Fat Tissue Research Articles

Obesity and Depression: Common Link and Possible Targets.

Depression is among the main causes of disability, and its protracted manifestations could make it even harder to treat metabolic diseases. Obesity is linked to episodes of depression, which is closely correlated to abdominal adiposity and impaired food quality. The present review is aimed at studying possible links between obesity and depression along with targets to disrupt it. Research output in Pubmed and Scopus were referred for writing this manuscript. Obesity and depression are related, with the greater propensity of depressed people to gain weight, resulting in poor dietary decisions and a sedentary lifestyle. Adipokines, which include adiponectin, resistin, and leptin are secretory products of the adipose tissue. These adipokines are now being studied to learn more about the connection underlying obesity and depression. Ghrelin, a gut hormone, controls both obesity and depression. Additionally, elevated ghrelin levels result in anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects. The gut microbiota influences the metabolic functionalities of a person, like caloric processing from indigestible nutritional compounds and storage in fatty tissue, that exposes an individual to obesity, and gut microorganisms might connect to the CNS through interconnecting pathways, including neurological, endocrine, and immunological signalling systems. The alteration of brain activity caused by gut bacteria has been related to depressive episodes. Monoamines, including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, have been widely believed to have a function in emotions and appetite control. Emotional signals stimulate arcuate neurons in the hypothalamus that are directly implicated in mood regulation and eating. The peptide hormone GLP-1(glucagon-like peptide- 1) seems to have a beneficial role as a medical regulator of defective neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, synaptic dysfunction, and neurotransmitter secretion discrepancy in the depressive brain. The gut microbiota might have its action in mood and cognition regulation, in addition to its traditional involvement in GI function regulation. This review addressed the concept that obesity-related low-grade mild inflammation in the brain contributes to chronic depression and cognitive impairments.

Adipose Tissue, Regeneration, and Skin Health: The Next Regenerative Frontier

Abstract Adipose tissue, fat compartments, through the years have been considered as storage depots and an energy source. However, a major amount of new research, starting with the discovery of adipose derived stem cells, has redirected this thinking toward the tremendous regenerative capacity that adipose tissue has when it is healthy. This has resulted in multiple technologies being explored with fat as a basis or with fat as a target aiming at the stimulation of new small hyperplastic adipose cells exuding adipokines and encouraging the proliferation of a whole host of progenitor cells that can have positive effects on many organ systems. One of these organ systems is skin and there is a direct correlation with various fat compartments and skin health. Dermal fat tissue, also known as dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) is one such compartment that originates from dermal preadipocytes transdifferentiating into adipocytes and progenitor adipose cells under the right cues. This paper discusses these potential cues including injectable fillers, fat grafts, topical formulations and their capacity to impact on skin health through generation of healthy fat tissue. In addition, small molecules such as GLP-1 peptides and their impact on fat tissue is discussed. Adipose tissue is being recognized as the next regenerative frontier with exciting prospects ahead.

Optical Clearing of Ex Vivo Adipose Tissue.

The paper focuses on the development of technology of adipose tissue optical clearing using different complex hyperosmotic optical clearing agents and tissue permeability enhancers. To quantify optical clearing efficiency, reduced scattering coefficient was estimated from the ex vivo spatially resolved backreflectance measurements using a multi-distant fiber optical device. Tissue morphology modification was monitored with the help of histological studies. Kinetics and efficiency of the optical clearing were evaluated for ex vivo abdominal fat tissue at action of dimethyl sulfoxide, diatrizoic acid, metrizoic acid, sucrose, and fructose solutions accompanied by tissue permeability enhancers, such as various modes of fractional laser microablation and sonophoresis and their combinations. Histological studies allowed us to find agents that cause minimal morphological changes of the adipose tissue. Maximal optical clearing efficiency of 83.5% was observed for the samples subjected to action of the fructose-ethanol solution during 90 min in combination with gentle modes of fractional laser microablation and sonophoresis.

