FCR Values Research Articles

Effects of pH Variations on Growth and Haematological Parameters of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878)

An experiment was carried out with an aim of enhancing culture of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Juveniles with an average length of 13.35±0.14 cm and 17.52±0.16 g of body weight were subjected to various pH levels of 7.5 (Control), 6, 9 and 9.5 to determine their growth and hematological changes. The control group exhibited the highest growth in both length (14.70±1.04 cm) and weight (21.12±2.67 g), while the lowest length (13.87 ± 0.43 cm) and weight (18.92 ± 1.11 g) in pH 9.5. The highest (1.24 ± 0.15) and lowest (0.56 ± 0.15) value of SGR was noticed in control and pH 9.5 respectively. The highest value of PER (3.79 ± 0.38) was observed in control and the lowest (1.66 ± 0.31) in pH 9.5. The highest (2.59 ± 0.47) and lowest (1.11 ± 0.16) value of FCR observed in pH 9.5 and control respectively. The highest count (26.80 ± 1.01 (103/µl)) of TLC was observed in pH 9.5 and the least (22.26 ± 0.53 (103/µl)) in control. The highest count (2.47 ± 0.15 (106/µl)) of TEC was observed in control and the least (1.97 ± 0.23 (106/µl)) in pH 9.5. The highest value (9.42 ± 0.14 g/dL) of Hb was observed in control and the least (9.5 with 5.77 ± 0.56 g/dL) in pH 9.5. The highest value (29.06 ± 0.46%) of Ht was observed in control and the least (22.41 ± 2.11%) in pH 9.5. The highest value (124.93 ± 9.99 fL) of MCV was observed in pH 9 and the lowest (114.45 ± 11.98 fL) in pH 9.5. The highest value (32.42 ± 0.76 g/dL) of MCHC was observed in control and the lowest (25.73 ± 0.87 g/dL) in the pH 9.5. The study revealed that P.hypophthalmus juveniles showed significant difference (p < 0.05) between the control and treatments. Study inferred that alterations in the growth and haematological parameters were occurred at higher pH levels compared to lower pH levels.

Effects of different forms of amino acid supplementation on the performance and intestinal barrier function of laying hens fed a low-protein diet

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of low-protein diets and the sustained release of synthetic amino acids (AA) on the performance, intestinal barrier function and nitrogen excretion of laying hens. Two hundred eighty-eight 39-week-old Hyline brown laying hens of were randomly divided into 3 groups with 8 replicates per group. The crude protein level in the control group (CON) was 16%, the crude protein levels in the crystal AA supplement group (LCP-CAA) and microencapsulated AA group (LCP-MAA) were both 13%, and the AA levels in the LCP-CAA and LCP-MAA groups were consistent with that in the CON group. The experiment lasted 12 wk, and production performance was assessed weekly. The FCR and ADFI values were significantly greater for the LCP-CAA group than for the CON and LCP-MAA groups (P < 0.05). Two hours after feeding, His levels were significantly greater in the LCP-CAA group than in the LCP-MAA group (P < 0.05); 4 h after feeding, the contents of Met, Thr, Leu and Val were significantly greater in blood from the LCP-MAA group (P < 0.05); 6 h after feeding, Trp, Ile and Arg levels were significantly greater in the LCP-MAA group (P < 0.05). The chylase content significantly decreased in the duodenum of the LCP-CAA group (P < 0.05), and the chylase and trypsin were contents increased in the ileum of the LCP-MAA group (P < 0.05). In the LCP-MAA group, significantly increased mRNA expression levels of Occludin, ZO-1 in duodenum; Occludin, ZO-1, y+LAT1 in jejunum; and ZO-1 in ileum were detected at 8 and 12 weeks (P < 0.05). The fecal nitrogen content significantly decreased in the low protein diet group (P < 0.01). In conclusion, reducing dietary crude protein levels and supplementing with microencapsulated AAs can improve intestinal barrier function, promote digestive enzyme secretion, increase the expression of AA transporters, improve dietary protein utilization efficiency, and reduce nitrogen emission in laying hens.

