Fatty Acids In Vegetable Oils Research Articles

Colorimetric biosensing of triglyceride in waste water using lipase immobilized ZnO nanoparticle enriched chitosan nanoconjugate

We constructed a liquid-phase colorimetric biosensor to detect Triglycerides (TG) contamination in water using a Porcine Pancreatic Lipase Immobilized Zinc – chitosan nanocomposite matrix with Phenolsulfonphthalein as the chromophore. The nanoparticle-augmented matrix was characterized using an SEM—the change in the chromophore colour from red to yellow indicated vegetable oil hydrolysis and fatty acid release. The biosensor showed a LOQ between 25–500 µg/mL at an operating temperature between 25–45 °C, over a pH range of 4–9 within 5 minutes. The biosensor showed resilience to samples contaminated up to 50 times the BIS permissible limits for iron, copper and manganese. The sensor showed repeatability of nearly 100% with the LOD 3 µg/mL, sensitivity 47.1 U/µg/cm2 and retained up to 80% of its activity till the 10th day when stored at 10 °C. A fully adept version of the biosensor can be applied to detect TG in water and wastewater.

Development and validation of a gas chromatography method for quantitative analysis of fatty acids in vegetable oils

Development and validation of a gas chromatography method for quantitative analysis of fatty acids in vegetable oils

THERMOGRAVIMETRIC STUDY OF MONOALKYL(С8-С12)PHENOLFORMALDEHYDE OLIGOMERS MODIFIED WITH IMIDAZOLINES BASED ON FATTY ACIDS OF VEGETABLE OILS AND POLYAMINES

The thermal properties of monoalkyl(C8-C12)phenol-formaldehyde oligomers modified with imidazolines synthesized from fatty acids of vegetable oils and polyamines (diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetraamine, and polyethylenepolyamines) at different molar ratios have been studied. Fatty acids are obtained by saponification of sunflower and corn oils, followed by the interaction of a mixture of their salts with hydrochloric acid. The dependence of thermal characteristics on the composition of oligomers was studied, regularities were revealed in comparison with unmodified analogues. Appropriate conclusions are drawn.

The role and importance of fatty acids in vegetable oils for skin health

The role and importance of fatty acids in vegetable oils for skin health

OBTAINING, PROPERTIES, AND PROSPECTS FOR USE OF Al30-PILLARED MONTMORILLONITE

Over the past decade, the Department of Technology of Ceramics and Electrochemical Production has been conducting research related to the obtaining of new types of refractory non-metallic and silicate materials. One of the promising directions is focused on the modification of natural clay minerals in order to enhance their sorption, catalytic, electrolytic, optical and other properties. This article presents the results on the functionalization of pillared clays. Using the "giant" aluminum polycations [Al30O8(OH)56(H2O)24]18+, Al30-pillared montmorillonite (Al30-PMM) was obtained for the first time by the intercalation method, its structural and textural properties were characterized, and its functionality was studied. When identifying Al30 polycations and studying the physicochemical properties of Al30-PMM in comparison with the previously known Al13-PMM and the original natural montmorillonite (Dash-Salakhly deposit, Azerbaijan), the following methods were used: photometry, infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy, electron microscopy, static light scattering, NMR spectroscopy, porosimetry, dynamic laser beam scattering, X-ray diffractometry, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, impedancemetry and high-temperature mass spectrometry. The effect of preliminary mechanical activation of the aluminosilicate matrix on the efficiency of intercalation of aluminum polycations has been studied. An anomaly in the temperature dependence of the current density of the thermal emission of alkali metal ions from the Al30-PMM surface was found, interpreted from the point of view of the phase transformation of pillars. The patterns of adsorption on Al30-PMM of organic dyes of cationic and anionic types in aqueous solutions, carotenoids and fatty acids in vegetable oil, as well as humic acids, for which, in combination with Al30-PMM, the detoxifying ability with respect to oil in water was examined. A new method of electrolytic modification of montmorillonite is proposed, which consists in doping with lithium and sodium ions of nanocavities of pillared montmorillonite. It has been shown that hydrothermal cohydrolysis of aluminum and cerium salts makes it possible to synthesize large-sized polyhydroxocomplexes that improve the textural properties of pillared montmorillonite compared to Al30-PMM. In general, the fundamental principles of the formation of a layered-columnar structure identified in the work can be used to design innovative materials based on layered systems by varying the sizes and chemical composition of intercalated ions. For citation: Butman M.F., Ovchinnikov N.L., Kosenko N.F., Filatova N.V., Pogonin A.E. Obtaining, properties, and prospects for use of Al30-pillared montmorillonite. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2023. V. 66. N 7. P. 159-172. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20236607. 6833j.

