolts (188.28 ± 0.40 g) were randomly distributed to 18 floating cages (water volume 1000-L) with a flow-through system for 10 weeks, and fed three times daily until satiation. The results showed that the final body weight (FBW) and specific growth rate (SGR) were increased (p < 0.05) with increasing Fe content (from 23.70 to 89.30 mg/kg) in the diet, and significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in these traits were recorded when dietary Fe supplementation was further increased (from 89.30 to 125.70 mg/kg). However, feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed the opposite trend. Survival rate, morphological indices, and body proximate compositions did not differ significantly among the groups (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the Fe contents in the whole body and muscle exhibited a steady rise (linear, p < 0.05), meanwhile, the liver Fe content significantly increased with increasing dietary Fe levels (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05). Increasing dietary Fe levels increased (p < 0.05) the hemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte counts and hematocrit. In serum, lysozyme activity was significantly increased in 89.30 mg/kg diets ( p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in liver and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities in response to the Fe levels in the diet, whereas a significant quadratic decrease in malondialdehyde levels (p < 0.05). Quadratic regression analysis of SGR and FCR against dietary Fe levels indicated that the optimal dietary Fe requirements were estimated to be 100.00 mg/kg and 104.17 mg/kg. Broken-line model analyses of the hepatic Fe content and SOD activity, the Hb content in the blood, and serum SOD activity against dietary Fe levels indicated that the optimal dietary Fe levels are 85.01, 87.53, 87.04, 91.23 mg/kg in Oncorhynchus kisutch post-smolts, respectively.

Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) silage, a possible low trophic marine protein source for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) could be a promising marine protein source in fish feeds and is of great interest since it can be cultivated along the Norwegian coastline. However, the use of blue mussels in feeds is dependent on developing suitable preservation and processing methods to produce a feed grade raw material. The present studies were conducted to investigate whether blue mussel silage could be used in the feed for Atlantic salmon post-smolt. Two feeding experiments were conducted using the same reference diet with FM inclusion of 25%, giving a mix of ∼59–63% plant-based ingredients vs ∼34–36% marine ingredients to simulate a standard grower feed for salmon post-smolts in SW. In experiment 1, fish were fed diets containing three different inclusion levels of blue mussel silage (BMS 3, 7, and 11%), a diet containing blue mussel meal (BMM) (12%) as well as the reference feed. In this experiment, the fish that were fed a diet containing BMS had a decline in both weight gain and condition factor when compared to the fish given the reference and BMM. The daily feed intake was similar in all groups, but the feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased in the fish fed BMS. The inclusion of BMS and BMM did not affect the digestibility of nutrients, but reduced retention of whole-body lipid and protein retention was observed. Salmon given BMS in the diet also had lower iron (Fe) concentrations in liver and whole body, indicating lower Fe uptake, irrespective of inclusion level. These findings were followed up in a second feeding experiment aiming to investigate whether different processing methods of blue mussel silage could influence the bioavailability of iron, as well as feed utilization and growth. The reference feed was formulated similar to the feed in exp. 1. Additionally, fish were fed diets containing BMM (9%) and the same batch of BMS (9%) used in exp. 1 as well as two diets containing new productions of BMS (9%) using either a lower acid level or only formic acid at the same level. In experiment 2, no differences were seen in weight gain, feed intake, FCR, nutrient retention or body composition between fish given BMS and reference diet. The lower Fe status observed in experiment 1 was not seen in the second study. In both experiments, there were no differences in fish welfare indicators between the group of fish fed with BMS, BMM and the reference group.The present results show that blue mussel silage can be used in the diet for Atlantic salmon, however, the different processing and preservation methods to produce BMS influence the nutritional properties and consequently growth performance and feed utilization of Atlantic salmon post-smolts.

The chemical characteristics of different sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate sources and their relative bioavailabilities for broilers fed with a conventional corn-soybean meal diet

