Fault Location Scheme Research Articles

Algorithm for Detecting, Indentifying, Locating and Experience to Develop the Automate Faults Location in Radial Distribution System

This paper presents the design of an algorithm to detect, identify, and locate faults in radial distribution feeders of Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA). The algorithm consists of three major steps. First, the adaptive algorithm is applied to track/estimate the system electrical parameter, i.e. current phasor, voltage phasor, and impedance. Next process, the impedance rule base is used to detect and identify the type of fault. Finally, the current compensation technique and a geographic information system (GIS) are applied to evaluate a possible fault location. The paper also shows the results from field tests of the automate fault location and illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed fault location scheme.

Combined solution for fault location in three-terminal lines based on wavelet transforms

This work presents the study and development of a combined fault location scheme for three-terminal transmission lines using wavelet transforms (WTs). The methodology is based on the low- and high-frequency components of the transient signals originated from fault situations registered in the terminals of a system. By processing these signals and using the WT, it is possible to determine the time of travelling waves of voltages and/or currents from the fault point to the terminals, as well as estimate the fundamental frequency components. A new approach presents a reliable and accurate fault location scheme combining some different solutions. The main idea is to have a decision routine in order to select which method should be used in each situation presented to the algorithm. The combined algorithm was tested for different fault conditions by simulations using the ATP (Alternative Transients Program) software. The results obtained are promising and demonstrate a highly satisfactory degree of accuracy and reliability of the proposed method.

Microphone Array와 열화상 카메라를 이용한 고압설비 고장검출

The paper proposes a hierarchical fault detection method for the high voltage equipment using a microphone array which detects the location of fault and the thermal imaging and CCD cameras which verifies the fault and stores the image, respectively. There are partial arc discharges on the faulty insulators, which generates a specific pattern of sound. Detecting the signal using the microphone array, the location of the faulty insulator can be estimated. The 6th band-pass filter was applied to remove noise signal from wind or external influence. When the mobile robot carries the thermal and CCD cameras to the possible place of the fault insulator, the fault insulators or power transmission wires can be detected by the thermal images, which are caused by the aging or natural erosion. Finally, the CCD camera captures the image of the fault insulator for the record. The detection scheme of fault location using the microphone array and the thermal images have been proved to be effective through the real experiments. As a result of this research, it becomes possible to use a mobile robot with the integrated sensors to detect the fault insulators instead of a human being.

Application of interval analysis and evidence theory to fault location

The technique of fast fault clearance for railway power transmission lines is an urgent and noticeable problem. According to the segmented structure characteristic of the lines, a novel fault location scheme based on the interval analysis and evidence theory is proposed. First, the interval model is addressed. The interval analysis is applied to deduce three interval algorithms, which implement interval location. Then, in terms of the characteristic of interval set, the difference matrix of deviation degree is used to represent quantitatively the degree of similarity between interval numbers, and construct an expression of basic probability assignment function. Finally, the evidence theory is introduced to combine the results of three interval algorithms and infer the fault segmented interval. The simulated results and practical application have effectively verified the accuracy and reliability of the proposed location scheme, which is suitable for all segmented structure lines.

Upstream vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers for fault monitoring and localization in WDM passive optical networks

As wavelength division multiplexed passive optical networks (WDM-PONs) are expected to be first deployed to transport high capacity services to business customers, real-time knowledge of fiber/device faults and the location of such faults will be a necessity to guarantee reliability. Nonetheless, the added benefit of implementing fault monitoring capability should only incur minimal cost associated with upgrades to the network. In this work, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a fault monitoring and localization scheme based on a highly-sensitive and potentially low-cost monitor in conjunction with vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). The VCSELs are used as upstream transmitters in the WDM-PON. The proposed scheme benefits from the high reflectivity of the top distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirror of optical injection-locked (OIL) VCSELs to reflect monitoring channels back to the central office for monitoring. Characterization of the fault monitor demonstrates high sensitivity, low bandwidth requirements, and potentially low output power. The added advantage of the proposed fault monitoring scheme incurs only a 0.5dB penalty on the upstream transmissions on the existing infrastructure.