Investigation of the structure and mechanism of the synthesis reaction of monoalkyl(C<sub>8</sub>-C<sub>12</sub>)phenol formaldehyde oligomers modified by imidazolines based on fatty acids of vegetable oils and polyamines by the IR-spectroscopy method

The structures of novolac monoalkyl(C8–C12)phenolformaldehyde oligomers modified with imidazolines based on fatty acids of sunflower or corn oils and polyamines – diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetraamine, polyethylenepolyamines were investigated by IR-spectroscopy. As a result of the analysis of the initial and final products, a reaction mechanism is proposed. Optical densities of the absorption bands of the main functional fragments were calculated, and the regularities of the changes depending on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the oligomers were studied.

Simultaneous Production and Immobilization of Lipase Using Pomegranate-Seed Residue: A New Biocatalyst for Hydrolysis Reactions and Structured Lipids Synthesis

Pomegranate-seed residue (PSR) was used in a new strategy for the simultaneous production of Yarrowia lipolytica lipase by submerged fermentation and its immobilization by adsorption. This biocatalyst—the fermented solid residue containing the adsorbed lipase (fermPSR)—was evaluated in hydrolysis reactions and in structured lipid synthesis. In shake flasks, yeast extract and urea were the best nitrogen sources for lipase production with PSR and their simultaneous use increased the lipase production even further. This result was confirmed in a 3.5-liter bioreactor, with lipase activity in an extracellular medium of 40 U/mL. A maximum reaction rate (Vmax) of 49.5 µmol/min/g, a Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) of 207 µmol/L, and a turnover number (Kcat) of 130 s−1 were determined for the new biocatalyst, fermPSR, for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl laurate (p-NPL) into p-nitrophenol. The conversion of p-NPL into p-nitrophenol in subsequent reactions confirmed fermPSR’s potential for industrial hydrolytic reactions. The production of structured lipids from vegetable oil and free fatty acids by fermPSR evidences the versatility of this new biocatalyst.

Determination of polyunsaturated and omega-3 fatty acids in vegetable oils and animal fats by the double-quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy (DQF-COSY)

Polyunsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils and animal fats were one of the most important nutrient substances in the daily intake of humans and animals. These kinds of compounds were responsible for the source of energy, the structural unit of the cell membrane and important physical function. The conventional gas chromatography method inevitably used corrosive and carcinogenic chemicals, and spent long sample preparation time and detection time. To provide a determination method, the molar concentrations of omega-3 FAs and PUFAs in vegetable oils and animal fats were directly investigated with the DQF-COSY spectrum. The method was validated with trueness, selectivity, precision, limit of quantification, and linearity. The method could be used to quantify 14 kinds of vegetable oils, 5 kinds animal fats and 3 kinds of blend oils. The technique was found suitable for the quality control, the market supervision and the nutritional evaluation of FAs.