BackgroundOur previous studies demonstrated that divalent organic iron (Fe) proteinate sources with higher complexation or chelation strengths as expressed by the greater quotient of formation (Qf) values displayed higher Fe bioavailabilities for broilers. Sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA) is a trivalent organic Fe source with the strongest chelating ligand EDTA. However, the bioavailability of Fe when administered as NaFeEDTA in broilers and other agricultural animals remains untested. Herein, the chemical characteristics of 12 NaFeEDTA products were determined. Of these, one feed grade NaFeEDTA (Qf = 2.07 × 108), one food grade NaFeEDTA (Qf = 3.31 × 108), and one Fe proteinate with an extremely strong chelation strength (Fe-Prot ES, Qf value = 8,590) were selected. Their bioavailabilities relative to Fe sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O) for broilers fed with a conventional corn-soybean meal diet were evaluated during d 1 to 21 by investigating the effects of the above Fe sources and added Fe levels on the growth performance, hematological indices, Fe contents, activities and gene expressions of Fe-containing enzymes in various tissues of broilers.ResultsNaFeEDTA sources varied greatly in their chemical characteristics. Plasma Fe concentration (PI), transferrin saturation (TS), liver Fe content, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities in liver, heart, and kidney, catalase (CAT) activity in liver, and SDH mRNA expressions in liver and kidney increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of Fe supplementation. However, differences among Fe sources were detected (P < 0.05) only for PI, liver Fe content, CAT activity in liver, SDH activities in heart and kidney, and SDH mRNA expressions in liver and kidney. Based on slope ratios from multiple linear regressions of the above indices on daily dietary analyzed Fe intake, the average bioavailabilities of Fe-Prot ES, feed grade NaFeEDTA, and food grade NaFeEDTA relative to the inorganic FeSO4·7H2O (100%) for broilers were 139%, 155%, and 166%, respectively.ConclusionsThe bioavailabilities of organic Fe sources relative to FeSO4·7H2O were closely related to their Qf values, and NaFeEDTA sources with higher Qf values showed higher Fe bioavailabilities for broilers fed with a conventional corn-soybean meal diet.

136 Evaluation of the Relationship Between Hair Coat Shedding Ability, Apparent Forage Digestibility, and Mineral Status in Angus Cattle

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between winter hair coat shedding ability, apparent forage digestibility, and mineral status in Angus females. Data were collected on fall calving purebred Angus females with calves from March until July in 2019 (n = 10), 2020 (n = 31), 2021 (n = 39), and 2022 (n = 41). Dams were observed once monthly by two trained technicians for winter hair coat shedding and were given a visual score of 1 to 5 with 1 indicating complete shed and 5 indicating no shedding of the winter hair coat. Month of first shed (MFS) was determined when a female reached an average winter hair shedding score of &amp;gt; 3.5 for any given month. Fecal samples were collected during the grazing months of March, May, and July for 5 consecutive days and were then analyzed via proximate analysis to calculate apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of forage. Liver and blood plasma samples were collected during the grazing months of March and July and analyzed via ICP-OES for mineral concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, and Zn. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with a significance declared at P &amp;lt; 0.05. The model included MFS, grazing month, and MFS by grazing month interaction. Interactions of MFS by month were observed for DM, NDF, ADF and liver Fe concentration. For DM, NDF, and ADF, within the grazing month of May, individuals with MFS in April and May were similar and greater when compared with June and July which were similar. Interpretation of these results show no clear trend of an association between hair shedding ability and apparent digestibility; however, some differences based on MFS existed. Further research into this area is important in understanding changes in overall cow performance due to adaptability.

Combined use of biomarkers to assess the impact of untreated wastewater from the Danube River, Serbia.

In this study a battery of bioassays, both in vivo (metals and metalloids concentrations, erythrocyte morphometry, comet assay, micronucleus assay, and histopathological analyses) on vimba bream Vimba vimba (L., 1758) and white bream Blicca bjoerkna (L., 1758), and in vitro (treatment of HepG2 cells with native water samples) was applied to assess the harmful potential of untreated wastewater. Faecal indicator bacteria were quantified to assess the microbiological water quality. Vimba bream had significantly higher Fe concentrations in both liver and muscle, while white bream had higher Ca and Cu concentrations in liver. Vimba bream had a significantly higher level of DNA damage in both liver and blood cells, in comparison to white bream. Low levels of micronucleus and nuclear abnormalities were observed in both species. Erythrocytes morphometry did not show significant interspecific differences. Histopathological analyses revealed a similar response of the studied species, with a significantly higher presence of ceroid pigments in the liver of vimba bream. Treatment of HepG2 cells revealed the high genotoxic potential of water downstream of the discharge point. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the importance of effect-based monitoring, in order to enforce more efficient management of natural resources and implementation of wastewater treatment systems.

