Favorable Environmental Conditions Research Articles

Similar chilling response of dormant buds in potato tuber and woody perennials.

Bud dormancy is a survival strategy that plants have developed in their native habitats. It helps them endure harsh seasonal changes by temporarily halting growth and activity until conditions become more favorable. Research has primarily focused on bud dormancy in tree species and the ability to halt growth in vegetative tissues, particularly in meristems. Various plant species, such as potato, have developed specialized storage organs, enabling them to become dormant during their yearly growth cycle. Deciduous trees and potato tubers exhibit a similar type of bud endodormancy (ED), where the bud meristem will not initiate growth, even under favorable environmental conditions. Chilling accumulation activates C-repeat/dehydration responsive element binding (DREB) factors (CBFs) transcription factors that modify the expression of dormancy-associated genes. Chilling conditions shorten the duration of ED by influencing plant hormones and sugar metabolism, which impact the timing and rate of bud growth. Sugar metabolism and signaling pathways can interact with abscisic acid (ABA), affecting the symplastic connection of dormant buds. This review explores how chilling affects ED duration and explores the similarity of the chilling response of dormant buds in potato tuber and woody perennials.

A Review: Microbes and Their Effect on Growth Performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (White Leg Shrimps) during Culture in Biofloc Technology System.

In the modern era of Aquaculture, biofloc technology (BFT) systems have attained crucial attention. This technology is used to reduce water renewal with the removal of nitrogen and to provide additional feed. In BFT, microorganisms play a crucial role due to their complex metabolic properties. Pathogens can be controlled through multiple mechanisms using probiotics, which can promote host development and enhance the quality of the culture environment. During culturing in a biofloc technology system, the supplementation of microalgae and its accompanying bacteria plays a beneficial role in reducing nitrogenous compounds. This enhances water quality and creates favorable environmental conditions for specific bacterial groups, while simultaneously reducing the dependency on carbon sources with higher content. The fluctuations in the bacterial communities of the intestine are closely associated with the severity of diseases related to shrimp and are used to evaluate the health status of shrimp. Overall, we will review the microbes associated with shrimp culture in BFT and their effects on shrimp growth. We will also examine the microbial impacts on the growth performance of L. vannamei in BFT, as well as the close relationship between probiotics and the intestinal microbes of L. vannamei.

Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Distribution of Algal Blooms and Its Driving Factors in Chaohu Lake Based on Multi-source Datasets

Eutrophication and harmful algae blooms are one of the common ecological and environmental problems faced by freshwater lakes all over the world. As a typical inland freshwater lake, Chaohu Lake exhibits a high level of eutrophication and algae blooms year-round and shows a spatiotemporal difference in different regions of the lake. In order to understand the basic regularity of the development and outbreak of algal blooms in Chaohu Lake, the data from the comprehensive water observation platform and remote sensing were integrated to obtain the spatiotemporal distribution of algal blooms from 2015 to 2020. Then, an evaluation model based on Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) was constructed to quantitatively assess the importance and interactions of various environmental factors on algal blooms at different stages. The results indicated that:① The occurrence of algal blooms in Chaohu Lake exhibited significant seasonal variations, with the cyanobacteria beginning to recover in spring and bring about a light degree of algal blooms in the western and coastal areas of Chaohu Lake. The density of cyanobacteria reached its maximum in summer and autumn, accompanied by moderate and severe degrees of algal bloom outbreaks. ② During the non-outbreak period, the variation in the cyanobacteria density was greatly affected by physical and chemical factors, which explained 80.3% of the variance in the change in cyanobacteria density. The high concentrations of dissolved oxygen content in the water column and the weak alkalinity (7.2-7.6) and appropriate water temperature (about 3℃) provided a favorable environmental condition for the breeding and growth of cyanobacteria. In addition, the onset of algal blooms was closely related to the air temperature steadily passing through the threshold. According to the statistics, the date of first outbreak of algal blooms in Chaohu Lake was 11 days or so after the air temperature steadily remained above 7℃. ③ During the outbreak period, the occurrence of algal blooms was influenced by the combination of cyanobacterial biomass and meteorological conditions such as temperature, wind speed, and sunshine duration. The cumulative contribution ratio of the four factors was as high as 95%, and each factor had an optimal interval conductive to the outbreak of algal blooms. Furthermore, the results of multi-factor interaction analysis indicated a larger probability of the outbreak of algal blooms in Chaohu Lake under the combined effect of high cyanobacteria density, suitable temperature, and the breeze. This study analyzed and revealed the spatiotemporal characteristics and the dominant influencing factors of algal blooms in Chaohu Lake at different stages, which could provide the scientific basis for the prediction, early warning, and disposal of algal blooms under the context of climate change.