Interleukin-33 and Obesity-Related Inflammation and Cancer

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a cytokine belonging to the IL-1 family. It is primarily associated with type 2 immune responses. It interacts with a receptor complex on immune cells in reaction to tissue damage or cellular injury. IL-33 is crucial in immune responses and is involved in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Obesity is marked by chronic inflammation and is a known risk factor for several types of cancer. Recent studies have shown that IL-33 and its receptor complex are expressed in adipose (fat) tissue, suggesting they may play a role in obesity. While inflammation connects obesity and cancer, it is not yet clear whether IL-33 contributes to cancer associated with obesity. Depending on the cellular context, inflammatory environment, expression levels, and bioactivity, IL-33 can exhibit both protumorigenic and antitumorigenic effects. This review will explore the various functions of IL-33 in the inflammation linked to obesity and its relationship with cancer.

Impact of Titanium Cranial Implants on the Electric Field and SAR Distribution Induced by Mobile Phones Within the User’s Head

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of a titanium cranial implant on the electric field distribution and the amount of energy absorbed from a cell phone within the human head. Three-dimensional lifelike models of the head of the mobile phone user, a titanium cranial implant, and a smartphone model was built. The head model consisted of sixteen homogeneous, isotropic domains, with permittivity and conductivity parameters taken from the literature. Numerical calculations were performed at the mobile communication frequency of 2600 MHz for a head model with and without a titanium cranial implant, in order to determine a field perturbation introduced by the implant. Our results show that in the presence of a titanium cranial implant, the electric field amplitude and SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) are increased within the layers close to the outer surface of the model (skin, fat tissue, and muscle). On the other hand, a cranial implant leads to a lower penetration depth, decreasing the electric field amplitude and SAR inside the skull, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain.

The potential role of targeting the leptin receptor as a treatment for breast cancer in the context of hyperleptinemia: a literature review.

Since cancer is becoming a leading cause of death worldwide, efforts should be concentrated on understanding its underlying biological alterations that would be utilized in disease management, especially prevention strategies. Within this context, multiple bodies of evidence have highlighted leptin's practical and promising role, a peptide hormone extracted from adipose and fatty tissues with other adipokines, in promoting the proliferation, migration, and metastatic invasion of breast carcinoma cells. Excessive blood leptin levels and hyperleptinemia increase body fat content and stimulate appetite. Also, high leptin level is believed to be associated with several conditions, including overeating, emotional stress, inflammation, obesity, and gestational diabetes. It has been noted that when leptin has impaired signaling in CNS, causing the lack of its normal function in energy balance, it results in leptin resistance, leading to a rise in its concentration in peripheral tissues. Our research paper will shed highlighting on potentially targeting the leptin receptor and its cellular signaling in suppressing breast cancer progression.

Adaptation during the shift from entomopathogen to endosymbiont is accompanied by gene loss and intensified selection.

Fungi have been found to be associated with many insect species, with some species transitioning to reside within insects as symbionts. However, the evolutionary pressures and genomic consequences associated with this transition are not well understood. Pathogenic fungi of the genus Ophiocordyceps have undergone multiple, independent transitions from pathogen to endosymbiont lifestyles, where they reside within the fatty tissues of infected soft-scale insects trans-generationally without killing their hosts. To gain an understanding of the genomic adaptations underlying this life history shift, long-read sequencing was utilized to assemble the genomes of both the soft scale insect Parthenolecanium corni and its Ophiocordyceps endosymbiont from a single insect. Assembly and metagenomic-based binning produced a highly contiguous genome for Part. corni and a chromosome-level assembly for the Ophiocordyceps endosymbiont. The endosymbiont genome was characterized by 524 gene loss events compared to free-living pathogenic Ophiocordyceps relatives, with predicted roles in hyphal growth, cell wall integrity, metabolism, gene regulation and toxin production. Contrasting patterns of selection were observed between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes specific to the endosymbiont lineage. Intensified selection was most frequently observed across orthologs in the nuclear genome, whereas selection on most mitochondrial genes was found to be relaxed. Scans for positive selection were enriched within the fatty acid metabolism pathway with associate specific selection within three adjacent enzymes catalyzing the conversion of acetoacetate to acetyl-COA, suggesting that the endosymbiont lineage is under selective pressure to effectively exploit the lipid rich environment of the insect fat bodies in which it is found.