Determination of fatty acids in vegetable oils by GC-MS, using multiple-ion quantification (MIQ)

Multi-energy calibration (MEC) fundamentals, developed for atomic spectrometry, were adapted in this work to determine fatty acids in vegetable oils by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The procedure was denoted GC-MS-MIQ, where MIQ stands for multiple-ion quantification. Transesterification reaction was accomplished and two chromatographic runs per sample were carried out, similar as in one-point standard addition. Four m/z values for each FAME were selected and linear regression was computed relating intensities of each ion in the spiked and non-spiked sample. The slope of the obtained function was used to perform quantification, based on the concentration of standard added to the sample. Results obtained for two reference materials using GC-MS-MIQ were in good agreement with those provided by external calibration and were consistent with the certified values. Eleven edible vegetable oils from Mexican market were analyzed. Based on the obtained results, GC-MS-MIQ is prompted as a feasible alternative to perform multi-component quantitative analyses avoiding external calibration and ensuring the same chemical environment for the analyte and the calibrator.

Analysis and prediction of the major fatty acids in vegetable oils using dielectric spectroscopy at 5-30 MHz.

A dielectric spectroscopy method was applied to determine major fatty acids composition in vegetable oils. Dielectric constants of vegetable oils were measured in the frequency range of 5-30 MHz. After data pre-treatment, prediction models were constructed using partial least squares (PLS) regression between dielectric spectral values and the fatty acids compositions measured by gas chromatography. Generally, the root means square error of validation (RMSECV) was less than 11.23% in the prediction of individual fatty acids. The determination coefficient (R2) between predicted and measured oleic, linoleic, mono-unsaturated, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids were 0.84, 0.77, 0.84, and 0.84, respectively. These results indicated that dielectric spectroscopy coupled with PLS regression could be a promising method for predicting major fatty acid composition in vegetable oils and has the potential to be used for in-situ monitoring systems of daily consumption of dietary fatty acids.

Application of 1H NMR in the study of fatty acids composition of vegetable oils

The fatty acid composition is a parameter that determines the quality and origin of vegetable oils. The standard method used in the analysis of fatty acid composition is gas chromatography (GC). In the last 20 years, however, the 1H NMR method has become more important in the analysis of fatty acids. Thanks to no need of special sample preparation, the high speed of analysis and the possibility to automate the process of analysis, 1H NMR is becoming a popular method of testing vegetable oils. It is possible to test oils both qualitatively and quantitatively, taking into account both the fatty acid profile and the level of minor components. In combination with statistical and chemometric methods, the analysis of 1H NMR spectra allows one to obtain much valuable information about the tested oil, considering its composition, quality, the presence of impurities, or the origin. The paper presents an overview of publications focusing on the application of the 1H NMR method in the profiling of fatty acids in vegetable oils.

STUDY OF THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING ALTERNATIVE MOTOR FUELS USING VEGETABLE OILS

The growing shortage of oil resources makes it necessary to find alternative energy sources. The leading place among them today belongs to biofuels, both due to sufficient and affordable resources, and relatively advanced technologies for their production. The requirements of modern standards for the quality of the resulting gasolines limit the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in them to no more than 42% by mass. (Euro-3), and 35% of the mass. (Euro-4 and Euro-5). Therefore, studies on the involvement of vegetable raw materials in the processes of obtaining gasoline fractions are aimed either at obtaining highly aromatic gasoline with its subsequent compounding, or at searching for catalytic systems that make it possible, if any, to reduce the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in the composition of the resulting gasolines during joint cracking of the mixture of oil and vegetable raw materials. In this work, using the model oleic acid as an example, the mechanism of the conversion of fatty acids of vegetable oils during their catalytic conversion into hydrocarbons of the gasoline series was studied. The process was studied using a mixture of vacuum gas oil with vegetable oils as cracking catalysts, industrial cracking catalysts Omnikat-210P and Tseokar-600 in pure form and in their mixture with natural halloysite nanotubes. Halloysites belong to the family of kaolinite clay minerals with a high Al/Si ratio as compared to other aluminosilicates and have a predominantly hollow tubular structure and consist of layers of aluminum and silicon oxides that are rolled into tubes. The process of catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil with the involvement of vegetable oils (waste vegetable oils taken from the Chudo-Pechka chain of stores) in the amount of 5 wt % was studied.