Growing in Scarcity: Pre-Hispanic Rain-Fed Agriculture in the Semi-Arid and Frost-Prone Andean Altiplano (Bolivia)

Ancient Andean agricultural landscapes have been the subject of a large number of archaeological and agro-ecological studies, which generally refer to regions with favourable environmental conditions or, in the case of arid and semi-arid environments, those with irrigation facilities. The aim of this article is to present and analyse the pre-Hispanic rain-fed farming systems widely represented in two adjacent regions of Bolivia’s arid and cold southern Altiplano. The search for archaeological agricultural areas combined aerial analysis and field surveys. Agro-ecological characterisation was based on historical and ethnographic studies of the region’s present-day populations. Despite their geographical proximity, similar environmental conditions, and same agropastoral way of life, the typology of cultivated areas developed in the southern altiplano differs significantly. Within this same framework of adaptation and resilience, the sectorisation of agricultural systems observed in these two regions reveals a regional productive specialisation that favoured internal exchanges and exchanges with other regions. These differences are related to two models of non-centralised, low-inequality societies—one strongly based on cohesion and the other characterised by greater fragmentation and social conflict—underlining the limits of strict environmental determinism in shaping agricultural landscapes. These results provide new food for thought in the debate on the use and value of rain-fed agricultural practices and more broadly on the diversity of adaptations by human societies in extreme and unstable environmental contexts.

Rapid Management of Serratia marcescens Outbreak in Neonatology Unit in Singapore: Risk factors and Infection Control Measures

BackgroundTo describe two consecutive Serratia marcescens outbreaks in neonatology unit of Singapore General hospital and determine risk factors associated with its acquisition in the second outbreak. MethodsEpidemiological investigations, environmental sampling and risk-factors analysis were used to guide infection control measures. Active surveillance sampling of nasopharyngeal aspirate and/or stool from neonates was conducted during both outbreaks. Whole-genome-sequencing was performed to determine clonal links. Retrospective case-control study was conducted in the second outbreak to identify risk factors for S. marcescens acquisition. ResultsIn the one-year period in 2022, two S. marcescens outbreaks were managed involving five neonates in March 2022 outbreak and eight neonates in November 2022 outbreak. Both outbreaks were caused by genetically unrelated S. marcescens clones, with a link to positive isolates from sinks in intensive care units and milk preparation room during outbreak 1. Neonatal jaundice(OR, 16.46; p-value= 0.023) and non-formula milk feeding(OR, 13.88; p-value= 0.02) were identified as independent risk factors during second outbreak. Multiple interventions adopted were cohorting of positive cases, carriage-screening, enhanced environmental cleaning, and emphasis on alcohol-based handrubs for hand-hygiene. ConclusionThe two outbreaks in our institution were likely due to infection prevention practices lapses and favourable environmental conditions. Nosocomial S. marcescens outbreaks in neonatology units are difficult to control and require multidisciplinary approach with strict infection prevention measures to mitigate infection risks.