Supplementing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (Linnaeus, 1758) larvae with dietary beta-glucan could improve their growth, survival, immune function, intestinal and liver histomorphology

Abstract Β-glucan exerts a positive impact and consider as a functional feed additives to enhance fish growth, immunity, control disease outbreaks and pathogen infections by increasing functional, immune and decreasing harmful responses. The present study aimed to determine the most effective dietary level of beta-glucan (βG) to improve Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fry growth performance, feed utilization, and hematological indicators. Seven isonitrogenous (32% crude protein) and isocaloric diets (18 MJ/kg) were formulated. All diets were identical except for the variation in βG levels.The basal experimental diet (control diet) had no βG added. Diets 2–7 each contained βG at levels of 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 mg/kg diet, respectively. A total of 840 fish with an average body weight of 0.2±0.01 g were allocated into the seven experimental treatments (in triplicate). The trial lasted for 120 days, Nile tilapia fry growth performance and feed utilization were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in all treatments receiving βG diets than in the control diet. The fish fed with ßG0.1 diet showed the highest significant growth induces and the best FCR values. The survival (S%) of the fish also showed a significant increase in the βG diets up to ßG0.8 levels, when compared to the other experimental diet groups. All hematological parameters increased (P≤0.05) in fish fed with a diet supplemented up to ßG0.8 compared to the control group. Histological examination of the intestine and liver in the control group revealed histopathological alterations in the villi. On the other hand, the groups treated with βG had longer and structurally normal villi. The most well-preserved intestinal tissue and the tallest villi were observed in ßG0.1, followed by ßG0.050 and ßG0.8 groups. In the liver, the control group exhibited fatty degeneration, necrosis and pyknosis whereas the ßG0.1 group displayed the most preserved hepatic tissue, followed by ßG0.8 and ßG0.2 groups. The results indicate that according to FBW-based broken-line model analysis, the optimal dietary level of βG for Nile tilapia fry to exhibit superior growth and diet utilization efficiency associated with the best FCR for Nile tilapia should be 0.12% βG /kg diet. To increase the immunity of fish and improve the properties of hematological and histopathological indices, the dose can be increased to 0.8% βG without any adverse effects.

PEMELIHARAAN IKAN LELE DUMBO (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS) PADA KOLAM BETON

African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is a type of freshwater fish that can grow and develop well because it can be cultivated on limited land. Currently, African catfish cultivation has developed rapidly because the cultivation and marketing technology is relatively easy for the community, and the funding required is relatively small. Catfish has advantages compared to other fish, namely faster growth, economical price and high nutritional content. Catfish is a type of consumption fish that has promising prospects because it has a fairly high level of market uptake. This research aims to determine the performance of African catfish cultivation in concrete ponds. This research activity was carried out in June-July 2023 at the Lingsar Fish Seed Center (BBI), West Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. The data collection techniques used in this research were descriptive methods and field observations. The results obtained are that African catfish cultivation activities include pond preparation, selection and stocking of seeds, the grow-out process where this grow-out process includes feed management, water quality management and health management of African catfish. Next, growth observations were carried out where growth for 21 days could provide significant results, which can be seen from the absolute weight and length obtained, namely 1.101 grams and a length of 6.3 cm. Previously, the initial average weight of farmed fish was 5.4 grams. After 21 days of rearing, the final average weight was 18.6 grams. Then the FCR value obtained was 0.8 and SR 88%. Meanwhile, for optimal maintenance water quality, the maintenance temperature range is around 26-28°C, pH is around 6.6-8.2 and DO is around 47.5-9.8 mg/l. From these data it can be said that catfish cultivation has been successful