Reduced dietary Ca, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mg bioavailability but increased Fe bioavailability with polyethylene microplastic ingestion in a mouse model: Changes in intestinal permeability and gut metabolites

Microplastics emerge as a new environmental and human health crisis. Minimal research exists on effects of microplastic ingestion on the oral bioavailability of minerals (Fe, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mg) in the gastrointestinal tract via impacting intestinal permeability, mineral transcellular transporters, and gut metabolites. Here, mice were exposed to polyethylene spheres of 30 and 200 μm (PE-30 and PE-200) in diet (2, 20, and 200 μg PE g−1) for 35 d to determine the microplastic effects on mineral oral bioavailability. Results showed that for mice fed diet amended with PE-30 and PE-200 at 2–200 μg g−1, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mg concentrations in the small intestine tissue were 43.3–68.8 %, 28.6–52.4 %, 19.3–27.1 %, 12.9–29.9 %, and 10.2–22.4 % lower compared to control mice, suggesting hampered bioavailability of these minerals. In addition, Ca and Mg concentrations in mouse femur were 10.6 % and 11.0 % lower with PE-200 at 200 μg g−1. In contrast, Fe bioavailability was elevated, as suggested by significantly (p < 0.05) higher Fe concentration in the intestine tissue of mice exposed to PE-200 than control mice (157–180 vs. 115 ± 7.58 μg Fe g−1) and significantly (p < 0.05) higher Fe concentrations in liver and kidney with PE-30 and PE-200 at 200 μg g−1. Following PE-200 exposure at 200 μg g−1, genes coding for duodenal expression of tight junction proteins (e.g., claudin 4, occludin, zona occludins 1, and cingulin) were significantly up-regulated, possibility weakening intestinal permeability to Ca, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mg ions. The elevated Fe bioavailability was possibly related to microplastic-induced greater abundances of small peptides in the intestinal tract, which inhibited Fe precipitation and elevated Fe solubility. Results showed that microplastic ingestion may cause Ca, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mg deficiency but Fe overload via altering intestinal permeability and gut metabolites, posing a threat to human nutrition health.

Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis

Abstract The homeostasis of calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) is disturbed during menopause. The present study aimed to determine the effects of Ca-enriched pumpkin on Fe status in ovariectomized rats. A total of 48 female Wistar rats were divided into six groups. One group was fed a standard diet (C), while the other five groups were ovariectomized and fed a standard diet (OVX), a calcium lactate diet (CaL_OVX), calcium lactate-enriched pumpkin (PCaL_OVX), calcium lactate and alendronate (CaL_OVX_B), and calcium lactate-enriched pumpkin and alendronate (PCaL_OVX_B), respectively. The nutritional intervention lasted 12 weeks and rats were euthanized. Tissue samples were collected, and the iron content in the samples was assessed. A comparison of all groups showed a reduction in iron concentrations in femurs, liver, hair, spleen, and kidneys in the ovariectomized groups than in the control group. The PCaL_OVX_B group had a significantly higher blood hemoglobin concentration than the control group. Moreover, spleen and liver Fe concentrations were the highest in PCaL_OVX and PCaL_OVX_B rats among the treated groups and were comparable with the control group. These results indicate that ovariectomy decreases Fe status in rats. Calcium lactate-enriched pumpkin with and without alendronate can increase Fe concentration in liver and spleen in ovariectomized rats.

Effects of high levels of zinc oxide and dietary zinc/copper ratios on the metabolism of iron in weaned pigs.

The present study compares the use different levels of dietary zinc oxide and zinc/copper ratios on the metabolism of iron (Fe) in weaned pigs. Two experiments were conducted using 120 and 160 weanling piglets (7.96 ± 1.17 kg and 7.81 ± 0.25 kg body weight, respectively) that were randomly assigned to the experimental treatments. Experiment I: diets supplemented with 100, 1,000, and 3,000 mg/kg of zinc (Zn) as ZnO (LZn, MZn, HZn) and 130 mg/kg of copper (Cu) as CuSO4; experiment II: diets supplemented with 100 or 3,000 mg/kg of Zn as ZnO (LZn and HZn) in combination with 6 or 130 mg/kg of Cu as CuSO4 (LCu and HCu). In both experiments, diets had similar levels of supplemental Fe (100 mg/kg of Fe as FeSO4). Piglets were slaughtered at d21 (weaning), d23 (experiment I), d28 (experiment II), d35, and d42 to assess whole blood, serum, and liver Fe concentrations, hemoglobin concentration, and the relative expression of key genes associated with Fe metabolism in jejunum and liver. Whole blood Fe and hemoglobin concentrations (experiment I) as well as serum Fe concentrations (experiments I and II) were not affected by dietary treatments (P ≥ 0.11). Liver Fe concentrations (experiment II) and total liver Fe content (experiments I and II) were lower (P ≤ 0.05) in HZn compared to LZn groups at d42. In both experiments, the mRNA expression of jejunal DMT1 was lowest and that of jejunal FTH1 was highest at d42 (P ≤ 0.04) for HZn piglets. In experiment II only, jejunal FTH1 and FPN1 expression were greater (P ≤ 0.04) in HCu compared to LCu groups at d42. The highest expression of hepatic FTH1 and FPN1 at d35 and d42 (P ≤ 0.02) was detected in HZn piglets in both experiments. For hepatic HAMP, expression values were greater (P = 0.04) at d42 in HZn groups. In conclusion, high dietary ZnO levels impair Fe metabolism but the effects are not intense enough to impact circulating Fe and hemoglobin concentrations.