Decomposition of non-performing loans dynamics into a debt-servicing capacity and a risk taking indicators

Using Colombian credit vintage data, we decompose non-performing loans into two main components: one capturing the evolution of borrowers’ payment capacity and another reflecting changes in the credit risk assumed by banks when granting loans. We employ intrinsic estimators and penalized regression techniques to address the perfect multicollinearity inherent in the model. Our analysis reveals that these two components have evolved differently over time and that they interact with the real and credit cycles distinctively. In particular, we find that a favorable economic environment and loose financial conditions improve the payment capacity of borrowers to meet their obligations, but coincide with increased risk-taking by financial institutions. Finally, we advocate for the adoption of this decomposition as a policy tool, easily applicable by financial and economic authorities with access to a continuous flow of credit vintage data. This methodology facilitates the identification of credit risk origins, thereby informing economic policies aimed at mitigating systemic financial risks.

Effect of Media and Calcium on the Micropropagation of Rudrakhsa (Eleocarpus ganitrus Roxb.)

The Rudraksha tree, scientifically known as Eleocarpus ganitrus Roxb., holds significant religious and medicinal value in India, making it a threatened species. This study was conducted to assess the support of the five different media on the in vitro micropropagation of E. ganitrus using nodal segments as explants. The media; Murashige and Skoog (MS), Lloyd and McCown (WPM) Anderson (AM), Gupta and Durzan (DCR) and Gamborg (B5) were supplemented with antioxidants (citric acid 10mg/l, ascorbic acid 50mg/l, activated carbon (AC) 500mg/l and polyvinyl pyrrolidine (PVP) 100mg/l), BAP (0.0,0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 mg/l) NAA (0, 1,0, 2 mg/l) to promote plant growth. The optimal proliferation of shoots was attained by combining BAP (0.5 mg/l) and NAA (0.1 mg/l) in the MS medium, with or without CaCl2·2H2O (ranging from 1.25 to 10.0 mM/l). The calcium content was assessed accordingly. Elevated concentrations of CaCl2·2H2O in the medium mitigated hyper-hydration, with necrosis of the shoot tip notably reduced at 6.5 mM/l CaCl2·2H2O. Healthy shoots were transferred to MS medium supplemented with NAA (1.0 mg/l) to induce root initiation and multiplication. The addition of CaCl2·2H2O (5.0 mM/l) resulted in the highest recorded root multiplication. Plants that underwent successful acclimatization (80%) exhibited regular growth patterns under favorable environmental conditions.

Cyclic climate impacts on human activity in northern Central China recorded by varve evidence from the western Loess Plateau

Disentangling the relationship between climate change and human activities is a major challenge in paleoenvironmental research. Here, we report a decadal-resolution sedimentological record from an annually laminated archive from the western Loess Plateau spanning the Middle-Late Holocene, along with a database of archaeological radiocarbon dates in northern central China. Our results reveal the occurrence of 400–600-yr cyclic variations in the climate over the last 6200 years, which correlate well with the periodicities of solar activity and the East Asian summer monsoon. This mode of climate change is associated temporally and regionally with specific prehistoric human activities. More favorable warm-humid environmental conditions may have simultaneously facilitated cultural prosperity and population growth, while less favorable cold-dry periods may have led to cultural alterations and population decline. In addition, we determine that there is a closely coupled relationship between the fluctuations in geopolitical and socioeconomic variables and the cyclicity of the environmental changes in imperial China. That is, the warm-humid cycles are characterized by the northward expansion of agriculturalist empires, a decrease in the number of battles, bumper grain harvests, and economic development, while the cold-dry cycles are characterized by the southward expansion of pastoralist empires, an increase in the number of battles, famines, and economic recession. Further analysis of our study will increase the understanding of human dispersal, cultural exchanges, and climate-human interactions within and beyond northern China.