TRAVELLING WAVE-BASED FAULT LOCATION SCHEME FOR MULTI-END AGED UNDERGROUND CABLE SYSTEM

This paper presents a novel wavelet-based fault location scheme for aged cable systems when synchronized digital fault recorded data are available at the two terminals of each cable. The availability of digital fault recorders at a reasonable cost allows the use of many of these devices at major substations. Thus, many cable lines have data available at both ends. The proposed scheme estimates the fault location in multi-end aged cable system using the theory of wavelet singularity detection as a powerful signal processing tool, the arrival of the first and second voltage travelling waves at both sides of the power cables can be identified reliably. The proposed scheme has the ability to eliminate the effect of the change in the propagation velocity of the travelling waves. This will help solving the problem of cable changing parameters especially the changing of the relative permittivity of the cable over its age that causes a large error in all fault location techniques, which use the value of propagation velocity in calculations. The method is valid even with very close faults to busbars. Characteristics of the proposed protection algorithm are analysed by extensive simulation studies using ATP/EMTP. The obtained results indicate an accepted degree of accuracy for the proposed fault locator scheme.

NEW FOURIER FILTER DESIGN FOR FAULT CURRENT FILTERING OF SERIES COMPENSATED LINES

In computer relaying scheme, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is the most widely used filtering algorithm for computing the fundamental frequency components, especially in distance protection. However, in recent developed thyristor-controlled switched capacitor (TCSC) compensated lines, the fault currents contain a large number of unwanted subsynchronous frequency or decaying DC components. It always needs 0.5-5 cycles for decaying DC component or 10-20 cycles for subsynchronous frequency component to obtain the accurate fundamental phasor by DFT algorithm. The vital slow convergence problem will degrade the performance of fault locator or distance protection scheme. To overcome the problems, this work presents a new design of Fourier filter for series transmission lines protection. By the proposed scheme, we only need one-cycle-plus-four samples to obtain the accurate fundamental phasor. To increase the flexibility in further design, both the non-recursive and recursive forms are developed. Meanwhile, the resolution of the analogue-to-digital (A/D) converters and the designing of pre-filter are also considered in this work. Some specific test signals and 100km, 345kV TCSC transmission line modelled by MATLAB/SIMULINK power system blockset are used for performance evaluation. The results indicate the effectiveness of proposed filtering scheme.

Iterative Fault Location Scheme for a Transmission Line Using Synchronized Phasor Measurements

This paper describes a new iterative method to locate fault on a single transmission line. The method uses synchronized voltage and current measurements from both line terminals. Using the positive sequence components of the pre-fault and the post-fault phasors, positive sequence source impedances at both terminals are first estimated. Using these source impedances and the line data, the positive sequence bus impedance matrix (Zbus) is formed. Using the properties of Zbus, an iterative algorithm is proposed to locate the fault. This algorithm is tested extensively with data obtained from the EMTP simulation of a long transmission line simulated with distributed parameters in the presence of fault resistance and CT saturation. The simulation results show that the method is very accurate and robust.

The variant cycle-cover problem in fault detection and localization for mesh all-optical networks

With the soaring channel speed and density in all-optical networks (AONs), the risk of high data loss upon network faults increases quickly. To manage network faults efficiently, an m-cycle based fault detection and localization (MFDL) scheme has been introduced recently. This paper verifies the necessary and sufficient condition for achieving the complete fault localization (CFL) in MFDL, which is defined as the case that every single network fault can be located to a unique link. We model the m-cycle construction as a new mathematical problem: the variant version of the constrained cycle-cover problem (vCCCP) and explore its formal expression. The model includes the consideration of the cycle-length limit, cycle number, and wavelength cost, while also keeps the CFL achievable. A two-phase branch-and-bound (B&B) algorithm was developed for solving the vCCCP, which guarantees to find near-optimal solutions. This algorithm is then applied to four typical and four random network examples to validate and assess the performance. The results are analyzed and compared with some previously reported algorithms, in terms of fault localization degree, cycle number, wavelength overhead, and cost reduction. The performance evaluation and comparison reveal that the new model and algorithm could significantly reduce the MFDL cost, including both the cost of monitoring devices and reserved wavelengths.