Determination of Polyunsaturated and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats by the Double-Quantum Filtered Correlation Spectroscopy (Dqf-Cosy)

Determination of Polyunsaturated and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats by the Double-Quantum Filtered Correlation Spectroscopy (Dqf-Cosy)

Outside Front Cover: Plasma Process. Polym. 12/2021

Outside Front Cover: Recently, experimental observations have shown that Plasma Activated Oil (PAO), can effectively promote wound healing, which provides a typical example of plasma pharmacy. In this paper, a reactive molecular dynamic (MD) simulation is performed to investigate the interactions of atmospheric plasmas and fatty acids in vegetable oils. The simulation reveals the reaction processes of breaking and formation of chemical bonds, then summarizes the new reactive groups in PAO and the final products, which are consistent with the experimental observation. This study could effectively enhance the understanding of plasma pharmacy and plasma medicine. Further details can be found in the article by Shu-Qi Tian,Xiao-Long Wang, and Yuan-Tao Zhang (e2100124).

Literature review as a didactical content analysis: Sustainable magnetic lubricants based on ionic liquids

Magnetic lubricants are usually petroleum-based, but not renewable and cannot be environmentally degraded. It can cause the environmental problems. Magnetic lubricants based on ionic liquids can be environmental friendly. The ionic liquid lubricants are synthesized from vegetable oil fatty acids, which is a locally sustainable and renewable sources. This molecular engineering can be used to integrate the concept of sustainability into teaching and learning. This study aimed to obtain the concept map and teaching learning sequence (TLS) from the scientist’s conception. The method used is a qualitative content analysis (literature analysis type), using an instrument in the form of a content analysis format. The first phase begins with collecting literatures in the form of textbooks, monographs, review results and research articles. The next phase is descriptive analysis, selecting categories, and evaluating the material didactically. This research produces the concept map, TLS and clarified chemical concepts. The scientist’s conception obtained is the application, function, characteristics of media magnetic lubricants, ionic liquids and examples of magnetic lubricants based on ionic liquids. Concept map and TLS can illustrate the relationship between one concept and another. They also show the relationship between science, technology and engineering. The results can be used as the basis for the preparation of teaching materials and didactical designs for teaching and learning.

Numerical study on interactions of atmospheric plasmas and vegetable oils by reactive molecular dynamic simulations

AbstractPlasma medicine is a rapidly growing multidisciplinary field. Recently, experimental observations have shown that plasma‐activated oil (PAO) with high reactive activity can effectively promote wound healing. In this study, a reactive molecular dynamic (MD) simulation is performed to investigate the interactions of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as O, OH, and O3 produced in atmospheric plasmas, and fatty acids in vegetable oils with the ReaxFF field. The reaction processes of the chemical bond breaking and formation of fatty acids upon impact by the ROS are deeply explored. The simulation shows that the reactions typically start with the H abstraction from fatty acids, then often resulting in the formation of double C═C bonds or conjugated double bonds. The insertion of functional groups, such as aldehyde and alcohol groups, and the detachment of the carboxyl group are also observed from the simulation. Based on the computational data the final products in PAO upon impact of ROS are given. Moreover, the dose effects of ROS on the oxidation processes are explored by changing the number of ROS in the simulation box. Usually, by increasing the number of ROS in the simulation, more reactive groups are generated in PAO, which are consistent with the experimental observation. This study unveils the formation and breaking of chemical bonds and the production of new reactive groups, which enables us to deeply understand the mechanisms of plasma pharmacy and plasma medicine.

