Fault-tolerant Routing Mechanism Research Articles

Energy-efficient and Fault-Tolerant Routing Mechanism for WSN using Optimizer based Deep Learning Model

Fault tolerance is the network's capacity to continue operating normally in the event of sensor failure. Sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) may fail due to various reasons, such as energy depletion or environmental damage. Sensor battery drain is the leading cause of failure in WSNs, making energy-saving crucial to extending sensor lifespan. Fault-tolerant protocols use fault recovery methods to ensure network reliability and resilience. Many issues can affect a network, such as communication module breakdown, battery drain, or changes in network architecture. Our proposed FT-RR protocol is a WSN routing protocol that is both reliable and fault-tolerant; it attempts to prevent errors by anticipating them. FT-RR uses Bernoulli's rule to find trustworthy nodes and then uses those pathways to route data to the base station as efficiently as possible. When CHs have greater energy, they construct these pathways. Based on the simulation findings, our approach outperforms the other protocols concerning the rate of loss of packet, end-to-end latency, and network lifespan.

Clustering based secure error report fault tolerant routing in mobile adhoc networks

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a self-constructed network consisting of spatially distributed nodes that cooperatively arrange themselves without any centralized manager or fixed based stations. In MANET, the nodes are deployed in a dynamic scenario, so, the nodes may fail as a result of energy depletion, hardware failure, communication link errors, and malicious attacks. Therefore, it is necessary to design energy-efficient fault-tolerant algorithms and protocols for MANETs. Since the development of Mobile Ad-hoc networks was originally motivated by military applications, such as battlefield surveillance and healthcare applications it is required to have a fast recovery mechanism to overcome the fault condition. In this research work, a fault-tolerant Routing mechanism is designed and implemented to address the fault conditions such as node failure, link failure, and critical battery issues called Fault tolerant cluster based AODV with Error Reporting Routing (CAODVERR) protocol, and to improve the stability of the MANET. Also, an Error reporting mechanism has been incorporated with the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol.

A fault tolerant routing scheme for advanced metering infrastructure: an approach towards smart grid

The wireless sensor network is gaining significant attention because of its ubiquitous deployability nature. In general, the role of the wireless sensor network is remarkable in smart city applications for data sensing, collecting, and transmitting. Advanced metering infrastructure is an automatic system for the reading of electricity consumption by individual users. The reading of data from meters normally communicated over a wireless medium. Apart from collecting and sensing, routing is one of the major attributes in the AMI network. Successful communication is possible when the link and node are in the proper state. In this paper, we propose a fault-tolerant routing mechanism named Grid Topological Routing scheme to provide an efficient route in case of encountering a faulty path. The simulation shows better performance against the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks and Ad-Hoc On-Demand Vector algorithm in terms of power consumption and packet delivery ratio. This model is explicitly designed for the smart grid in India.

Energy Aware Fault Tolerant Clustering and Routing Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks

Objectives: The key constructions of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are energy conservation and battery depletion of the sensor nodes which are restricted and irreplaceable. Designing an economical clustering and routing mechanism ought to incorporate these problems for large scale WSN. Methods: “Energy Aware Fault Tolerant Clustering and Routing Mechanism” is proposed in this work for efficient clustering and fault-tolerant routing. The main idea behind this mechanism is to spot a node which lies in next position to cluster head in terms of energy and configuring it to sleep mode. Findings: This is chiefly done to realize fault tolerance by activating the node in sleep mode during the failure of the cluster head. Intensive experiments were performed on this technique and the results are compared with the previous algorithms. Applications/Improvements: Energy-Aware Fault Tolerant techniques are effectively used in applications of WSN like army reconnaissance, environmental monitoring etc.

A survivability routing mechanism in SDN enabled wireless mesh networks: Design and evaluation

In software-defined networking, the separation of control plane from forwarding plane introduces new challenges to network reliability. This paper proposes a fault-tolerant routing mechanism to improve survivability by converting the survivability problem into two sub-problems: constructing an elastic-aware routing tree and controller selection. Based on the shortest path tree, this scheme continuously attempts to prune the routing tree to enhance network survivability. After a certain number of iterations, elastic-aware routing continues to improve network resiliency by increasing the number of edges in this tree. Simulation results demonstrate this fault-tolerant mechanism performs better than the traditional method in terms of the number of protected nodes and network fragility indicator.

AFTER: Asynchronous Fault-Tolerant Router Design in Network-on-Chip

Large scale synchronous network-on-chip (NoC) requires complex clock tree design, which leads to a large area overhead and power consumption. Based on handshaking protocols, asynchronous NoC does not have global clock tree distribution, which results in a natural power saving mode without any explicit clock gating. However, the faults occurring in such asynchronous networks will seriously affect their performances. In this paper, we propose AFTER, an Asynchronous Fault-TolErant Router, which uses the quasi delay insensitive (QDI) logic. The proposed router is able to detect the faults of ports and links. Then, a fault-tolerant routing mechanism, based on the port priority in different quadrants, is proposed to maximize the number of packets that can be transmitted via the shortest paths. In this way, the fault-tolerance of asynchronous routers can be achieved. Besides that, AFTER could also achieve high scalability, and is suitable for the large scale globally asynchronous locally synchronous (GALS) system. The experimental results show that, when faults occur in the network, AFTER has a better fault-tolerance performance than the reference.

Fault-tolerant routing mechanism based on network coding in wireless mesh networks

As an essential part of next generation Internet, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have attracted much research attention due to their potential advantages, including low up-front cost, ease of deployment, enhanced capacity and service coverage. However, the inherit features of wireless channels (e.g., interference, noise, fading and limited bandwidth) have put forward a severe challenge for network reliability. Conventional fault-tolerant techniques either waste too many bandwidth resources or postpone the recovery speed. This paper proposes a random linear network coding based fault-tolerant routing mechanism to instantaneously recover the native packets omitted by the source. This mechanism couples the multi-path routing and random linear network coding technique by improving the conventional method of coding nodes selection. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed fault-tolerant routing mechanism, which includes Random linear Network Coding in Multi-path with Source Coding (RNCM-SC) and Random linear Network Coding in Multi-path with Source Forwarding (RNCM-SF), perform better in terms of packet delivery ratio, resource redundancy degree, end-to-end delay and useful throughput ratio than the traditional method.