PEMELIHARAAN IKAN KOI (CYPRINUS CARPIO) PADA KOLAM BETON

Koi (Cyprinus carpio) is a type of fish that belongs to a strain of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Koi fans in Indonesia not only keep koi fish in ponds, but also take part in koi contests so that they can increase the prestige of their owners. Koi fish is a freshwater ornamental fish commodity that has economic potential in national and international markets. This research aims to determine the performance of koi fish cultivation in concrete ponds. This research activity was carried out in January-February 2024 at the Lingsar Fish Seed Center (BBI), West Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. The data collection techniques used in this research are descriptive methods and field observations. The results obtained are koi fish cultivation activities including pond preparation, selection and distribution of seeds, the grow-out process where the grow-out process includes feed management, water quality management and koi fish health management. Next, growth observations were carried out where growth for 21 days could provide significant results, which can be seen from the absolute weight and length obtained, namely 2.3 grams and a length of 3.28 cm. Then the FCR value obtained was 0.53 and SR 99.6%. Meanwhile, for optimal maintenance water quality, the maintenance temperature range is around 26-30°C and the pH is around 6.5-8.0. From these data it can be said that the koi fish cultivation has been successful

Study on Pasir Lobster Enlargement (Panulirus homarus) to Improve Cultivation Productivity with Keong Bakau (Telescopium telescopium)

Abstract The potential of lobster in Indonesia is very high, the demand for lobster continues to increase every year, while the supply still utilizes the catch of fishermen. Lobster utilization in Indonesia is still low, therefore there must be sustainable cultivation in order to increase the quantity and quality of lobsters in Indonesia. One way to increase lobster enlargement is by feeding Keong Bakau. The purpose of this study is to determine and improve Lobster Pasir enlargement, including enlargement management, water quality management, and feed management with Keong Bakau. The study was conducted at the Lombok Marine Aquaculture Center, in Indonesia. The method used is a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The feed used was Keong Bakau. The survival rate (SR) value reached 100%, the specific growth rate (SGR) value was 0.002%, and the FCR value was 23.82. The amount of feed given is sufficient for the needs of the lobster, the Keong Bakau used has chitosan which can help support the survival of the lobster. The average results of water quality include temperature (28.06oC), pH (7.07), DO (7.34 mg/l), Salinity (32.9 ppt), Turbidity (2.66 m), Phosphate (0.175 mg/l), Nitrite (0.002 mg/l), Nitrate (0.02 mg/l), and Ammonia (0.055 mg/l). DO values were slightly different from the optimal range due to the reduced intensity of vessels passing through the KJA. Keong Bakau has calcium which plays an important role in the formation of the exoskeleton in lobsters after the molting process.

The effects of using hydrolyzed feather meal, amino acids, and probiotics in the diet of juvenile rainbow trout on growth, digestibility, and expression of growth-related genes

The study investigated the effect of replacing fishmeal by varying levels of hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM) as well as dietary probiotic supplementation on growth performance, digestibility, histology, and gene expression of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Five iso-nitrogenous (average of 50.60% crude protein), iso-energetic (average of 21.79 kJ/g), and iso-lipidic (average of 21.86% crude lipid) diets were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of juvenile rainbow trout weighing 29.65 ± 0.39 g (mean ± SD) for 75 days. Dietary treatments included one control (50% fishmeal) and four experimental diets, each containing 2 g/kg probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis). The experimental diets included HFM30 (150 g/kg HFM, 9 g/kg lysine, and 4 g/kg methionine), HFM35 (175 g/kg HFM, 11 g/kg lysine, and 5 g/kg methionine), HFM40 (200 g/kg HFM, 13 g/kg lysine, and 6 g/kg methionine), and HFM45 (225 g/kg HFM, 15 g/kg lysine, and 7 g/kg methionine). Up to 40% replacement of fishmeal with HFM showed no significant difference compared to control group in growth performance (P > 0.05). Feed utilization of HFM45 was slightly lower than control and all the other experimental groups. There was no statistically significant difference in FCR value between HFM40 and control groups (P > 0.05). The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for protein and amino acids were very high in all groups (P < 0.05). Intestinal mucosa and sub‐mucosa layers of experimental fish showed general tissue integrity with no signs of tissue necrosis. For intestinal morphology, where 45% HFM replacement was applied, villus length to crypt depth (VL to CD) and villus surface area (SA) decreased by 46.01% and 44.44%, respectively, compared to the control group (P < 0.05). This situation shows that intestinal morphology can be damaged when the highest level (HFM45) of feather meal is used. Dietary HFM upregulated growth-related genes such as IGF-II, IGFBP-1b, IGFr1a, GDF9, and FGF2 and downregulated GHR-I and IGF-I. Overall, inclusion of HFM at 40% showed similar results to control group in juvenile rainbow trout feeding.

