Fatty Acid Soaps Research Articles

Effects of calcium soaps of long-chain fatty acids on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics and ruminal metabolism of steers.

Two trials were conducted to determine the effects of calcium soaps of long-chain fatty acids (calcium soap) on feedlot performance, diet digestibility, carcass characteristics and ruminal metabolism of steers fed diets (85% concentrate:15% corn silage) containing 0, 2, 4 or 6% calcium soap. In Trial 1, increasing calcium soap decreased (P less than .05) DM, CP and gross energy intake but increased total fatty acid intake. Feed to gain ratio tended to improve with increased calcium soap; gross energy conversion was not affected (P greater than .05) by diet. Average daily gain and hot carcass weight decreased (P less than .05) with addition of calcium soap; other carcass characteristics were not affected (P greater than .05). Apparent digestibilities of DM, N, energy and ash were not affected (P greater than .05) by calcium soap. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility increased linearly (P less than .08) with increasing calcium soap, whereas digestibility of total fatty acids was affected quadratically (P less than .05); fatty acid digestibility was similar among 0, 2 and 4% calcium soap diets but decreased for the 6% calcium soap diet. In Trial 2, increased calcium soap did not affect (P greater than .05) ruminal VFA concentrations, pH or in sacco NDF disappearance of orchardgrass following 12, 24 and 48 h of incubation. Calcium soap increased (P less than .07) ruminal concentrations of calcium soap fatty acids at 1, 2, 4 and 8 h postfeeding. Calcium soap did not improve performance of feedlot cattle fed high-concentrate diets. Further, calcium soap did not affect ruminal fermentation and did not dissociate significantly even when ruminal pH was below 6 for extended periods of time.

Influence of alkyl chain branching of cosurfactant on the water solubilizing capacity of a water-in-oil microemulsion

In this article water solubilization capacities of water-in-oil microemulsions formed from fatty acid soaps and isomers of alcohols as a function of alkyl chain length of the oil and soap have been reported. The water solubilization capacities of soap microemulsions have been compared with the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and sodium dodecyl sulphate systems. Branching in the cosurfactant chain decreased the water solubilization capacity for all the soaps and detergent microemulsions. However, for the CTAB-pentanol and CTAB-octanol microemulsion systems the water solubilizing capacity was found to increase. The solubilization behaviour is interpreted in terms of the partitioning of the alcohol among the oil, water and interface, depending on the chain length of the oil and surfactant, as well as molecular packing at the interface in relation to the disorder produced due to branching in the cosurfactant chain. The molar ratio of alcohol to soap at the droplet interface was found to increase with the length of the oil chain.

Surface chemical aspects of the behavior of soaps in pulp washing

In a kraft pulp washing line the wood resin consists of fatty acid and rosin acid soaps and a variety of neutral components. The removal of this material in the washing line is highly dependent on ...

Feeding calcium soaps of fatty acids to lactating cows: effect on production, body condition and blood lipids.

Ca soaps of fatty acids (CSFA, 0.5 kg/d) were added to the diet of lactating cows for 170 d, and production, body condition score and blood lipids were examined. Production of fat-corrected milk was increased by 1.5 kg/d owing to increase in both milk and fat production. Over 250 d lactation, production of fat-corrected milk was enhanced by 1.3 kg/d. Body condition scores were lower in cows fed CSFA in early lactation, but tended to exceed those of control cows after 80 d lactation. Reproductive performance was improved in cows fed CSFA. Serum total lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol were increased in CSFA cows at 15 and 29 d but not at 59 d post partum. The cholesterol increase was mainly in the high density lipoprotein fraction.

An in vitro method for evaluation of the irritancy of antonio surfactants

AbstractExtraction of Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 dye from gelatin by anionic surfactants was found to be proportional to the concentration, duration of extraction, and the nature of the surfactant. Under a given set of conditions, the decreasing order of dye extraction was SLS > LAS > sodium laurate > AOS ≅ SLES. This order agrees well with the decreasing order of irritancy of these surfactants. For a homologous series such as sodium salts of carboxylic acids, there was a sharp maximum in dye extraction for laurate. This coincides with the reported order of irritancy for soaps of fatty acids. Substitution of gelatin by agar or Coomassie Brilliant Blue by eosin abolished this specificity. Thus, the measurement of extraction of Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 from gelatin is a reproducible and simple method for estimating the irritancy of anionic surfactants.