Effects of supplemental Zn concentration and trace mineral source on immune function and associated biomarkers of immune status in weaned beef calves received into a feedlot

Low-risk, weaned Angus-crossbred steers (n = 72; 284 ± 25 kg) were used in a 42-d receiving study. Steers were housed in pens (n = 6 steers per pen) equipped with GrowSafe bunks for determination of individual animal feed disappearance. Dietary treatments (n = 24 steers per treatment) included: 1) trace minerals (TM) from an organic source (Availa4; Zinpro Corp., Eden Prairie, MN) at 7 g·steer-1·d-1; for 42 d (ORG); 2) ORG for entire 42-d plus AvailaZn (Zn amino acid complex, Zinpro Corp., Eden Prairie, MN) to provide 1,000 mg Zn·steer-1·d-1 for first 14 d (ORG+Z); 3) inorganic TM sources to supplemented at equivalent concentration as in ORG for 42-d (ING). Cattle were weighed on day -1, 0, 14, 41, and 42. Whole blood was collected (n = 72 steers) on day 0, 14, and 42. Liver biopsies were conducted (n = 36 steers; 3 steers per pen) on day 0, 14, and 42. Flow cytometry measures were conducted using whole blood on day 1, 14, and 42 for determination of circulating frequencies of immune cell populations. There was a tendency for improved overall average daily gain (P = 0.07) where both ORG and ORG+Z were greater than ING. Final body weight did not differ (P = 0.21) and overall dry matter intake was unaffected by dietary treatment (P ≥ 0.18). However, overall gain-to-feed ratio was improved (P = 0.01) in steers supplemented organic TM (ORG and ORG+Z) compared to ING. Plasma Zn concentration did not differ at any time point during the study (P ≥ 0.20). Liver Zn concentration did not differ between treatments on day 0 or 42; however, on day 14 ING tended (P = 0.09) to be greater than ORG+Z with ORG being intermediate. Plasma Cu was unaffected by dietary treatment (P ≥ 0.34) on day 0, 14, and 42. Plasma Fe did not differ on day 0 or 42 but tended to be greater in ORG and ORG+Z compared to ING (P = 0.08) on day 14. Dietary treatment did not alter (P ≥ 0.22) liver Fe or Mn concentration at any time point. Frequency of total circulating natural killer (NK) and CD8 T cells measured on day 0, 14, and 42 did not differ (P ≥ 0.07). However, cell surface markers of activation (CD16, CD44, and CD8) on NK cells measured on day 14 did differ because of treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Results presented herein indicate TM from an organic source supplemented to steers during receiving can positively influence growth rate and feed efficiency. Regardless of source, TM supplementation affected markers of immune function but did not influence the prevalence of circulating NK and CD8 T-cell populations.

Effects of various Fe compounds on the bioavailability of Pb contained in orally ingested soils in mice: Mechanistic insights and health implications