Black soldier fly oil-based diets enriched in lauric acid enhance growth, hematological indices, and fatty acid profiles of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fry

A 90-day trial was conducted to investigate the effect of a diet containing Black Soldier Fly Oil (BSFO) on performance, feed efficiency, hematological indices, and fatty acid profiles of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fry. BSFO, which naturally contains lauric acid (LA, 12:0), was utilized to create five isonitrogenous (300 g kg−1 CP), isolipidic (62 g kg−1 EE), and isocaloric (19.27 MJ kg−1 GE) experimental diets. The basal experimental diet (control diet, SBO100) had no BSFO added. Diets 2–5 were formulated by substituting soybean oil (SBO) with BSFO at 25 % (SBO75-BSFO25), 50 % (SBO50-BSFO50), 75 % (SBO25-BSFO75), and 100 % (BSFO100), resulting in LA content of 0, 0.4, 0.81, 1.21 and 1.61 mg g−1 fatty acid (FA), respectively. A total of 375 fish, weighing an average of 0.16 g, were stocked at a stocking density of 25 fish tank−1 the fish were separated into five treatments in triplicate and the experiment lasted 90 days. Diets supplemented with BSFO had a significant (P ≤ 0.05) influence on performance inducers and FCR. The fish fed with SBO75-BSFO25 had the highest performance parameters and best FCR values as compared to other treatments, but these values decreased when BSFO was added to more than 25 % of the diet. Total body FA contents increased as dietary BSFO levels increased. The opposite pattern was observed with n-6 PUFAs, n-3 PUFAs, and n-3/n-6 ratios. Fish-fed SBO75-BSFO25 exhibited the lowest levels of ΣSFAs, ΣMUFAs, Σn-3 PUFAs, and Σn-6 PUFAs compared to other treatments. Increasing dietary BSFO levels resulted in higher FA productive value (FAPV) for ΣMUFAs, Σn-3 PUFAs, and Σn-6 PUFAs. The opposite pattern was observed for ΣSFA values compared to fish fed with SBO75-BSFO25. All hematological indicators were within normal levels for healthy tilapia, indicating that BSFO had little or no impact on their health. The current study concluded that BSFO can substitute soybean oil (SBO) by up to 25 %. LA is especially beneficial, for improving growth performance, feed utilization efficiency, fatty acid profile, and hematological homeostasis in Nile tilapia, O. niloticus fry.

The effects of protein hydrolysates from rainbow trout by-products on growth, digestive and antioxidant enzymes, and liver lysozyme activity in sobaity (Sparidentex hasta) and Arabian yellowfin (Acanthopagrus arabicus) seabream juveniles

