Fatty Acid Composition In Soybean Research Articles

Effect of herbicides on plant growth and seed yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

Weeds create a great problem for soybean production and to overcome this problem a large number of weedicides are being applied prevalently worldwide. Gradually increasing the use of chemical herbicides, not only creating resistance against these chemicals among the weeds and polluting the environment, but also influencing the main crop and deteriorating the produce quality. To focus this problem a two-year experiment was laid down during ‘kharif’, at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, to evaluate the detrimental effect of herbicides on soybean plant growth and seed quality. The study come up with the results that the growth parameters during 60-90 DAS (days after sowing) viz., crop growth rate (CGR 0.235 g/day), relative growth rate (RGR 0.014 g/ g/ day) and net assimilation rate (NAR 2.250 g/cm2/day) decreased due to higher weed competition in weedy plot. Weed competition also significantly reduced yield parameters like number of branches (3.8) and pod per plant (25.4), seed per pod (2.4), seed yield (386 kg/ ha), seed index (11.8 %), and straw yield (1611 kg/ha). The highest seed yield (2665 kg/ha) was recorded with application of diclosulam (as pre-emergence) followed by one hand weeding, which was statistically equal with the treatment in which diclosulam followed by haloxyfop (as post-emergence) was applied. These herbicides also significantly alter the fatty acid composition of soybean seed oil.

Ameliorative Effect of Ascorbate on Growth and Oil Fatty Acid Composition of Soybean under Salinity

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Genome-wide identification and analysis of soybean acyl-ACP thioesterase gene family reveals the role of GmFAT to improve fatty acid composition in soybean seed.

Soybean acyl-ACP thioesterase gene family have been characterized; GmFATA1A mutants were discovered to confer high oleic acid, while GmFATB mutants presented low palmitic and high oleic acid seed content. Soybean oil stability and quality are primarily determined by the relative proportions of saturated versus unsaturated fatty acids. Commodity soybean typically contains 11% palmitic acid, as the primary saturated fatty acids. Reducing palmitic acid content is the principal approach to minimize the levels of saturated fatty acids in soybean. Though high palmitic acid enhances oxidative stability of soybean oil, it is negatively correlated with oil and oleic acid content and can cause coronary heart diseases for humans. For plants, acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterases (TEs) are a group of enzymes to hydrolyze acyl group and release free fatty acid from plastid. Among them, GmFATB1A has become the main target to genetically reduce the palmitic acid content in soybean. However, the role of members in soybean acyl-ACP thioesterase gene family is largely unknown. In this study, we characterized two classes of TEs, GmFATA, and GmFATB in soybean. We also denominated two GmFATA members and discovered six additional members that belong to GmFATB gene family through phylogenetic, syntenic, and in silico analysis. Using TILLING-by-Sequencing+, we identified an allelic series of mutations in five soybean acyl-ACP thioesterase genes, including GmFATA1A, GmFATB1A, GmFATB1B, GmFATB2A, and GmFATB2B. Additionally, we discovered mutations at GmFATA1A to confer high oleic acid (up to 34.5%) content, while mutations at GmFATB presented low palmitic acid (as low as 5.6%) and high oleic acid (up to 36.5%) phenotypes. The obtained soybean mutants with altered fatty acid content can be used in soybean breeding program for improving soybean oil composition traits.

Impact of fertilizers on chemical analysis, amino acid and fatty acid composition of Sudanese soybean genotype

The impact of fertilizer on chemical analysis, amino acid and fatty acid composition of soybean (Glycine max L merril) Sudanese local genotype was studied. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2009-2010 and 2010-2011) on the demonstration farm of the College of Agricultural studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology at Shambat. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The fertilizer treatments consisted of three types: Urea (180 kg/ha), NP (361kg/ha), compost (1904.76 kg/ha) and then control. The results showed that fertilizer treatments had no significant difference in proximate analysis of soybean seeds except in fibber. In fatty acid, control and nitrogen treatments gave the highest percentage of palmitic acid. NP and compost gave highest effect in linoleic acid and compost gave highest effect in polyunsaturated fatty acids. As general compost treatment gave the lowest effect in all amino acids and the highest effect in minerals. Control gave the highest effect in all amino acids. The application of nitrogen, NP and compost fertilizers for soybean significantly increased number of seeds/plant, weight of seeds\plant and seeds yield. The results also showed that urea fertilizer increased protein and ash content, while NP increased oil and carbohydrate contents. Compost increased all the minerals, but there was no effect on fatty and amino acid composition.

High-resolution mapping of QTL for fatty acid composition in soybean using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing

Key messageWe constructed a high-density linkage map comprising 3541 markers developed by specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing, and identified 26 stable QTL including nine novel loci, for fatty acid composition in soybean.Soybean oil quality and stability are mainly determined by the fatty acid composition of the seed. In the present study, we constructed a high-density genetic linkage map using 200 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between cultivated soybean varieties Luheidou2 and Nanhuizao, and SNP markers developed by specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq). This map comprises 3541 markers on 20 linkage groups and spans a genetic distance of 2534.42 cM, with an average distance of 0.72 cM between adjacent markers. Inclusive composite interval mapping revealed 26 stable QTL for five fatty acids, explaining 0.4–37.0% of the phenotypic variance for individual fatty acids across environments. Of these QTL, nine are novel loci (qLA1, qLNA2_1, qPA4_1, qLA4_1, qPA6_1, qSA12_1, qPA16_1, qOA18_1, and qFA19_1). These stable QTL harbor three fatty acid biosynthesis genes (GmFabG, GmACP, and GmFAD8), and 66 genes encoding lipid-related transcription factors. These stable QTL and tightly linked SNP markers can be used for marker-assisted selection in soybean breeding programs.