Environmental evaluation of the Reloncaví estuary in southern Chile based on lipophilic shellfish toxins as related to harmful algal blooms

The Reloncaví estuary in southern Chile is famous for its aquaculture. However, recurring harmful algal blooms have adversely affected mussel production. Therefore, regular monitoring of algal toxins is urgently needed to better understand the contamination status of the estuary. In this study, we quantified 15 types of lipophilic shellfish toxins in Metri Bay in the Reloncaví estuary on a biweekly basis for 4 years. We identified algal species using microscopy and metabarcoding analysis. We also measured water temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a, and dissolved oxygen to determine the potential relationships of these parameters with algal toxin production. Our results revealed the presence of a trace amount of pectenotoxin and the causal phytoplankton Dinophysis, as well as yessotoxin and the causal phytoplankton Protoceratium. Statistical analysis indicated that fluctuations in water temperature affected the detection of these toxins. Additionally, metabarcoding analysis detected the highly toxic phytoplankton Alexandrium spp. in some samples. Although our results suggest that the level of lipophilic shellfish toxins in Metri Bay during the study period was insignificantly low using our current LC-MS method, the confirmed presence of highly toxic algae in Metri Bay raises concerns, given that favorable environmental conditions could cause blooms.

On critical levels of ecological status for macrozoobenthic communities in Peter the Great Bay of the Japan Sea: field studies

Relationship between the environmental stress index (PES) and the mean total explained variance of biotic parameters (MEV, as a measure of the environmental factors influence on macrozoobenthic communities) is determined using the methods of multiple linear stepwise regression analysis and non-linear estimation. The relationship is S-shaped, with the points of beginning and end of linear growth confined to the PES ≈ 15–16 % and 30 %. These levels should be considered as boundary criteria for the status of macrozoobenthic communities. Under favorable environmental conditions, PES does not exceed 15 % (the first critical level), that is close to a «biologically balanced» state of the communities. The PES values in the range of 15–30 % indicate an increased influence of limiting factors, but this influence is not destructive. The PES values > 30 % (the second critical level) indicate extreme deterioration of habitat conditions and transition to a «physically controlled» state of the communities.

Anomalous ocean currents and European anchovy dispersal in the Iberian ecosystem

Unlike other upwelling areas where sardine and anchovy species dominate the pelagic ecosystems, the Western Iberian ecosystem has been consistently dominated by European sardine Engraulis encrasicolus, while anchovy had a residual presence from the start of acoustic surveys, in 1989, to 2014. Since 2015, the abundance of anchovy in the Western Iberian margins has sharply increased and continues to show an increasing trend as of 2023. It is unclear if this increase is a result of dispersal from nearby recruitment areas, higher survival rates of early life stages due to favorable environmental conditions, or both. We used a set of different models to simulate the dispersion and survival of anchovy early life stages in the Iberian region for the years preceding the increase in anchovy abundance. An ocean model simulation with the model CROCO provided the fields used as background for Lagrangian simulations coupled to an individual-based model of anchovy eggs and larvae. We simulated the years 2013-2015, and the results show that in 2014 and 2015, anomalous upper-ocean circulation patterns with strong and persistent eastward currents transported a large number of eggs and larvae from the Bay of Biscay (BoB) eastward along the Northern Iberian margin. The maximum transport occurred in June and July 2015, when 8 and 4%, respectively, of the eggs spawned in the BoB potentially reached the Iberian west coast as larvae. This process might explain the increase in anchovy abundance in the Western Iberian ecosystem. The results of the study show that episodes of anomalous intense ocean currents, when coincident with high presence of eggs, can lead to the colonization of new areas, and connectivity between areas varies dramatically with time.

BLUP Estimation and Genotype Stability in Arachis hypogaea L. Variety Testing using Mixed Model Equations