An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to elucidate the effects of rainbow trout by-products protein hydrolysates (FPH, 92 % peptides <1 kDa, ∼78.1 % crude protein, ∼2.7 % lipid) on growth and some selected physiological responses in sobaity (Sparidentex hasta) (1.7 ± 0.0 g) and Arabian yellowfin (Acanthopagrus arabicus) (0.9 ± 0.0 g) seabream. Fish meal in a basal diet (∼58 % crude protein, ∼12 % lipid) was replaced with FPH at four levels, including 0 (control), 1 % (FPH1), 2.5 % (FPH2.5), and 5 % (FPH5). Each experimental diet was offered thrice daily to fish in triplicate. At the end of the feeding trial, S. hasta fed with FPH diets showed positive linear and quadratic trends in growth performance, and those fed with FPH5 had the highest final weight (FBW; 9.8 ± 0.4) and better feed conversion ratio (FCR; 0.9 ± 0.0). Regarding A. arabicus it showed positive quadratic trend and fish fed FPH2.5 diet had the highest FBW (6.2 ± 0.3), and better FCR (1.2 ± 0.0) value. Trypsin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities showed both positive linear and quadratic trends in S. hasta. In A. arabicus, both linear and quadratic trends were observed in the activities of trypsin and total proteases (P = 0.001), while positive quadratic trends in pepsin and ALP activities were noticed. Lysozyme activity significantly increased by supplementing the diet with FPH and showed both linear and quadratic trends in S. hasta, but it did not change in A. arabicus. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in A. arabicus increased and showed both linear and quadratic responses. The catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in both species increased significantly in response to dietary FPH. This study showed that FPH effects in diet were species-specific and its supplementation levels at 2.5 and 5 % could be recommended in A. arabicus and S. hasta juveniles, respectively.

Isolation of Lactobacillus plantarum CMT1 from shrimp intestine and its effects on growth and survival of the whiteleg shrimp, Litopeneaus vannamei

Probiotics are widely applied in aquaculture, which can improve the growth, survival and health of aquatic animals. The aim of this study was to isolate and evaluate a Lactobacillus strain from the intestine of healthy whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. A total of 20 Lactobacillus isolates showed rod-shaped morphology, gram-positive, non-motile, non-spore forming, and catalase and oxidase negative. Among the isolates, strain CMT1 exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus and extracellular enzyme activity, which was selected and identified as Lactobacillus plantarum CMT1 based on 16S rDNA gene sequencing. This strain was also chosen to evaluate its effects on growth and survival of the whiteleg shrimp as a feed supplement. Four different diets were prepared, including the control (a commercial diet without L. plantarum CMT1) and three different concentrations of L. plantarum CMT1, viz. T1 (106 CFU kg diet-1), T2 (107 CFU kg diet-1), and T3 (108 CFU kg diet-1). After a 56-day feeding trial, the growth parameters in the T3 group had the highest values and showed a significant difference compared to the other groups. The survival rates of shrimp fed T2 and T3 diets were significantly higher than those in the control diet (p &lt; 0.05). The lowest FCR value was recorded in the T3 group and showed a significant difference compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, Lactobacillus counts in T2 and T3 groups increased significantly from day 28, which indicated that L. plantarum CMT1 could sustain its population in the intestine of shrimp. However, the total Vibrio sp. count in the T2 and T3 groups was significantly lower than that in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, L. plantarum CMT1 could be used as a potential probiotic for shrimp aquaculture, and the recommended level of the probiotic strain CMT1 is 108 CFU kg diet-1.

An approach to optimizing dietary protein to growth and body composition in walking catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linneaeus, 1758).

Clarias batrachus is a commercially important food fish. In the present study, effect of varying dietary protein levels was evaluated on the survival, growth parameters and proximate composition of C. batrachus. Diets comprising 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% crude protein (CP) were supplied to fish in T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6, respectively, at the rate of 5% of fish body weight for the entire 90 days, twice daily. Size of each stocked C. batrachus was recorded after 15 days. Results revealed 100% survival rate of C. batrachus in all treatments. Significantly highest (P<0.001) mean value of weight gain (g/fish), percent weight gain, daily growth rate, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio (PER) in C. batrachus were recorded, reared in T4 by feeding 40% CP in diet. The best FCR value (1.90±0.02) for C. batrachus was obtained in T4 by feeding 40%CP in diet. Mean value of water, ash, fat and protein contents (wet mass) were ranged 74.10-79.23%, 3.12-4.68%, 3.90-4.43% and 13.09-16.79% for C. batrachus in the studied treatment groups. Water content (%) was found significantly (P<0.05) higher in the body of C. batrachus for T1, T2, T3 and T6 than for T4 and T5. Ash was found significantly (P<0.05) higher in the fish reared in T4 and T5. Fat content in the wet body mass of C. batrachus was found significantly higher in T4 and T1. While, significant higher (P<0.05) values of mean protein content was noted in C. batrachus reared in T4 and T5. Body composition of C. batrachus was also categorically affected by body size, however, condition factor showed non-significant correlation in most of the relationships in the present study. Overall, results indicated that feeding appropriate diet (containing 40% CP) to the fish resulted good growth performance, lower FCR and higher protein content in the fish. Present study provides valuable knowledge of optimal dietary protein level in C. batrachus which will help in commercial success of aquaculture.