Changes in electrokinetic properties of natural rubber latex after surface chemical modifications

High-ammonia latex concentrate prepared from doubly-concentrifuged fieldHevea latex was exhaustively dialyzed to remove any residual water-soluble non-rubber constituents. The specially purified latex was then treated with specific chemical reagents to modify the surface ionogenic groupings originally present on the latex particle surface. The electrophoretic mobility of the modified latexes was investigated as a function of pH. The change in electrokinetic properties of the surface-modified latex was explained in terms of chemical modification to the ionogenic groups of the adsorbed layer of proteins and long chain fatty acid soaps on the latex particle surface, the negative charges of which are primarily responsible for the colloidal stability of the latex. For comparison direct extraction of the long-chain fatty acid soaps from the specially purified latex by solvent was also carried out. Present results indicate that the number of carboxyl groups from the adsorbed long-chain fatty acid soaps plays a major role in the stabilization of the latex concentrate. In comparison the contribution of negative charges from the adsorbed proteins towards the stability of the latex is of less importance.

Small-animal studies of potential copper-containing injectables

Several copper compounds of amino acids and fatty acids were synthesized. Their irritant properties were tested by intradermal injection into the rabbit. Copper fatty acid salts produced less skin reaction than the copper amino acid compounds. The less toxic copper fatty acid soaps and copper amino acid salts were selected for sustained release studies. After subcutaneous injection into guinea pigs the selected copper arginate and copper stearate were compared with commercially available copper glycinate and with copper nitrate. Plasma copper and ceruloplasmin, liver, kidney and heart copper of the guinea pigs were measured periodically. In all treatment groups the plasma copper increased during the first week. Liver copper concentrations 19 days after treatment were significantly greater for copper stearate and copper arginate treated animals than for copper glycinate treated animals. The rate of decrease of liver copper following treatment with copper stearate or arginate was significantly less than following treatment with copper glycinate. This may indicate a slower release of these compounds from the site of injection. Nineteen days after injection, copper stearate was present at the site of injection in a significantly greater quantity than the other copper compounds tested.

The rumen solubility of a calcium soap of palm fatty acids

Several experiments have shown (see Armstrong and Ross, 1968) that the addition of fats to ruminant diets can lead to a reduction in the digestibilities of forage cell walls due to adverse effects on the rumen microflora. Jenkins and Palmquist (1982) showed in vitro that the in situ formation of calcium soaps in the rumen could prevent this problem. Subsequently Jenkins and Palmquist (1984) have provided evidence that the feeding of preformed calcium soaps of tallow and soya oil fatty acids to dairy cows allowed normal rumen digestion of cell walls whereas non-saponified tallow fatty acids caused cell wall digestibility to be reduced.Givens et al (1988) reported that a calcium soap of palm fatty acids (Protector, UFAC-UK Ltd) did not cause any reduction in the digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) when fed to sheep at up to 152.4 gkg-1 of total diet dry matter (DM). Since it is believed that these beneficial effects of calcium soaps are due to their reduced rumen solubility, the present experiment has examined this aspect in further detail.

Ensiled Distillers or Brewers Grains as the Sole Diet for Beef Cattle

Malt distillers grains (MDG) and brewers grains (BG) are the fibrous residues remaining after the extraction of sugars from malted barley during the process of malt whisky and beer production, respectively. MDG and BG are popular supplements in beef finishing diets with up to 15kg/head/day being fed on Scottish farms (Lilwall, Smith and Wood, 1983). However, in some areas, close to distilleries and breweries, and particularly during the summer months, MDG and BG can be bought cheaply and ensiled, and could be fed to appetite as the sole or major part of the diet. This investigation explores this possibility.Some unusual limitations of MDG and BG as a complete diet are that they are virtually devoid of soluble minerals such as Na and K and are low in some trace elements and vitamins. They also contain high levels of unsaturated fats which depress fibre digestion and voluntary dry matter intake (Miller et al., 1970). This effect can be partly overcome by supplementation with calcium carbonate (El Hag et al., 1972) probably by the formation of insoluble calcium soaps of fatty acids in the rumen. Based on these considerations a mineral/vitamin mix was designed specifically to supplement these materials.