Exploring the Nexus of Feeding and Processing: Implications for Meat Quality and Sensory Perception.

The intrinsic quality of meat is directly related to muscle and fat tissues. Factors such as the rate and extent of anaerobic glycolysis affect muscle pH, influencing the meat's color, water holding, and texture. Postmortem anomalies can result in deviations from this intrinsic quality. The animals' diet plays a crucial role in meat quality. Specific nutrients, such as proteins, vitamins, and minerals, affect meat's texture, flavor, and juiciness. Feeds rich in omega-3 fatty acids can improve the sensorial quality of meat. Meat processing and methods such as aging, marinating, and cooking affect the texture, flavor, and juiciness, which can be evaluated by specific equipment or trained or untrained consumers. This comprehensive review investigates the relationship between animal feeding practices and meat processing techniques and their combined impact on meat quality and sensory perception. By synthesizing recent research, we explore how various feeding protocols (including diet composition and feed additives) and processing methods shape meat products' nutritional value, texture, flavor profile, and overall consumer appeal. Understanding this nexus is crucial for optimizing meat quality while ensuring sustainability and safety in the food supply chain.

Skin aging and dermatoporosis-the chronic skin fragility syndrome

Skin aging is divided into intrinsic and extrinsic aging, encompassing pigmentary, vascular, connective tissue, and fat tissue aspects that contribute to this complex process. Aging is genetically determined but is influenced by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation, air pollution, and smoking. Skin aging has not only cosmetic but also functional implications, as the loss of the extracellular matrix, especially hyaluronate, impairs the mechanical functions of the skin. Hyaluronate, which stabilizes skin structures, acts as acushion and reduces susceptibility to skin tears. Dermatoporosis, aterm coined by Saurat, describes the functional dimension of skin aging, manifesting in various stages from skin atrophy to severe complications like skin necrosis. It is increasingly observed in older patients, particularly from age70 onwards. Prevalence ranges from 22% in women to 38% in men, with higher rates in patients undergoing chronic steroid therapy and certain conditions. Diagnosis is made through clinical examination and skin thickness measurement via ultrasound. Prevention involves limiting exposure to harmful factors and using specific treatments such as hyaluronic acid and topical retinoids to improve skin health.

The Interaction of Microalgae Dietary Inclusion and Forage-to-Concentrate Ratio on the Lipid Metabolism-Related Gene Expression in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Dairy Goats.

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been shown to be effective in enhancing the quality of ruminant products, including meat and milk. However, under these dietary conditions, the de novo lipogenesis could be influenced, too. On the other hand, even if the forage-to-concentrate ratio (F:C) is also a key factor affecting lipid metabolism in small ruminants, there is scarce information about its interaction with dietary PUFA. This study investigates the potential of the F:C ratio as a lever to manipulate lipid metabolism in dairy goats under high dietary PUFA supplementation. For this purpose, twenty-two crossbred dairy goats [Alpine × Local (Greek) breeds] (BW = 50.6 ± 6.1 kg) at early lactation (70 ± 10 days in milk) during the age of 3-4 years old, were separated into two homogeneous subgroups (n = 11). In the first phase, each goat was fed 20 g Schizochytrium spp./day followed by either a high-forage (20 HF) or a high-grain (20 HG) diet, while in the second phase, each goat was fed 40 g Schizochytrium spp./day followed once again either a high-forage (40 HF) or a high-grain (40 HG) diet. The F:C ratio of a high-forage and high-grain diet was 60:40 and 40:60, respectively. Tail fat tissue samples were collected by biopsy on the 42nd day of each experimental phase (last day). Significant decreases (p < 0.05) in the gene expression of ACACA, CBR2, COX4I1, ELOVL5, ELOVL7, LEP, and SCD were presented in goats fed 40 g compared to those fed 20 g Schizochytrium spp., while the gene expression of ACACA, AGPAT2, AGPAT3, ELOVL5, ELOVL6, EPHX2, FASN, and SCD was decreased in high grain compared to high-forage diets. This study also indicated that with the aim to enrich goat products with PUFA by increasing their levels in the diet, lipid metabolism is negatively affected. However, a diet with higher forage inclusion can partially attenuate this condition.