Reducing lead (Pb) exposure via oral ingestion of contaminated soils is highly relevant for child health. Elevating dietary micronutrient iron (Fe) intake can reduce Pb oral bioavailability while being beneficial for child nutritional health. However, the practical performance of various Fe compounds was not assessed. Here, based on mouse bioassays, ten Fe compounds applied to diets (100–800 mg Fe kg−1) reduced Pb oral relative bioavailability (RBA) in two soils variedly depending on Fe forms. EDTA-FeNa was most efficient, which reduced Pb-RBA in a soil from 79.5 ± 14.7 % to 23.1 ± 2.72 % (71 % lower) at 100 mg Fe kg−1 in diet, more effective than other 9 compounds at equivalent or higher doses (3.6–68 % lower). When EDTA-FeNa, ferrous gluconate, ferric citrate, and ferrous bisglycinate were supplemented, Fe-Pb co-precipitation was not observed in the intestinal tract. EDTA-FeNa, ferrous gluconate, ferric citrate, and ferrous sulfate suppressed duodenal divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1)mRNA relative expression similarly (27–68 % lower). In comparison, among ten compounds, EDTA-FeNa elevated Fe concentrations in mouse liver, kidney, and blood (1.50–2.69-fold higher) most efficiently, suggesting the most efficient Fe absorption that competed with Pb. In addition, EDTA was unique from other organic ligands, ingestion of which caused 12.0-fold higher Pb urinary excretion, decreasing Pb concentrations in mouse liver, kidney, and blood by 68–88 %. The two processes (Fe-Pb absorption competition and Pb urinary excretion with EDTA) interacted synergistically, leading to the lowest Pb absorption with EDTA-FeNa. The results provide evidence of a better inhibition of Pb absorption by EDTA-FeNa, highlighting that EDTA-FeNa may be the most appropriate supplement for intervention on human Pb exposure. Future researches are needed to assess the effectiveness of EDTA-FeNa for intervention on human Pb exposure.

Effect of Different Dietary Zinc Sources on Growth, Element Deposition, Antioxidation, Lipid Metabolism, and Related Gene Expression in Hybrid Grouper (♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus)

This study investigated the effect of different supplements of Zn on the growth performance, antioxidant, lipid metabolism, and element deposition of hybrid grouper (♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus). A total of 180 juvenile groupers (bodyweight 10.02 ± 0.01 g) were divided into three groups of 20 fish each and fed with ZnSO4, nanozinc oxide (Nano-ZnO), and dihydromyricetin-Zn (DMY-Zn) for 8 weeks(the content of Zn were 123,122.11, and 120.72 mg/kg). The findings revealed that DMY-Zn had a substantial impact on growth, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio, whereas Nano-ZnO had a significant impact on feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Furthermore, DMY-Zn had a positive effect on the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) content and significantly upregulated the lipid synthesis gene expression (FASN and ACACA) in the liver. The fish fed DMY-Zn had larger levels of catalase (CAT) in both the serum and liver, as well as Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes in muscle. In terms of antioxidant-related gene expression, the DMY-Zn treatment upregulated the expression of SOD1, Keap1b, and Mt2. Moreover, DMY-Zn also had a prominent effect on element deposition, increasing the concentration of Fe and Zn in the fish liver and muscle and Cu only in the fish muscle. The results revealed that a fish-fed diet enriched with DMY-Zn had significantly higher antioxidant and lipid metabolism activities than a ZnSO4-fed diet. In conclusion, dietary DMY-Zn treatment appears to be effective in increasing hybrid grouper growth, element deposition, antioxidant activity, and lipid metabolism.

High Dietary Organic Iron Supplementation Decreases Growth Performance and Induces Oxidative Stress in Broilers.

Simple SummaryIron (Fe) is an essential trace element nutrient that plays a vital role in metabolic processes, such as oxygen transportation and electron transfer during respiration. However, exposure to high levels of dietary Fe can have negative effects on growth performance and antioxidant function in broilers. Organic Fe has a considerably higher bioavailability than inorganic Fe. To evaluate the safety of Fe chelates with lysine and glutamic acid (Fe–LG) in broilers, we investigated the effects of high concentrations of dietary Fe–LG on serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant status, and duodenal Fe transporter mRNA expression in broilers. A supplementation of 800 mg/kg Fe induced kidney function injury and liver oxidative stress in broilers, and decreased duodenal Fe transporter mRNA expression. Hence, this study demonstrated that high levels of Fe–LG negatively affect broiler health, and proposed a maximum supplemental dose of Fe–LG in broiler diet as a nutritional feed additive.Although Iron (Fe) is an essential nutrient that plays a vital role in respiratory processes, excessive Fe in the diet can affect the health of broilers. We investigated the effects of diet supplemented with high levels of iron chelates with lysine and glutamic acid (Fe–LG) on the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant status, and duodenal mRNA expression of Fe transporters in broilers. A total of 800 1-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were assigned to 5 groups, with 8 replicates each. Broilers were fed a corn–soybean meal basal diet or basal diets supplemented with 40, 80, 400, or 800 mg Fe/kg as Fe–LG for 6 weeks. The body weight (BW) was increased in the 80 mg Fe/kg treatment group, but decreased in the 800 mg Fe/kg treatment group on day 21. During days 1–21, compared with the control group, the supplementation of the 80 mg Fe/kg increased the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI); however, the supplementation of the 800 mg Fe/kg group decreased the ADG and increased the FCR in broilers (p < 0.05). The heart, liver, spleen, and kidney indices were reduced in the 800 mg Fe/kg treatment group (p < 0.05). The supplementation of the 800 mg Fe/kg group increased the serum aspartate aminotransferase activity and the levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen on day 42 (p < 0.05). The broilers had considerably low liver total superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity in the 800 mg Fe/kg treatment group (p < 0.05). Serum and liver Fe concentrations were elevated in the 400 and 800 mg Fe/kg treatment groups, but were not affected in the 40 and 80 mg Fe/kg treatment groups. The duodenal Fe transporters divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and ferroportin 1 (FPN1) were downregulated in the Fe–LG treatment groups (p < 0.05). We conclude that a high dietary supplement of 800 mg Fe/kg in broilers leads to detrimental health effects, causing kidney function injury and liver oxidative stress.