Sudan Stain of Fecal Fat; New Insight Into an Old Test

The 72-h fecal fat determination is used as the gold standard to document the presence of steatorrhea. Although the Sudan stain for fecal fat is advocated as a sensitive screening test, a quantitative correlation between the 72-h fecal fat quantitation and the fecal Sudan stain is lacking. This study was designed to examine the staining properties of different classes of purified lipids in an experimentally defined artificial matrix, and to elucidate the reasons for the lack of quantitative correlation between these two tests. Our results indicate that the "neutral fat" stain without acidification or heating identifies triglyceride; and at an appropriate pH, the "neutral stain" also identifies fatty acid. The "split fat" stain with acidification and heating identifies both triglyceride and fatty acid. After acidification, fatty acid soaps are converted to the nonionized fatty acid. Thus, fatty acid soaps can be identified indirectly as fat droplets that are stained by the split fat stain. Although cholesterol is stained with Sudan stain after heating, upon cooling, cholesterol forms crystals of anhydrous cholesterol, making its staining pattern distinct. Neither the neutral fat nor the split fat stain can detect phospholipid or cholesteryl ester. The 72-h fecal fat determination is a measure of the total fatty acid content after a specimen is saponified. The resulting fatty acids are derived from a variety of endogenous and exogenous sources, including free fatty acids, soaps of fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol esters, and phospholipids. Therefore, the 72-h fecal fat quantitation does not differentiate between the primary sources of the measured fatty acid. It is concluded that the 72-h fecal fat determination is not specific for documenting triglyceride (fat) malabsorption. Until new methods are developed that specifically measure fecal triglyceride and fatty acid, the Sudan stain of fecal fat appears to be a more specific method for detecting the presence of triglyceride and fatty acid in a matrix.

In vitro and in vivo rumen protection of proteins coated with calcium soaps of long-chain fatty acids

SummaryThe in sacco, in vitro and in vivo effects of feeding proteins partially coated with calcium soaps of longchain fatty acids were examined.In sacco, 84–90% of whey powder and soya-bean meal coated with calcium salts of fatty acids remained after 20 h incubation in the rumen of sheep. In vitro tests revealed no effects on volatile fatty acid or ammonia production.In vivo sheep balance studies, where soya-bean meal coated with calcium soaps was substituted for soya-bean meal, showed no effects on ammonia or volatile fatty acid production in the rumen due to the calcium soap coated proteins. No changes were observed in digestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen or acid detergent fibre; total fatty acid digestion increased. Nitrogen balance was improved slightly in sheep fed the protected protein.It appears that proteins coated with calcium soaps are not degraded in the rumen and thus energy and non-degradable protein can be supplied to ruminants by this route.

Saponification of Emulsified Triglyceride Oil in Presence of Rosin and Fatty Acid Soaps

AbstractSaponification of triglyceride oil emulsified in alkaline aqueous solution is found to proceed faster in presence of soaps from rosin acids than with soaps from fatty acids. The results are discussed in relation to differences in phase properties between the two types of soaps and applications in alkaline pulping.

界面活性剤の皮膚への吸着性と洗顔料による選択洗浄性

The effect of the alkyl chain length of fatty acid soaps (C12-C18) and the other type of surfactants using for cleansing foams on adsorption on skin and on selective cleaning ability have been studied. It has been also examined whether there is any relationship between the adsorption volume of the surfactants, selective cleaning ability and skin condition.Squalene and cholesterol were used as indicator of the selective cleaning. The selective cleaning ability of the surfactants has been obtained from the wash-off ratio of cholesterol/squalene +cholesterol. Potassium palmitate and potassium stearate indicated to have higher wash-off ratio than other surfactants and had the selective cleaning ability. Besides these surfactants did not adsorb on skin. Moreover in an users' test of cleansing foams, the skin condition applied the sample including palmitic acid and stearic acid was better than that of another sample.In conclusion, it has been suggested that the surfactants which do not adsorb on skin and have selective cleaning ability maintain the skin condition to be good.

Solutions of alkali soaps and water in fatty acids XIII. Circumstances that regulate the extension of theL 2-phase and the role of the acid-soaps rich in fatty acid for the occurrence of the phase