Evaluation of nutritional parameters that may be associated with survival in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma receiving definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy: retrospective study conducted in a tertiary pulmonary hospital.

Sarcopenia, defined as skeletal muscle loss, is thought to be a hallmark of cancer cachexia. It has an impact on mortality, especially in cancer patients. There are also opposing views regarding the relationship between definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and sarcopenia in locally advanced lung cancer. Our aim was to investigate the prognostic effect of sarcopenia in our patients with locally advanced stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who received definitive concurrent CRT by using many markers, and to determine the overall survival (OS). The study was designed as a retrospective cohort. 54 patients with stage III NSCLC who received definitive concurrent CRT at the Radiation Oncology Unit of Health Sciences University Izmir Dr Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Surgery Training Hospital, between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2019, were included in the study.92% of our patients were sarcopenic with international L3-skeletal muscle index (SMI) and Psoas muscle index (PMI) threshold values. The mean OS time was 32.4 months, and the 4-year survival rate was 38.9%. While the new threshold values specific to our patient group were 26.21 for SMI and 2.94 for PMI, SMI and PMI did not indicate OS with these values. Even with the new values, most proposed criteria for sarcopenia did not indicate OS. However, low BMI (≤21.30), low serum albumin (≤4.24 mg/dl) and low visceral fat tissue area (≤37) in univariate analysis, and low visceral fat tissue area (≤37) in multivariate analysis indicated OS. OS was poor in patients with low fat tissue area. In patients with stage III NSCLC who received definitive concurrent CRT, low visceral fat tissue area (≤37) indicated OS, rather than SMI, PMI and other sarcopenia indices.

Adipocyte-Mediated Electrophysiological Remodeling of PKP-2 Mutant Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes.

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a genetic disorder responsible for nearly a quarter of sports-related sudden cardiac deaths. ACM cases caused by mutations in desmosome proteins lead to right ventricular enlargement, the loss of cardiomyocytes, and fibrofatty tissue replacement, disrupting electrical and mechanical stability. It is currently unknown how paracrine factors secreted by infiltrating fatty tissues affect ACM cardiomyocyte electrophysiology. A normal and a PKP2 mutant (c.971_972InsT) ACM hiPSC line were cultivated and differentiated into cardiomyocytes (CMs). Adipocytes were differentiated from human adipose stem cells, and adipocyte conditioned medium (AdCM) was collected. Optical mapping and phenotypic analyses were conducted on human iPSC-cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) cultured in cardiac maintenance medium (CMM) and either with AdCM or specific cytokines. Significant differences were observed in voltage parameters such as the action potential duration (APD80, APD30), conduction velocity (CV), and CV heterogeneity. When cultured in AdCM relative to CMM, the APD80 increased and the CV decreased significantly in both groups; however, the magnitudes of changes often differed significantly between 1 and 7 days of cultivation. Cytokine exposure (IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, CFD) affected the APD and CV in both the normal and PKP2 mutant hiPSC-CMs, with opposite effects. NF-kB signaling was also found to differ between the normal and PKP2 mutant hiPSC-CMs in response to AdCM and IL-6. Our study shows that hiPSC-CMs from normal and mPKP2 ACM lines exhibit distinct molecular and functional responses to paracrine factors, with differences in RNA expression and electrophysiology. These different responses to paracrine factors may contribute to arrhythmogenic propensity.

The association between adipokines dysregulation and the occurrence of atrial fibrillation and obese patients, is it relevant?