The influence of the form of feed on the productivity of Broiler chickens

Several factors influence livestock productivity, including feed intake, weight gain and ration conversion. This study aims to determine the effect of feed forms on feed intake, weight gain and ration conversion. This study used a randomized design complete with 3 treats and 3 repeats. The treatment used A1: mash feed, A2: pellet feed without adhesive, and A3: Pellet feed using adhesive. The results showed that the form of feed did not affect livestock productivity, but in value, it can be seen that the highest feed consumption in A3 treatment, amounting to 77,06 g/head/day. The highest weight gain was obtained in the A1 treatment, amounting to 105 g. The best FCR value in the A1 treatment was 1,21.

Impact of Fish Feed Formulated with Microalgae Biomass in Experimental Tanks with (Oreochromis Niloticus) Tilapia Culture

This project aims to evaluate a fish feed developed in CIATEJ with little modification, which included algal biomass and vegetal protein. This product was tested at the laboratory scale and the pilot-scale upscaling was needed for use with impact assessment studies in real ambient conditions. This food has antioxidant capacity due to the inclusion of microalgae. Additionally, it is nutritionally balanced with plant-based protein sources, partially replacing fishmeal. The feed, compared to commercial feed, has a higher protein content (5%) and lower fat content (3%). Evaluating this feed was of great importance to corroborate its consumption, which can reduce oxidative stress, reduce water contamination, and improve the growth rate and quality of the meat in fish. FCR values of almost 1 were reported here, indicating the more efficient utilization of formulated feed by Oreochromis niloticus. The main component of tilapia meat was moisture 74.31%, followed by protein 14.44%, lipids 6.24%, carbohydrates 0.10%, fibre 1.39%, and ash 3.62%. in experimental feed. In our results in fish filate, we found a 12% increase in protein percentage and a 29% decrease in fat percentage compared to the commercial feed, as expected from the higher protein and lower fat formulated feed. The amount of protein increment in fish filet we achieved in 2 months, the experimental diets significantly influenced the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids at 2.4% while saturated fatty acids were 1.3%. Omega 6 and Omega 9 were 2.33% and 1.73% respectively. The polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio was also higher.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN KALSIUM HIDROKSIDA (Ca(OH)2) PADA BUDIDAYA UDANG VANAME (Litopenaeus vannamei) AIR TAWAR

One of Indonesian aquaculture superior commodities is vannamei shrimp. The problems faced by freshwater vannamei shrimp farmers is that the shrimp growth is not optimal at 0 ppt salinity. Regarding shrimp survival, the crucial minerals needed are calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg). Calcium is able to increase shrimp skin calcium levels and the length of molting cycle, as well as for the growth of shrimp biomass and an increase in dissolved calcium can lead to an increase in pH. This research utilized calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2, and was conducted for 45 days. The results showed that the highest SR value at P2 was 73.33%. The highest specific weight growth value was found in P3 as much as 6.21%/ day, and the highest specific length rate was found in P3 as much as 2.66%/ day. The highest coefficient of variance in weight was found in P2 with 46.3%, and the highest coefficient of variation in length was found in P2 with 12.88%. The best FCR value was found in P3 with 0.48. Therefore, adding Ca (OH)2 could increase the growth of vannamei shrimp in freshwater.