Oxidative stability of ternary blends of vegetable oils: A chemometric approach

Unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oil are prone to lipid oxidation that leads to rancidity, subsequently, the oil's nutritional value is compromised. Edible oils can be tailored to obtain an antioxidant-rich oil blend with better oxidative stability under accelerated storage conditions. In this research, the oxidative stability of the six oil blends containing rice bran oil (RBO: 50–75%), flaxseed oil (FO: 5–10%), peanut oil (PO: 20–40%) at different concentrations is assayed by Arrhenius and Eyring equations (R2 > 0.95, p < 0.05) under Rancimat test conditions (100, 110, 120, 130 °C @ air flowrate 20L/h). The activation energy (Ea), enthalpy change (ΔH), and entropy change (ΔS) of control and oil blends ranged from 74.28 to 93.59 kJ/mol-K, 71.05–90.36 kJ/mol, −41.87 to −100.19 J/mol-K, respectively. Addition of RBO increased tocopherol and oryzanol content in oil blends from 398 to 725 ppm, 0.7 to 1.0 %g, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis conferred that RBO-PO-FO: 75-20-5, had better oxidative stability (induction period, IP100: 21.34 h) comparable to RBO with a slower kinetic rate and can be used as a functional oil source. Better understanding of the influence of oil blending on quality traits was delineated by principal component analysis.

Determination of 3-monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters in fatty matrices by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

The development and validation of a method for the analysis of traces of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) esters (19) and glycidyl esters (7) of fatty acids in vegetable oils, margarine, biscuits and croissants was performed. An extraction method based on the use of solvents (tert‑butyl methyl ether (20% ethyl acetate, v/v)) was carried out and cleaning of the extract with a mixture of sorbents (Si-SAX, PSA and Z-sep+) was optimized for the elimination of fatty interferents. The analysis of the targeted compounds was carried out by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, using a triple quadrupole analyzer (UHPLC-MS/MS-QqQ). The validation of the method provided trueness values between 72 and 118% and precision lower than 20%. The limits of quantification ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 mg kg−1, which were below the current legal limits. Twenty samples of vegetable oils as well of 4 samples of margarine, biscuits and croissants were analyzed. Six out of the 24 samples (25%) exceeded the limits set by European legislation, and a maximum contamination of 3-MCPD esters at 2.52 mg kg−1 was obtained in a sample of corn oil (being 1-myristoyl-3-MCPD the compound detected at the highest concentration). A maximum concentration of glycidyl esters at 7.84 mg kg−1 was determined in a soybean oil sample (glycidyl linoleate as the main compound). Only one sample of olive oil exceeded the maximum allowable limit for 3-MCPD esters with a value of 1.72 mg kg−1, expressed as 3-MCPD.

Influence of alkyl chain length on the action of acetylated monoglycerides as plasticizers for poly (vinyl chloride) food packaging film

Acetylated monoglyceride (AMG) is one of the most innoxious and effective external plasticizers for poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) food packaging film because it is approved as a food additive and its carbonyl group of a carboxylic ester and aliphatic side chain of an ester allow unique interactions with PVC. Monoglyceride moieties can vary because the alkyl chain length is mainly derived from fatty acids of vegetable oils, and AMG enhances the flexibility and elasticity of PVC polymers. To investigate the influence of alkyl chain length, the thermal properties and mechanical performance of AMGs consisting of caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid were studied in a PVC system. The optimum alkyl chain length for an AMG was C14:0, based on data obtained from stress at break, strain at break, Young’s modulus, glass transition temperature, thermal degradation, and migration rate tests.

Effectiveness of Vegetable-Oil Fatty Acids as Antiwear Additives for Diesel Oils

The current study is devoted to the use of vegetable-oil fatty acids (FAs) as lubricity additives for modern diesel fuels with ultra-low sulfur contents. The effectiveness of liquid castor, linseed, coconut, and sunflower oils in the base components of diesel fuels for hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and hydroisomerization is comparatively evaluated. It is established that all investigated vegetable-oil FAs are effective anti-wear additives as compared to a commercially available additive while FAs of castor oil, which consist of 90% ricinoleic acid, are most effective as anti-wear additives.