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia, affecting approximately 33.5 millions of people worldwide. Unfortunately, the prevalence of this arrhythmia will increase within the following two decades, resulting in a higher mortality rate and a higher economic burden for public health services. Obesity, specifically central obesity, plays an essential role in developing AF by increasing pericardial fat and epicardial adipose tissue thickness, generating a chronic inflammation state where dysregulation of the serum concentration of several proinflammatory proteins occurs and indirectly promotes AF. Therefore, recent research has focused on analyzing the circulating concentration of different molecules, including pro and anti-inflammatory adipokines, and their association with AF. Herein, we review several studies addressing the association of adipokines with the onset or recurrence of AF to establish such association as a potential biomarker for the prevention or adequate treatment of this arrhythmia. We concluded that the insight into this topic is very controversial and needs further research.

HPB SO14 - Surprise Inside: Gallbladder Herniation in a Parastomal Hernia - A Rare Case Report and Management Insight

Abstract Background Parastomal hernias are a common complication of stoma formation, affecting approximately 40% of patients within two years. Gallbladder herniation within a parastomal hernia is a rare phenomenon, with only 18 cases previously reported. Patients are typically elderly females, with the condition attributed to ageing factors such as loss of visceral fat and elastic tissue, liver shrinkage, and the increased length and loss of elasticity of the gallbladder mesentery. These factors contribute to visceroptosis of the gallbladder, increasing its mobility and the risk of herniation. Method We present the case of a 68-year-old female with a four-day history of severe parastomal hernia pain and swelling. She had an emergency left hemicolectomy and transverse colostomy in the right upper quadrant 10 years prior for ischaemic colitis and perforation. Her stoma was functioning well. Vital signs and biochemistry results were normal. On examination her hernia was severely tender but partially reducible. CT revealed a right upper abdominal parastomal hernia containing loops of colon and surprisingly the gallbladder with a long stretched cystic duct. There was no evidence of cholecystitis, bowel obstruction, or compromise within the hernial sac. Results With analgesia, the patient's pain improved, though her hernia remained irreducible. She was discharged after two days of conservative management and referred back to the hospital where she had the initial operation. On enquiry with that hospital it was reported that an elective parastomal hernia repair with completion right colectomy and end ileostomy was performed. The gallbladder was mobilised and reduced back into the peritoneal cavity, and the hernial defect was closed. The patient made an excellent recovery and was discharged home three days after surgery. Conclusion Cholecystic parastomal herniation is a very rare phenomenon and should be considered as a differential in similar cases. Management should be based on clinical presentation, radiological diagnosis, and a multidisciplinary team approach. No standardised classification or approach exists. We propose classifying gallbladder herniations as either being simple (without inflammatory sequelae) or complicated (with cholecystitis, gallbladder torsion, incarceration or perforation). Simple herniations, such as the case presented, can be managed electively with intra-operative reduction of the gallbladder sufficing. Complicated herniations during acute admissions indicate the need for emergency surgical intervention with combined cholecystectomy and parastomal hernia repair.

Adipocyte Apoptosis Following a Novel Method for Double Chin Reduction: A Pilot Human Histology Study.

Submental fullness is perceived as unattractive by both men and women. The noninvasive simultaneous delivery of HIFES and synchronized radiofrequency+ (Sync RF+) technologies aims to address the submental fullness by concurrently targeting the skin, adipose tissue, and weakened anterior belly of the digastric muscle, the three contributing layers to the double chin appearance. This study aims to investigate the histological changes to adipose tissue related to cell morphology, caspase-7, and Bcl-2 levels to detect adipocyte apoptosis following the HIFES and Sync RF+ treatment on human subjects. The active group (n = 6) received single 20-min treatment on the submental area, while the control group (n = 2) did not receive any treatment. Biopsies of subcutaneous fat tissue were obtained at baseline, and 24 h and 7 days posttreatment. The specimens were histologically and immunohistochemically analyzed for changes in morphology, caspase-7, and Bcl-2 levels. Observed caspase-7 levels increased by 511% at 24-h posttreatment, and 101% at 7 days (p < 0.0001), while the Bcl-2 levels decreased by 89% at 24 h and 24% at 7 days posttreatment (p < 0.0001). The control group had no statistically significant relative changes in the activity of caspase-7. Posttreatment adipocytes were shrunken in size, and shapes lost their uniformity compared to baseline. Five of six subjects reported the treatment as being comfortable. No adverse events were observed during the study. The results of this human histology study indicate that noninvasive HIFES and Sync RF+ technologies have a favorable safety profile for submental fat reduction through the induction of adipocyte apoptosis. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06282172.