Background: One of the major goals of plant breeding is the selection of high yielding superior cultivars having wide or specific adaptation. However, there is a fluctuation in the annual production due to the sensitive behaviour of the genotypes under different environmental conditions referred to as Genotype by Environment Interaction (GEI). The current study aimed to study the contribution of GEI for the adaptation of groundnut lines for spring and/or kharif season. Methods: To assess the contribution of GEI, Multi-Environment Trials (METs) were conducted for 40 confectionery purpose groundnut genotypes at F9 generation along with checks, across three locations for two seasons (spring and kharif). The contribution of environmental effects, genotypic values and genotype × environment interaction values were obtained from genotypic variance-covariance matrix Gi = Σg⨂A using mixed models (MM) in Best linear unbiased predictions (BLUPs).The pooled data was first partitioned into fixed effects of sites across the seasons and BLUP genotypic values (Ggge). The BLUP genotypic values are further partitioned into genetic value (Gg) and their interaction with the environment (Gge) for the adaptability of genotypes across seasons. Result: The results of MET revealed the presence of significant crossover interaction. The demarcation of advance breeding lines for adaptability across the environment as well as for season specific adaptation was done for variety testing. Genotypes having moderate to high Gge values along with high Gg values in spring than kharif, owing to their better performance during the spring season. CGL-11, CGL-23 and CGL-04 were the highest yielding genotypes, with quite high Gge values. This is due to the more favourable environmental conditions interacting positively with genotypes during the spring. Thus, the high Gg value(s) of genotype(s) alone is not a capable factor for commercialization as Gge value is the deciding factor for the adaptability for the targeted season.

Evaluating the potential for efficient, UAS-based reach-scale mapping of river channel bathymetry from multispectral images

Introduction: Information on spatial patterns of water depth in river channels is valuable for numerous applications, but such data can be difficult to obtain via traditional field methods. Ongoing developments in remote sensing technology have enabled various image-based approaches for mapping river bathymetry; this study evaluated the potential to retrieve depth from multispectral images acquired by an uncrewed aircraft system (UAS).Methods: More specifically, we produced depth maps for a 4 km reach of a clear-flowing, relatively shallow river using an established spectrally based algorithm, Optimal Band Ratio Analysis. To assess accuracy, we compared image-derived estimates to direct measurements of water depth. The field data were collected by wading and from a boat equipped with an echo sounder and used to survey cross sections and a longitudinal profile. We partitioned our study area along the Sacramento River, California, USA, into three distinct sub-reaches and acquired a separate image for each one. In addition to the typical, self-contained, per-image depth retrieval workflow, we also explored the possibility of exporting a relationship between depth and reflectance calibrated using data from one site to the other two sub-reaches. Moreover, we evaluated whether sampling configurations progressively more sparse than our full field survey could still provide sufficient calibration data for developing robust depth retrieval models.Results: Our results indicate that under favorable environmental conditions like those observed on the Sacramento River during low flow, accurate, precise depth maps can be derived from images acquired by UAS, not only within a sub-reach but also across multiple, adjacent sub-reaches of the same river.Discussion: Moreover, our findings imply that the level of effort invested in obtaining field data for calibration could be significantly reduced. In aggregate, this investigation suggests that UAS-based remote sensing could facilitate highly efficient, cost-effective, operational mapping of river bathymetry at the reach scale in clear-flowing streams.

A Comprehensive Review on Scrub Typhus: Epidemiology, Transmission, Diagnosis and Management

Scrub typhus is a serious public health risk in areas where it is endemic. It is brought on by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi and is spread via the bite of infected chiggers. The epidemiology, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of scrub typhus are summarized in this overview, along with recent developments. The disease is most common in rural sections of Asia, the Pacific Islands, and portions of Australia, where chigger populations are encouraged by favorable environmental conditions. The clinical signs of chigger bites can range in severity from mild to severe, presenting with symptoms like fever, headaches, and the distinctive Escher at the bite site. Severe cases may result in consequences such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and organ failure, which call for prompt identification and treatment. Molecular techniques and serological testing are used as diagnostic tools. Molecular assays are a quick and reliable way to identify Orientia tsutsugamushi. Antibiotics are the cornerstone of treatment, and doxycycline is the drug of choice. Treatment must be started as soon as possible to avoid problems and enhance results. The importance of public health interventions, such as vector control and health education, is highlighted by issues like antibiotic resistance and restricted access to treatment in rural areas. Personal protection is the main focus of preventive measures, which include donning proper attire and applying insect repellents. Managing the environment and involving the community are important strategies for lowering chigger populations. Additional research is being done to create effective scrub typhus vaccines, even if there isn't one that is now generally authorized.