Assessment of Hepatic Mineral Composition in Sheep, Cattle, Chicken, and Fish in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq

Liver mineral concentrations of 232 samples from slaughtered animals, including lamb, yearling, sheep, and cattle, checkin, and fish were detrmined, using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, to provide data regarding to the liver mineral concentrations (mg/kg dry weight). The mean liver Zn and Co liver conentrations of lambs (286, 1.9), yearling (233, 1.7), sheep (254, 1.8), and cattle (276, 1.8) in majority samples were adequate, while liver Pb concentrations of mentioned animals (45.3, 48.1, 46.4, 39.6) mg/kg respectively were high and exceeded toxic levels. In checkin, the mean liver Cu, Zn, and Co were also adequate, with the mean values of (26.4), (298.8), and (1.8) mg/kg respectively. Though, the mean liver Fe concentration (2257.0 mg/kg) was high, and liver Pb concentration (6.2 mg/kg) was reched toxic level. In fish, for majority liver samples, the mean concentration of Cu (191.8), Fe (6800.0), Zn (202.8), Co (3.3), Pb (8.6), and Ni (6.3) were high and toxic. In conclusion, liver Pb (and Ni only in fish) concentration in all studied animals for the majority of examined sample were higher than normal and toxic. Wherese, other studied minerals in majority of liver samples were adequate. Therefore, it can be concluded that there are problems on animal and human health (due to high concentration of Pb and Ni) would be raised at present from the consumption of ovine, bovine, checkin, and fish slaughtered from the city of Erbil.

THE ASSESSMENT OF HEPATIC COPPER CONTENT IN LAMB, YEARLING, SHEEP AND CATTLE SLAUGHTERED IN ERBIL CITY, KURDISTAN REGION-/ IRAQ

Liver samples from 163 slaughtered animals were studied to provide data regarding normal hepatic Copper (Cu) concentration, and Iron (Fe). Results show the mean and median liver Cu concentration in majority samples were normal. Lambs had higher (P<0.05) liver Cu concentration (499) compared to yearling (353), cattle (321), and sheep 200 mg /kg respectively. Cases of being at risk with Cu-toxicity were shown in 2 lambs (1797 and 2449), 1 yearling (1546), and 1 cattle) 1525 mg/kg respectively. sheep did not exhibit a high liver Cu concentration, while a six yearling, an eight sheep, and fourteen cattle revealed marginal hepatic Cu concentration. Moreover, five sheep and six cattle cases showed low hepatic Cu concentration. In addition to that the lambs and yearling cases did not reached hepatic Cu deficiency. Hepatic Fe concentration in sheep was higher (P<0.05) compared to lamb, yearling, and cattle, with the mean concentration of 2047, 1962, 1954, 1925 mg Fe/kg respectively. All sheep liver samples, with 33 yearling sample, and 46 lambs liver samples contained liver Fe concentrations exceeded toxic level (2450 mg/kg). While, one liver sample in cattle contained (3214 mg/kg), exceeding toxic level. There were 14 lambs and 14 yearlings, with 12 and 13 liver samples contained greater than 2000 mg of Fe/kg. In conclusion, hepatic Cu content in the majority of examined sample were normal. Though, high and low levels of Cu were also observed. The low hepatic Cu level might be related to the high hepatic Fe concentration.

Influence of sex and maturity state on trace elements content in liver and muscle of the Sciaenidae Totoaba macdonaldi.