Orbital Septum in Lateral Canthus

ABSTRACT Purpose To disclose the precise attachment site of the orbital septum in the lateral canthus. Methods Nine specimens of 7 Japanese cadavers aged 66 to 85 years at death were included. The attachment site of the orbital septum in the lateral canthus was grossly dissected. Two of the 9 specimens were exenterated and used to explore the anatomy from lateral and superior aspects, respectively. Results The orbital septum in the lateral canthus attached slightly lateral to the outer edge of the lateral commissure with the levator aponeurosis and the lower eyelid retractors in the upper and lower regions, respectively. In addition, the orbital septum attached to the arcus marginalis with regard to the orbital bone. Fat tissue occupied the space between the orbital septum and the lateral retinaculum. Conclusion The orbital septum in the lateral canthus attached around the lateral commissure and the orbital rim.

Evaluation of prognostic significance of histopathological characteristics and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes for pancreatic cancer survival

With a 5-year survival of ˂ 10%, pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Given the role of the distribution of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TILs) subtypes in the tumor and its microenvironment in predicting prognosis, the development of new targeted therapies based on T-cell adaptive response has gained considerable attention. This study aimed to examine the peritumoral spread of TILs and its relationship with other prognostic parameters and survival. This study included 60 patients with pancreatic cancer who had undergone surgery with follow-up between 2011 and 2021. Demographic characteristics, tumor histopathological features, peritumoral TILs counts, and intratumoral programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand − 1 (PD-L1) positivity were evaluated. Furthermore, overall survival and their efficacy in predicting survival according to TNM stage were analyzed. The number of cluster differentiation-3 positive (CD3 P) TILs increased with advancing pathological T stage. CD3 P and CD8 P TIL counts were higher in patients with peripancreatic fatty tissue invasion. Patients with PD-L1 positivity and higher TIL counts had better survival rates. PD-L1-negative patients with a low CD8 positive/total lymph node count (P/T) ratio had a longer survival. Moreover, patients with poorly differentiated tumors with low CD3 P/T and CD8 P/T ratios had a longer survival. The CD3 P/T and CD8 P/T ratios were compatible with the automatic and manual measurements. Age, tumor differentiation, N stage, and peritumoral TIL count and subtype, when evaluated together with the presence of PD-L1 in the tumor tissue, may have prognostic significance for survival in patients with pancreatic cancer.

Combined approach of nanoemulgel and microneedle pre-treatment as a topical anticellulite therapy