A basic requirement for that type ofL 2-phase which exists in the system sodium octanoate-octanoic acid-water is the formation of acid-soaps. In order for the phase to be formed at all, the temperature must lie above the melting point of the fatty acid so that a reaction in non-aqueous milieu between neutral soap and fatty acid is possible. In order to obtain the characteristic shape and complete extension of the phase in direction of high water content the temperature must be so high that also the hydrated acid-soaps occur in fluid state. On the other hand the temperature cannot be so high that the acid-soaps become unstable. At temperatures at which the phase has obtained its full extension those circumstances differs which in different regions regulate the location of the phase borders; they depend on the composition of the acid soaps and on their amounts. In that part of the phase where the molar ratio between octanoic acid and sodium octanoate lies between 2 and 3 and where one has a continuous transition from “reversed” to “normal” structure only the two acid octanoates 1 NaC8 ∶ 2 HC8 ∶ x H2O and 1 NaC8 ∶ 3 HC8 ∶ x H2O occur and both are at 20 °C in fluid state. At water contents from about 22 % to 40 % the hydrate-water molecules belonging to the first mentioned soap are capable of contributing actively to the formation of large aggregates of acid-soap, a process which however is counteracted by the inmixing of the latter acid-soap. This mixture of the two acid-soaps decides in this region where the border of the phase will lie in direction towards an increased content of sodium octanoate; the result is that in spite of the fact that the hydration is increased, the border is only slowly displaced towards a higher content of fatty acid. As soon as the hydration of the acid octanoates has been completed and the additional water occurs as unbound bulkwater, the location of the phase boundary will no longer be influenced by the water content — now it will be the amphiphilic composition of the acid-soaps that determines the location of the border and it remains at the molar ratio 2.5 between octanoic acid and sodium octanoate at water contents from about 40% and up to 82%. In the direction of decreasing content of neutral sodium octanoate and increased content of water theL 2-phase both at the highest content of fatty acid and the highest contents of water will be in equilibrium with the water-richL 1-phase; in the first mentioned region with theL 1-phase below the lac where at the border it is saturated with octanoic acid and in the latter region with theL 1-phase just above the lac, where the dilute sodium octanoate solution contains dissolved 1 NaC8 ∶ 1HC8 ∶ x H2O. In the large central part of theL 2-phase, from about 20 % to about 86 % of water, the location of the border is dominated by the acid octanoate 1 NaC8 ∶ 3 HC8 ∶ x H2O and that makes an equilibrium with theL 1-phase impossible; instead one has an equilibrium via a two-phase zone between the amphiphile-rich region of theL 2-phase and its water-rich region. In the first region the location of the border is regulated by the decreasing capability of the hydrated acid octanoate 1 NaC8 ∶ 3 HC8 ∶ x H2O to dissolve octanoic acid; in the latter it is regulated by the fact that 1 NaC8 ∶ 3 HC8 ∶ x H2O is the most fatty acid-rich acid-soap that is formed and that the octanoic acid is very little soluble in water and in the aqueous solution of this acidsoap. The middle part of theL 2-phase, especially the region between about 55 % and 82 % of water, constitutes a direct continuation of the liquid crystalline lamellarD-phase. The liquid crystalline character of theD-phase is lost at the transition, but the lamellar organization is retained. That the molecules at least up to a water content of about 40 % are of the original “reversed” type and have an elongated shape with a central part of hydrated polar groups, from which core the hydrocarbon chains extend in two opposite directions, is the reason to that they, at crowding, form transient layer-like agglomerates of tightly packed more or less parallel molecules; this facilitates the transformation to coherent double amphiphilic layers, in which all molecules lie with the hydrated polar groups outwards toward coherent domains of bulk-water, without another liquid phase occurs.

Metabolisable Energy Content of a Saponified Palm Fat Product for Ruminants

Many experiments have shown (see Armstrong and Ross, 1968) that the addition of fats to ruminant diets can lead to a reduction in the digestibility of forage cell walls due to adverse affects on the rumen microflora. Jenkins and Palmquist (1982) showed in vitro that the formation of insoluble calcium soaps in rumen fluid could prevent this problem. Additionally, Jenkins and Palmquist (1984) reported that the feeding of the preformed calcium soaps of tallow and soya oil fatty acids to dairy cows allowed normal rumen digestion of fibre whereas non-saponified tallow fatty acids caused a reduction in fibre digestion.The main aims of the present experiment were to examine a new calcium soap of palm fatty acids for its effects on whole tract digestibility of various feed fractions and to measure its effective metabolisable energy (ME) content at maintenance, the present United Kingdom standard.

Solutions of alkali soaps and water in fatty acids IX. The location of theL 2-phase in three-component systems of sodium soap ? fatty acid ? water, in view of the occurrence of acid soaps

Previous studies of the occurrence of acid soaps in systems containing a longchain sodium soap and the corresponding fatty acid, and the study of phase equilibria in the system sodium octanoate — octanoic acid — water, performed by our group at the beginning of the 1960s, show that the isotropic liquidL2-phase of the last mentioned system in its whole region of existence is situated in that part in which acid soaps occur. This provides an explanation for the fact that theL2-phase itself contains acid sodium octanoates in all regions. TheL2-phase has its origin in the water-free melt of fatty acid and neutral soap in which these components react with each other under the formation of an acid soap. When water is added to the system, this water-free acid soap is transformed into different hydrated acid soaps. In a large region of concentration, there is an extremely close relation between theL2-phase and the liquid-crystalline lamellarD-phase, which itself consists of hydrated acid soaps. At its outermost water-rich tip, theL2-phase is in equilibrium with theL1-phase of the system, just above the+LAC, that is, with the most dilute aqueous soap solution in which acid soap still may be formed in aqueous environment. Formation of acid soap is a fundamental requirement for the existence of this isotropic liquidL2-phase.