Traveling-Wave-Based Fault-Location Scheme for Multiend-Aged Underground Cable System

This paper presents a novel wavelet-based fault-location scheme for aged cable systems when synchronized digital fault recorded data are available at the two terminals of each cable. The proposed scheme estimates the fault location in multiend-aged cable systems using the theory of wavelet singularity detection as a powerful signal processing tool. The arrival of the first and second voltage traveling waves at both ends of the power cables can be identified reliably. The developed wavelet processing scheme is applied on the modal coordinates instead of the phase coordinates. The proposed scheme has the ability to eliminate the impact of the change in the propagation velocity of the traveling waves on the fault-location calculations. This will help solve the problem of cable changing parameters, especially the change of the relative permittivity of the cable with age. The method is valid even with faults that are very close to busbars. Characteristics of the proposed fault-location scheme are analyzed by extensive simulation studies using Alternative Transients Program/Electromagnetic Transients Program. The results indicate an accepted degree of accuracy for the suggested fault locator

Transmission Network Fault Location Observability With Minimal PMU Placement

This paper presents a concept of fault-location observability and a new fault-location scheme for transmission networks based on synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs). Using the proposed scheme, minimal PMUs are installed in existing power transmission networks so that the fault, if it occurs, can be located correctly in the network. The scheme combines the fault-location algorithm and the fault-side selector. Extensive simulation results verify the proposed scheme.

Morphological undecimated wavelet decomposition for fault location on power transmission lines

This paper presents a novel morphological undecimated wavelet (MUDW) decomposition scheme for fault location on power transmission lines. The MUDW scheme is developed based on the morphological wavelet (MW) theory for both the extraction of transient features and noise reduction in signal processing. The analysis operators and the synthesis operator of MUDW strictly satisfy the pyramid condition. In this paper, the MUDW scheme is used to extract features from noise imposed fault-generated transient voltage and/or current signals of power transmission lines. The efficiency of the MUDW scheme used for noise reduction and the extraction of sudden changes in the transient signals are evaluated in simulation studies. The simulation results show that the fault location can be accurately detected in noisy environments

A Novel Fault Detection and Localization Scheme for Mesh All-optical Networks Based on Monitoring-cycles

We previously showed the feasibility of a fault detection scheme for all-optical networks (AONs) based on their decomposition into monitoring-cycles (m-cycles). In this paper, an m-cycle construction for fault detection is formulated as a cycle cover problem with certain constraints. A heuristic spanning-tree based cycle construction algorithm is proposed and applied to four typical networks: NSFNET, ARPA2, SmallNet, and Bellcore. Three metrics: grade of fault localization, wavelength overhead, and the number of cycles in a cover are introduced to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. The results show that it achieves nearly optimal performance.

A Phasor-Based Double Ended Fault Location Scheme for Aged Power Cables

This paper presents a fault location scheme for aged power cables using phasor measurements from both ends of the cable line. The proposed fault location scheme is derived using two-terminal measurements incorporated with a distributed line model, modal transformation theory, and discrete Fourier transforms. The proposed scheme can solve the problem of cable changing parameters, especially the change of the relative permittivity and thus for the operating positive, negative, and zero sequence capacitance changes. Extensive simulation studies are carried out using the alternative transients program ATP/EMTP. The simulation studies show that the proposed scheme provides a high accuracy in fault location calculations under various system and fault conditions. The results show that the proposed method responds very well, being insensitive to fault type, fault distance, fault resistance, and fault inception angle. The proposed scheme solves the problem of aged cables with change of electric parameters. In addition, it gives an accurate estimation of the fault resistance in all fault types.