Background and purpose: Cellulite is caused by changes in the metabolism of the fatty tissue beneath the skin. Methylxanthines and retinoids are commonly added to the different anticellulite products. However, their topical permeation into the dermis is limited. Thus, the objective of this research is to formulate a nanoemulgel (NEG) containing a triple therapy of caffeine, aminophylline, and tretinoin as a topical anticellulite product to improve their skin permeation. Furthermore, the influence of microneedles (MNs) as skin pre-treatment on the permeation of the NEG was investigated. Experimental approach: Various nanoemulsion (NE) formulations were prepared using high-energy ultrasonication with different compositions and sonication amplitudes. Several characterisation tests were employed to select the optimum NE formulation. Then, the optimised NE formulation was incorporated with hyaluronic acid to prepare the NEG, which was, in turn, subjected to various evaluations. An ex vivo permeation study using human skin was performed for the NEG compared to a control preparation of plain gel. Additionally, a microneedling pen was applied as a skin pre-treatment at varying lengths prior to NEG application to examine its impact on the NEG’s permeation. Key results: The selected NEG has a homogenous and consistent texture with no coarse particles, a droplet size of 175.8 nm and polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.19, an optimum pH value of 5.28, high drug content of caffeine, aminophylline, and tretinoin (99.35, 98.48 and 98.05 %, respectively), high drug release values of approximately 100 % within 6 hours, appro-priate viscosity, minimum skin irritation, and adequate short-term stability. The ex vivo permeation study showed that caffeine, aminophylline, and tretinoin permeated more and deposited in the skin with higher percentages from the NEG than plain gel. This skin deposition within the dermis was increased by applying the microneedling pen at varying lengths of 0.5, 1, and 2 mm as a skin pre-treatment. Conclusion: This combined approach of NEG formulation containing a triple therapy of caffeine, aminophylline, and tretinoin, along with MNs application, has the potential to serve as a topical anticellulite product, reducing cellulite formation and improving skin appearance.

Skin and hair of the Tibetan Hamster (&lt;i&gt;Urocricetus kamensis&lt;/i&gt;, Cricetidae, Rodentia): A comparative morphological analysis

For the first time, using light and scanning electron microscopy, the fine structure of the skin and its derivatives (glands, hairs, whiskers) was studied in adult male and female Tibetan hamsters (Urocricetus kamensis Satunin 1903), a unique species of the subfamily Cricetinae that lives only in the highlands of the Tibetan Plateau. A comparative morphological analysis of the skin, along with features of its similarity with the skin of other hamsters, revealed a number of characteristic features in the Tibetan hamster that contribute to the adaptation of this species to the harsh mountain climate conditions with sharp seasonal and daily temperature fluctuations: abundant subcutaneous fatty tissue, a special hair structure that provides effective heat protection due to a significant change in the volume of inert air in the fur: significant hair density, wavy arrangement of rows of hairs and the profile of the lower sections of the guard hairs. The presence of relatively long and thick guide hairs in the fur serves to protect the coat in rocky habitats. The array of specific skin glands is little compared to other Cricetinae; no mid-ventral and flank glands were found, this being unique for representatives of the subfamily, but this requires confirmation based on more abundant material.

Fatty acid composition evaluation of abdominal adipose tissue using chemical shiftencoded MRI: Association with diabetes.

This study investigated the association between the fatty acid composition of abdominal adipose tissue in NAFLD patients using chemical shift-encoded MRI and the development of insulin resistance and T2DM. We enrolled 231 subjects with NAFLD who underwent both abdominal magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemical shift-encoded MRI: comprising of 49 T2DM patients and 182 subjects without. MRI- and MRS-based liver fat fraction was measured from a circular region of interest on the right lobe of the liver. The abdominal fatty acid compositions were measured at the umbilical level with chemical shift-encoded MRI. Bland-Altman analysis, Student's t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman correlation analysis were performed. The logistic regression was applied to identify the independent factors for T2DM. Then, the predictive performance was assessed by Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. An excellent agreement was found between liver fat fraction measured by MRS and MRI. (slope = 0.8; bias =-0.92%). In, patients with T2DM revealed lower fractions of mono-unsaturated fatty acid (Fmufa) (33.68 ± 10.62 vs 38.62 ± 12.21, P =.0089) and higher fractions of saturated fatty acid (Fsfa) (34.11 ± 9.746 vs 31.25 ± 8.66, P =.0351) of visceral fat tissue compared with patients without. BMI, HDL-c, Fmufa and Fsfa of visceral fat were independent factors for T2DM. Furthermore, Fsfa-S% was positively correlated with liver enzyme levels (P =.003 and 0.04). However, Fmufa-V% was negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose, HbA1c and HOMA-IR (P =.004, P =.001 and P =.03 respectively). Hence, the evaluation of fatty acid compositions of abdominal fat tissue using chemical shift-encoded MRI may have a predictive value for T2DM in patients with NAFLD.