BackgroundThe fish Totoaba macdonaldi is endemic to the Upper Gulf of California. Its migratory movements involve sites with high levels of trace elements in the environment that can accumulate in tissues. In this study, lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) concentrations in male and female totoaba liver and muscle were quantified at various sexual maturity stages along the species’ geographic distribution.MethodsGeneralized linear models were used to explore associations between trace element concentrations and season of the year, sex/maturity stage, and total fish length.ResultsNo detectable Pb concentrations were recorded in liver or muscle; Cu, Cd, Zn and Fe contents in totoaba liver and muscle were typical of fish inhabiting areas with no contamination issues and are within international maximum permissible levels for human consumption. Variations in the content of Cd, Cu, Zn and Fe in liver of totoaba seem to be more related to the feeding and reproductive physiology of this species than as result of environmental exposure. Results suggest that consumption of totoaba muscle does not pose a public health risk. Furthermore, depending on the sex/maturity stage of totoaba, this fish’s muscle may provide approximately 70% Cu, 60% Zn and 100% Fe of the recommended dietary reference intake.

Effects of dietary chromium-yeast level on growth performance, blood metabolites, meat traits and muscle fatty acids profile, and microminerals content in liver and bone of lambs

To assess the effect of dietary supplement levels of chromium-yeast (Cr-yeast) on growth performance, blood glucose and triglycerides, fatty acid (FA) profile in intramuscular fat, carcase and meat traits, iron, copper, chromium and zinc concentrations in liver and bone, 24 Rambouillet male lambs (29.2 ± 0.17 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to four diets with 0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg Cr/kg DM. The growth performance trial lasted 49 d. Supplemental Cr-yeast did not affect growth performance and carcase characteristics (p > .05), but reduced (p < .05) perirenal and intramuscular fat, as well as 3 h post-feeding blood glucose and triglycerides concentration. In liver, Fe and Cu concentration decreased (p < .05), while Cr concentrations in liver increased with increasing Cr-yeast dietary levels. In bone, Fe decreased (p < .05) as Cr-yeast dietary levels increasing, and Cr-yeast supplementation increased Cr concentrations (p < .05). As Cr-yeast dietary level increased, palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) SFA decreased linearly (p < .05), while palmitoleic (C16:1n-7), vaccenic (C18:1n-7), linoleic (C18:2n-6) and arachidic (C20:4) unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) increased linearly (p < .01). In conclusion, Cr-yeast did not affect growth performance and carcase quality, but decreased the perirenal and intramuscular fat, blood glucose and triglyceride content, and Fe and Cu concentrations in liver as increased Cr-yeast levels in the diet. Because supplemental Cr-yeast improved index of atherogenicity and unsaturated to saturated FA ratio in muscle of lambs, it could be of human nutritional interest. HIGHLIGHTS Cr-yeast supplementation reduced blood glucose and triglyceride concentration. In liver, Fe and Cu content decreased while Cr increased with increasing Cr-yeast dietary levels. Cr-yeast modified the FA profile of human nutritional interest and improved the unsaturated to saturated FA ratio in intramuscular fat.

186 Hormone content of anabolic implants differentially affects plasma and liver trace mineral concentrations

Abstract Forty-eight commercial Angus steers (327 ± 25 kg) were utilized to determine effects of varying implant hormone composition on liver and plasma trace mineral concentrations. Implant (IMP) treatments (n = 12/treatment) included: no implant (CON), estradiol (E2; Compudose; 25.7 mg estradiol; Elanco Animal Health; Greenfield, IN), trenbolone acetate (TBA; Finaplix H; 200 mg trenbolone acetate; Merck Animal Health; Madison, NJ), and a combination of estradiol and trenbolone acetate (ETBA Revalor-S; 24 mg estradiol + 120 mg trenbolone acetate; Merck Animal Health). Cattle were fed forage-based step up rations throughout the sampling period. Plasma samples were collected on d 0, 2, 10 and 30, with liver biopsies collected on d 2 and 10. Data were analyzed with ProcMixed of SAS with fixed effect of IMP. Contrast statements for each treatment vs CON were developed. Plasma trace mineral analysis utilized repeated measures (repeated effect = day). No IMP × Day effects (P ≥ 0.18) on plasma trace mineral were observed. Day 2 liver Zn and Cu and d 10 liver Mn were lesser (P ≤ 0.04) for TBA implanted steers than CON and d 2 liver Mn tended to be lesser (P = 0.06). The Mn response may reflect changes in protein metabolism due to TBA. However, E2 and ETBA tended to have greater (P ≤ 0.07) d 10 liver Fe concentrations than CON while plasma Fe was unaffected (P ≥ 0.75) by E2, TBA, or ETBA. Both d 2 liver and plasma Zn were lesser for ETBA than CON (P ≤ 0.04) likely driven by the TBA in the implant. Implant contrasts did not affect (P ≥ 0.13) other plasma or liver trace mineral concentrations. These data indicate implant strategies, and thus hormones differentially influence trace mineral metabolism in feedlot steers, which may have implications for diet formulation.