Kajian Kualitas Nutrisi Pakan Terhadap Produktivitas Ayam Kampung Super di Kabupaten Lombok Timur

The aim of the study was to determine the type and nutritional quality of feed and its effect on the productivity of super kampung chickens in The East Lombok Regency. This research was conducted by collecting data from ten farmers with a minimum population of a thousand super kampung chickens in East Lombok. Parameters observed were the type of feed used, the nutritional content of the feed, feed consumption, harvest weight, and feed conversion. The data obtained are tabulated and then discussed descriptively by comparing the nutritional content, feed consumption, harvest weight, and feed conversion obtained with the Indonesian Nasional Standard (SNI). Based on the results of the research conducted all breeders who were the target of the study used complete feed. There are 6 types of complete feed that are used and come from 4 different companies, namely GM-PS, GM-1EJ, SB11, HDBR1-168LCR, 811K NEWHOPE, HDBR 161 A. The feed consumption obtained ranges from 1.5-3.15 kg with an average of 2.26 kg/head/period. Harvested weight ranged from 0.84-0.91 kg/head with an average of 0.87 kg/head with an FCR value of 2.68. The conclusion of this study is that in general the nutritional content and quality of the feed used have met the standards based on SNI, but not followed by productivity that meets the standards.

Effects of Phytase Enzyme Supplementation on Protein Digestibility, Efficiency of Feed Utilization, Growth and Carcass Protein Content of Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum)

The success of intensive cultivation of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) is largely determined by the availability of high-quality feed. High-quality fish diets consist of fish meal produced from animal-based proteins in order to provide fish with the protein requirement. In intensive farming systems, feed costs account for 60–70% of total production costs. Due to fish meal's increasing cost; hence, less expensive ingredients are required to substitute fish meal. Soybean meal can be used as an alternative source of protein to substitute for fish meal due to its lower price and high protein content in fish diet. Phytate acid, one of the antinutritional materials contained within soybean meal, may decrease the nutrient content of feed by affecting with the fish's ability to absorb nutrients. The research aimed to examine the effect of adding the phytase enzyme to diet feed on increasing protein digestibility, efficiency of feed utilization and growth of tambaqui fish. The fingerlings of tambaqui used as test fish had an average weight of 3.85 ± 0.08 g/fish. The diet treatments in this study were phytase enzyme addition in diet with different doses, namely: A (0 FTU/kg feed), B (250 FTU/kg feed), C (500 FTU/kg feed), D (750 FTU/kg feed) and E (1000 FTU/kg feed). The results showed that phytase enzyme addition in diet significantly increased protein digestibility, efficiency of feed utilization, growth, and carcass protein content of tambaqui fish. The most effectiveness phytase enzyme dose for tambaqui fish was 1000 FTU/kg feed, which resulted in highest values of ADCp, PER, FCR, and RGR at 68.46±0.28%, 2.27±0.05, 1.53±0.04, 74.59±0.45%, and 6.01±0.19%/day, respectively.

The Application of Different Types of Diffusers for African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Culture in Biofloc Systems: Effects on Growth and Water Quality

Applying biofloc technology in the intensive and extensive culture of Clarias gariepinus can improve water quality and be used to feed fish. Aeration systems were a critical unit supporting biofloc and water quality. This study's objective was assessment to various types of diffusers on the growth and water quality in a C. gariepinus culture. Two types of diffusers unit were prepared for the experiment, there are air tube diffuser (AT) and air stone diffuser (AS). Growth parameters, water quality, and volume of biofloc were observed within 30 days. The survival rate, weight gain, average body weight, and specific growth rate of C. gariepinus were higher in the tanks that used air tubes (98%, 485.29 %, 7.52 g, 5.89%) than in the tanks that used air stones (92 %, 385.94 %, 5.98 g, 5.23%). The volume of biofloc range from 5.40-18.80 ml/L in AT tanks and 4.60-14.00 ml/L in AS tanks. There is no significant difference (p &gt; 0.05) in water quality parameters and FCR value. However, using the air tube diffuser showed better results with the growth performance, survival rate, and formation of biofloc.