Fault location scheme for combined overhead line with underground power cable

This paper presents a fault location scheme for transmission systems consisting of an overhead line combined with an underground power cable. The algorithm requires phasor measurements data from one end of the transmission line and the synchronized measurements at the most far end of the power cable. Fault location is derived using distributed line model, modal transformation theory and Discrete Fourier Transform. The technique can be used on-line or off-line using the data stored in the digital fault recording apparatuses. The proposed scheme has the ability to locate the fault whether it is in the overhead line or in the underground power cable. In addition to, the proposed scheme gives an accurate estimation of the fault resistance at fault location. Extensive simulation studies carried out using MATLAB show that the proposed scheme provides a high accuracy in fault location under various fault conditions.

An accurate fault location scheme for connected aged cable lines in double-fed systems

This paper presents an adaptive fault location scheme for aged power cables using synchronized phasor measurements from both ends of the cable. The proposed fault location scheme is derived using the two-terminal synchronized measurements incorporated with distributed line model, modal transformation theory and Discrete Fourier Transform. The proposed scheme has the ability to solve the problem of cable changing parameters, especially the change of the relative permittivity over its age and thus for the operating positive, negative, and zero-sequence capacitance changes. Extensive simulation studies are carried out using Alternative Transients Program ATP/EMTP. The simulation studies show that the proposed scheme provides a high accuracy in fault location calculations under various system and fault conditions. The results show that the proposed scheme responds very well to any fault insensitive to fault type, fault resistance, fault inception angle and system configuration. The proposed scheme solves the problem of aged cables with the change of the electric parameters. In addition to, it gives an accurate estimation of the fault resistance.

Faults locations in automated distribution system

This paper presents new techniques for locating short circuit and open conductor faults on automated distribution system. This is a unique method where short circuit and open conductor faults are treated simultaneously. The proposed fault location scheme is capable of accurately identifying the zone in which fault occurs. Temporary faults are also detected which may not result in a blown fuse. Data is made available to the substation remote terminal unit from various automated distribution system equipments. Decision is taken based upon the magnitude of fundamental frequency component of voltage and current phasor. Testing of proposed fault location method has been demonstrated on the laboratory model for its practical use. Analogues simulation results are obtained using electromagnetic transients program (EMTP).

Travelling Wave-Based Fault Location Scheme for Aged Underground Cable Combined with Overhead Line

This paper presents a novel wavelet-based travelling wave fault location algorithm for aged underground cables in transmission systems. Such transmission systems consist of overhead lines combined with underground power cables. Applying the singularity detection feature of wavelets as a powerful signal processing tool, the first and second initial arrival of the voltage travelling waves at the first end of the overhead as well as at the terminal end of the aged cable line can be identified reliably without the need for detection the sign of these waves. In this paper modal signals, rather than the phase signals, are the inputs to the relay.The proposed algorithm is capable of eliminating the effect of the change in the propagation velocity of the travelling waves over the age of the cable. It can be used on-line following the operation of digital relays or off-line using the data stored in the digital transient recording apparatus. Extensive simulation studies carried out using ATP/EMTP show that the proposed algorithm provides an accepted degree of accuracy in fault location under different fault conditions.

Fault Location Scheme for a Multi-Terminal Transmission Line Using Synchronized Voltage Measurements

This paper describes a new scheme to locate a fault on a multi-terminal transmission line. It describes a simple new algorithm to identify the faulted section first. Then, to exactly locate the fault on this section, a method is described that uses the synchronized voltage measurements at all terminals. The main advantage of this method is that the current-transformer errors in the current measurements can be avoided. Since these errors can be as high as 10%, the fault location is extremely accurate with this method. The scheme can work for transposed as well as untransposed lines and is free of prefault conditions. The paper, after describing the scheme, describes very promising results from an Electromagnetic Transients Program simulation of a multi-terminal transmission line.

ANFIS-Based Diagnosis and Location of Stator Interturn Faults in PM Brushless DC Motors

An automatic scheme for fault diagnosis and location of stator-winding interturns in permanent-magnet brushless dc motors is presented. System performances under healthy and faulty operation are obtained via a discrete-time model. Waveform of the electromagnetic torque is monitored and processed using discrete Fourier transform and short-time Fourier transform to derive proper diagnostic indices. Two adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) are developed to automate the fault diagnosis process. Test results show an acceptable performance for ANFIS in detecting the fault.