Ultimate Biodegradation of Anionic and Nonionic Surfactants under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions

The aerobic and anaerobic biodegradations of surfactants were examined by bacteria from sewage sediments. During the biodegradations, CO2 under aerobic conditions, or CO2 and CH4 under anaerobic conditions were determined as the final products of the carbon sources. The relation of structure and biodegradability with the degree of biodegradation was examined. Based on the results obtained the surfactants were classified into three groups : (A) sodium alkyl sulfate (AS), sodium salt of fatty acid (Soap) and alkyl poly (oxyethylene) ether (AE), all biodegradable under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions ; (B) sodium α-olefinsulfonate (AOS), sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) and sodium alkylpoly (oxyethylene) sulfate (AES), all biodegradable under aerobic conditions but less so under anaerobic conditions ; (C) p-alkylphenylpoly (oxyethylene) ether (APE) and sodium alkylphenylpoly (oxyethylene) sulfate (APES). These were extremely resistant to both the aerobic and anaerobic biodegradations.

Comparative studies on the anaerobic biodegradations of anionic and nonionic surfactants.

We examined anaerobic biodegradations of sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS), sodium alkyl sulfate (AS), sodium alkylpoly (oxyethylene) sulfate (AES), sodium alkylphenyl (oxyethylene) sulfate (NES), sodium α-olefinsulfonate (AOS), sodium salt of fatty acid (Soap), alkyl poly (oxyethylene) ether (AE) and p-alkylphenyl poly (oxyethylene) (APE) by bacterial sources from sewage sediments. In the course of biodegradation, the productions of H2, H2S, CO2 and CH4 were determined. Assuming that the final products were CO2 and CH4, the results of the anaerobic biodegradabilities of surfactants were as follows : (AS, Soap)>AE>(APE, AES, NES)>(AOS, LAS). These results indicated that the surfactant having benzene ring, branched alkyl chain or ethoxylate chain [-(EO)n-] was resistant to anaerobic biodegradations. The biodegradability of surfactants was also influenced by the structure of hydrophilic group. When the hydrophobic group was identical, the extent of biodegradation decreased in the following order : -OSO3Na>-(EO)nH>-(EO)nSO3Na, -SO3Na.

Unsaturated fatty acids inhibit ADP- arachidonate-induced platelet aggregation without affecting thromboxane synthesis.

The inhibitory effects of three cis-unsaturated C18 fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, sodium salts) on ADP- and sodium-arachidonate-induced aggregation of washed rabbit platelets were investigated. When the platelets were suspended in protein-free medium containing dextran, it was found that these fatty acids at very low concentrations (2-45 microM) were potent inhibitors of platelet responsiveness and the inhibitory effect occurred within seconds. The inhibition of ADP-induced aggregation was not affected by abolishing the activity of platelet cyclooxygenase using aspirin. Human serum albumin relieved the inhibition caused by fatty acids for both ADP- and arachidonate-induced aggregation. The inhibitory effect of fatty acids does not seem to be due to decreased thromboxane formation (except possibly in the case of linolenate), and the relief of fatty acid inhibition by albumin does not potentiate thromboxane B2 formation from exogenous arachidonate. It is suggested that the inhibitory effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on platelet aggregation is specific and not related to a general surfactant effect, since inhibition occurs far below the critical micelle concentration of fatty acid soaps.

Natural Higher Fatty Acid Soaps in Natural Rubber Latex Concentrate and Correlations to Other Latex Variables

Abstract The amounts and types of HFA soaps found in latex did not vary greatly from sample to sample. Greater than 95% of the free HFA soaps were associated with the rubber phase of the latex. The distribution of fatty acid soaps were markedly different in the serum and latex samples. About 80–90% of the HFA soaps are in their free form, but only about 50% of the furanoic acid was in its free form. Titration results agree fairly well with the GC results and indicate that titration can be a useful measure of HFA.