Salmon farming alters the structure and functioning of Norwegian maerl bed communities

Abstract Effluents resulting from fish farming activities can alter the structure and functioning of benthic ecosystems. In Norway, recent technological advances within the salmon industry have facilitated the expansion of aquaculture into shallower locations, leading to additional pressures upon coastal habitats. Maerl/rhodolith beds are important bioengineers in coastal waters—supporting highly diverse associated macrofaunal communities—and are likely to be particularly at risk. This study aims to investigate the environmental changes induced by fish farms in their vicinity and their impact on the structure and functioning of maerl bed macrofaunal communities. High dissolved nutrients and organic enrichment levels were observed close to the cages, associated with lower live maerl cover. Overall, the most substantial impact of salmon farms on macrofaunal communities was observed within 100 m from the cages. Nevertheless, changes in the structure and functioning of assemblages were evidenced up to 300 m. In the vicinity of the cages, communities were characterized by the dominance of endobenthic subsurface deposit feeders and opportunistic species, notably the polychaetes Chaetozone sp., Capitella sp. and Scoloplos armiger. Conversely, sites situated farther away from the cages exhibited higher abundances of epibenthic taxa, including crawlers, grazers and species sensitive to organic enrichment. Sites unaffected by the presence of fish farms were described by high abundances of the ophiuroid Ophiura robusta, the polychaete Proclea graffi and ostracods, reflecting more favourable environmental conditions. Such changes in macrofaunal communities highlight the vulnerability of maerl beds to the impacts of aquaculture, thus emphasizing the importance of rigorous site selection when establishing new fish farming facilities.

Kalba: research on trade networks of a prehistoric coastal community on the Gulf of Oman, United Arab Emirates

Kalba: research on trade networks of a prehistoric coastal community on the Gulf of Oman, United Arab Emirates

Optimum Control Wind Power Installations Being Subjected to Ice Formation on Wind Wheel Blades Within Wind Electrc Station Structure

On the basis of the analysis of wind electric unit control with preliminary installation of blades at a required angle according to an estimation of the drive pitch engine start timesubjected toice formation on wind wheel blades to minimize the wind turbine rotor angular speedtransient time, that promotes wind wheel rotation speed stability under the conditions of incomplete wind speed and the electric loadinginformation, that may change significantly with time, the criterion of access time to the of bladeposition control devicefrom the proposed and basic methods of control is established. The program module towind power automation control within thewind electric stationstructure is developed, providing relevantsystem preparation for external actions due to ice formation on blades wind wheel at different operation modes of power unit,that showedangular speed increase of a wind turbine rotor during winter time thus demanding more energy of a wind stream (14m/s) in comparison with the spring and autumn period (11.1m/s).Therefore, ice formation on wind wheel blades slows down wind wheel rotor rotation. Hence, the offered control method efficiency during winter time to avoid control delay is shown byrotation speed increase of a wind turbine rotor towards can be realizedforwind speeds exceeding 13m/s. The improved software control unit of wind power installation within the structure of wind power station based on the power unit operation modes provides: «Summer mode» - electric power generationunder favorable environment conditions; «Winter mode» - electric power generation under ice formation on blades wind wheel.

Impact of Seed Inoculation with Trichoderma afroharzianum Strains on Plant Growth, Root Morphology, and Leaf Phenolic Content in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) at Early Growth Stages