Analisis Biaya Produksi dan Analisis Profitabilitas Usaha Budidaya Ikan Lele di Kab. Mojokerto

This study aims to analyze production costs in catfish curl farming in Mojokerto Regency and compare the level of profitability. The research sample is several respondents of catfish farming farmers in Mojokerto district. This study used primary data and secondary data obtained from catfish farmers, relevant agencies, the Mojokerto District Fisheries Office, and the Ministry of Maritime Affairs Fisheries, using purposive sampling method. The data analysis technique used in this research is quantitative descriptive analysis. The final results of the study showed that farmer-2 was superior in obtaining a lower FCR value of 1.16 compared to farmer-1's FCR level of 1.60. However, the profit gain and the level of profitability obtained are much greater in the enlargement of catfish owned by farmer-1 with a profitability rate of 16.90%. This occurs because the costs incurred to purchase feed in the form of CCM waste are far more expensive than the costs incurred to purchase feed in the form of chicken intestines. In terms of feed quality, CCM waste is of good quality and efficient for use as catfish feed because it can score low FCR values. However, the costs incurred to purchase good quality feed also need to be taken into account and considered.

Potential Combination of Hermetia illucens, Linnaeus 1758 and Fish Meal to Improve Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Jawa Super Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus, Linnaeus 1758) in the Starter Phase

This study aims to determine the potential of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) flour as feed in improving the growth and digestive tract of the Jawa Super Starter Phase. The study used 96 Jawa Super Chickens (aged 0 days). The research design used was a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 6 replications. The treatment was conducted from the 4th day of chicken age until the 17th day with 4 treatments including P0 (BSF larval meal 0 g/kg feed + fishmeal 150 g/kg feed), P1 (BSF larval meal 50 g/kg feed + fishmeal 100 g/kg feed), P2 (BSF larval meal 100 g/kg feed + fishmeal 50 g/kg feed) and P3 (BSF larval meal 150 g/kg + fishmeal 0 g/kg feed) Parameters observed included growth parameters and digestive tract parameters. Data analysis was done by a one-way ANOVA test followed by a Duncan test. The results showed significant differences in body weight, organ weight, and intestine histology structure between treatments (P&lt;0.05). The FCR value did not show significant differences between treatments (P&gt;0.05). This study concludes that BSF larvae flour (100 g/kg and 150 g/kg feed) can improve the growth and digestive tract of Jawa Super Chickens.

GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND OXIDATIVE STATUS OF BROILER CHICKS FED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH LYSOLECITHIN

Study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplemental lysolecithin at different levels on the growth performance of broiler chicks. One hundred and eighty (180) day-old broiler chicks were used for the study. The birds were randomly allotted to five treatment groups of 36 birds each, and assigned to five treatments using a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments were as follows: Treatment 1,0g lysolecithin; Treatment 2, 100g lysolecithin/100kg of feed; Treatment 3, 200g lysolecithin/100kg of feed; Treatment 4, 300g lysolecithin/100kg of feed and Treatment 5, 400g lysolecithin/100kg of feed. Each treatment was replicated 3 times with 12 birds per replicate. Feed and water were provided to the birds ad libitum. Results showed that there were significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) among the dietary treatments in final body weight, total weight gain and average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake, Feed Conversion Ratio FCR, Protein Efficiency Ratio PER and feed cost per kg gain values of the broiler chicks. Birds fed diets containing lysolecithin had significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher final body weight, total weight gain and daily weight gain values than those fed the control diet (diet containing 0% lysolecithin). Birds in treatment 2 (diet containing 100g of lysolecithin /100kg of diet) had the highest average daily feed intake value. Birds fed diets containing lysolecithin had similar FCR values and these were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower than the FCR value of birds fed the control diet. Birds fed diets containing lysolecithin had similar PER values and these were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher than the PER value of birds fed the control diet. Birds fed diets containing lysolecithin had similar feed cost per kg gain values and these were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower than the feed cost per kg gain value of birds fed the control diet. It was concluded that the inclusion of lysolecithin as a feed additive in the diet of starter broiler birds improved feed efficiency, growth performance and reduced feed cost per kg weight gain of birds.