Levels of metals in fish tissues of Liza haematocheila and Lateolabrax japonicus from the Yellow River Delta of China and risk assessment for consumers

The Yellow River Delta (YRD) is an important spawning and nursery area for numerous fishes. The concentrations of Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Co, Pb and Cd in muscle, liver, gills and skin of two broadly distributed commercial fish in the YRD were analyzed. The results demonstrated that liver and gills displayed higher accumulation ability of metals than other tissues, while muscle always accumulated the lowest concentrations of metals. Generally, significant opposite relationships (p < 0.05) were observed between fish size and metals in fish tissues especially in muscles of both fish species which may be explained by the lower feeding rate, stronger detoxification and elimination mechanisms in the bigger individuals. All metals in muscles were well below the proposed toxic limit. Besides, the toxic effects were not expected to occur for the consumption of muscles of studied fish according to the results of human health risk assessment.

PSIV-12 Effects of an additional iron injection administered to piglets before weaning

Abstract Advancements in genetics have led to an increase in growth rates of nursing piglets. Previous studies have suggested that the common 100–200 mg Fe injection shortly after birth is not sufficient to prevent anemia for all pigs throughout the suckling and nursery phases, more so for heavy (fast-growing) piglets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the growth performance and hematological effects of supplementing an additional iron injection 4 days before weaning. A total of 136 crossbred pigs from 20 litters with an initial BW of 5.48 ± 1.08 kg were assigned to either the control or an added-injection treatment. All pigs had received a 150 mg Fe intramuscular (IM) injection 1 d after birth. The added-injection group received an additional 150 mg Fe IM injection 4 days before weaning. Pigs were weaned at 18–24 days. All pigs received a common nursery diet, formulated to meet or exceed the NRC (2012) requirement estimates. Body weight and feed disappearance were recorded weekly. Blood and tissue samples were collected at pre-wean (-4), weaning (0), 14, and 28 days in the nursery. All data were subjected to ANOVA by the GLM procedure of SAS. Hemoglobin concentration was greater at weaning (12.1 vs. 10.3 g/dL, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and 14 d (11.9 vs. 11.5 g/dL, P = 0.016) for the added-injection treatment. Added-injection pigs had a greater overall ADG (526 vs. 498 g, P = 0.033) for the experiment. Added-injection pigs also had a greater liver Fe concentration at weaning (36.6 vs. 11.7 mg/kg of liver, P = 0.009). In conclusion, an additional 150 mg Fe injection administered 4 d before weaning increased blood and liver iron status at weaning as well as improved ADG in the nursery.

Antitumour and Toxicity Evaluation of a Ru(II)-Cyclopentadienyl Complex in a Prostate Cancer Model by Imaging Tools.

Ruthenium complexes have been extensively investigated for their prospective value as alternatives to cisplatin. Recently, we reported the in vitro anticancer properties of a family of organometallic ruthenium( II)-cyclopentadienyl complexes and have explored their mechanism of action. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo antitumour efficacy and toxicity of one of these Ru(II) compounds, [RuCp(mTPPMSNa)(2,2'-bipy)][CF3SO2] (TM85) which displayed an interesting spectrum of activity against several cancer cells. Studies to assess the antitumour activity and toxicity were performed in a metastatic prostate (PC3) mice model using ICP-MS, nuclear microscopy, elemental analysis and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). TM85 showed low systemic toxicity but no significant tumour reduction, when administered at tolerated dose (20mg/kg) over 10 days. Ru was mainly retained in the liver and less in kidneys, with low accumulation in tumour. Increased bilirubin levels, anomalous Ca and Fe concentrations in liver and mitochondria alterations were indicative of liver injury. The hepatotoxicity observed was less severe than that of cisplatin and no nephrotoxicity was found. Under the experimental conditions of this study, TM85 is less toxic than cisplatin, induces similar tumour reduction and avoids the formation of metastatic foci. No renal toxicity was observed by the analysis of creatinine levels and the effective renal plasma flow by 99mTc-MAG3 clearance. Hence, it can be considered a valuable compound for further studies in the field of Ru-based anticancer drugs.