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is receiving increasing attention for its multiple end-uses; therefore, an improvement in its production is needed to meet the increased demand. In the present study, the effect of seed inoculation with two Trichoderma afroharzianum strains, T-AA and T-22, on plant growth and root morphology of hemp plants at sixth-leaf (S6) and tenth-leaf (S10) stages was assessed for two consecutive years (2020 and 2021). In addition, the ability of the two strains to enhance the accumulation of phenolic compounds in hemp leaves was also evaluated. The results obtained revealed the ability of T-22 to improve the growth and root morphology of hemp plants both in 2020 and 2021, although with different impact, probably ascribable to the different weather conditions in the two years. In 2020, the positive effects of T-22 were detected at S10 stage with significant increases in the shoot and root length (38% and 17%, respectively) and dried biomass (35% and 30%, respectively) compared to untreated plants. The total root surface area and the number of tips, forks, and crossings also increased significantly (24–36%) at this stage. In 2021, significant increases in the shoot length and dried biomass (40% and 30%, respectively) were observed at S6 stage, whereas root length and dried biomass increased significantly at S6 (55% and 47%, respectively) and S10 stage (121% and 40%, respectively). Significant increases in the total surface area and volume, as well as in the number of tips, forks, and crossings were also observed at both S6 and S10 stage (50–63% and 105–187%, respectively). Interestingly, in both years and at both stages, the two strains induced significant increases in the leaf accumulation of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity, which were greater in T-22- compared to T-AA-treated plants (18–102% and 13–34%, respectively). The results are discussed in light of the potential practical applications of T-22 as a biostimulant of hemp plant growth under favorable and unfavorable environmental conditions, and of both strains as promising tools for the improvement of the leaves’ economic value as a source of health-promoting compounds.

EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN THE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

The greenhouse gas emissions from Animal production related activities has turn out to be an important cause of global warming. This can be attributed to the continent-wide massive burdens arising from the switch in food consumption pattern. Anthropogenic activitiesrelated to livestock production contribute 37% of methane (CH4) emission, 9% of carbon dioxide (CO2) output and utilize 8% of the world water. An estimated aggregate of 7.1 billion tonnes of CO2 are generated by the feed and livestock industries. The effect of global warming is presently being experienced such as unstable rainfall pattern, drought, extended walk in search of pasture and water, coupled with significant impact on livestock productivity (rate of weight gainand milk production potentials).The potential of Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve sustainable animal production is being threatened by global warming, it is. therefore necessary to leverage on the use of livestock breed that combine the heat tolerance of the local stock with the high milk yield of the exotic breed (crossbreeding) to produce an improved breed of livestock. Ameliorative strategies such as strategic supplementation of diets, matching genetics to specific systems and management of manure with potential to improve productivity of livestock should be included into livestock production systems in the Sub-Sahara Africa. The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques will also assist to acquire ideal results on susceptibility of smallholder farmers. Finally, there is the need for shift in policy to promote the livelihood of indigenous livestock farmers under favourable environmental conditions.

A new approach in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) industry: "Turkish Salmon" production and marketing trends

With favorable environmental conditions and the adoption of new technologies, Türkiye has 1703 enterprises producing trout as of 2022. These enterprises collectively produce 167,286 tons of trout per year, including portioned fish (200-250 g), fillet candidates (400-600 g), and fillets (known as Turkish Salmon) (>3000 g). The production chain for Turkish Salmon involves hatcheries, dam lake net cage systems, and offshore net cage systems. There are 680 hatcheries producing trout eggs and fry, with a total annual production of 1,360,029,485 eggs. Additionally, 622 pond/dam lake net cage systems are used for producing Turkish Salmon candidates weighing 400-600 g, with a total production capacity of 163,525,079 kg per year. Offshore net cage systems in the Black Sea region, spread across six provinces, are utilized for Turkish Salmon production. Production planning is underway for two provinces, with a total planned production area of 15,650,000 m2 and a projected capacity of 221,188,000 kg per year. Türkiye is actively involved in the global aquaculture sector, paying close attention to its advancements. Türkiye has a strong egg/juvenile production capacity compared to other countries involved in trout production globally. However, the importation of biotechnology-applied and observed eggs continues, posing biological and genetic risks to Türkiye's natural aquatic areas. Over the past 20 years, Türkiye's trout production has grown significantly, reaching 167,286 tons per year, marking it as a significant food production industry. This success can be attributed to favorable environmental conditions, increasing consumer demand, the adoption of new technologies, and consistent investments. However, the rapid growth in the trout farming sector over the past five years has led to an uncontrollable decline in survival rates. This decline can be attributed to the spread of diseases, incorrect treatment methods, improper breeding management practices, flawed business management, unregulated fish transport, and compromised sanitary and environmental conditions.