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Farming on Nutrients and Fatty Acid Composition of Soybean, Wheat and Chickpea

A field experiment was conducted during kharif and rabi seasons of 2011–13 to evaluate the effect of application of farm yard manure (FYM), recommended doses of fertilizers (RDF) and their combination on the nutritional quality of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Total soluble protein in soybean and wheat grains was higher on combined application of FYM+RDF, whereas high total soluble proteins was observed in chickpea grown with FYM alone. Maximum free amino acid content in soybean, wheat and chickpea was observed in treatment with FYM alone. Higher linoleic and linolenic acids were observed in combined treatments of RDF+FYM in soybean and chickpea seeds, and highest oleic acid was observed in treatment with integrated nutrient management (INM). Significant increase in tryptophan was observed in soybean in combined treatment of FYM+RDF, whereas significantly higher methionine was observed in chickpea seeds in FYM treatment. High total soluble sugars was observed in chickpea grown with FYM @10 tonnes ha−1, whereas higher total sugars and sucrose was observed in soybean grown with FYM @ 5 tonnes ha−1+ 50%RDF.

Oil content and fatty acid composition of soybean (Glysine max L.) genotypes evaluated under rainfed conditions of Kashmir Himalayas in India

Soybean (Glycine max), a multipurpose crop with much appreciated nutritional and functional properties, has generated a lot of interest during last few decades for improving its cultivation and characteristics. Besides having a great potential of energy-protein malnutrition eradication, it can contribute greatly to edible oil pool in the region. This study investigates some agro-morphological characters, besides seed oil content and fatty acid composition of two local soybean genotypes labeled as S/D-18 and S/D-22 grown under rainfed conditions of Kashmir Himalayas in India. The genotype S/D-22 matured earlier than that of S/D-18. Seed yield/plant of 18.5 g (S/D-18) and 20.1g (S/D-22) was recorded in these genotypes with 100-seed weight of 14.3 g and 14.7 g respectively. Seeds of genotype S/D-18 yielded an oil content of 19.54% while in genotype S/D-22 oil content of 19.74% was recorded. Fatty acids of myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linoleinic were detected and quantified in the oil extracted from the seeds of these genotypes. Saturated fatty acids constituted 11.88%(S/D-18) and 11.42%(S/D-22) while unsaturated fatty acids constituted 88.12% (S/D-18) and 88.58% (S/D-22) of the oil. The study has thus, revealed that under dry land conditions, although soybean seed yield/plant is lesser, percentage oil content and fatty acid composition essentially remained unaltered and that significant differences can occur in individual fatty acid contents between genotypes.

적외선 분광스펙트럼 및 기체크로마토그라피 분석 데이터의 다변량 통계분석을 이용한 대두 종자 지방산 함량예측

본 연구의 목적은 적외선 분광스펙트럼 데이터를 이용하여 대두 종자내의 지방산 함량을 동시에 예측할 수 있는지 여부를 조사하기 위한 것이다. 총 153종의 대두(Glycine max Merrill) 종자로부터 적외선 분광스펙트럼 및 지방산의 함량을 기체크로마토그라피 분석을 통하여 확인하였다. 적외선 분광스펙트럼 조사결과 대두는 단백질이나 아미노산의 amide bond region (<TEX>$1,700{\sim}1,500cm^{-1}$</TEX>), 핵산이나 인지질의 phosphodiester groups (<TEX>$1,500{\sim}1,300cm^{-1}$</TEX>) 그리고 탄수화물 등 다당류의 sugar region (<TEX>$1,200{\sim}1,000cm^{-1}$</TEX>)에서 계통별로 큰 차이가 이루어짐을 알 수 있었다. 총 29라인의 대두 계통별 시료로부터 지방산 함량을 조사한 결과 총 지방산의 함량은 건조 시료 0.1 g 당 <TEX>$185.57{\mu}g$</TEX>에서 <TEX>$325.9{\mu}g$</TEX>으로 계통간에 차이가 있었음을 알 수 있었으며 평균 함량은 <TEX>$244.48{\mu}g$</TEX>이었다. PLS regression 분석을 이용하여 총 5개 지방산(팔미틱산, 스테아릭산, 올레익산, 리노레익산 그리고 리노레닉산) 함량 예측 calibration models의 실측 검증 결과, 팔미틱산(<TEX>$R^2=0.8002$</TEX>), 올레익산(<TEX>$R^2=0.8909$</TEX>) 그리고 리노레익산(<TEX>$R^2=0.815$</TEX>)은 회귀분석 상관계수가 0.8 이상으로 정확도 높음을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 스테아릭산(<TEX>$R^2=0.4598$</TEX>)과 리노레닉산(<TEX>$R^2=0.6868$</TEX>)의 경우 상관계수가 0.7 이하로 상대적으로 예측정확도가 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 확립된 기술은 지방산의 조성 변환을 통하여 새로운 대두 품종 개발을 위한 계통선발 과정에서 매우 효율적인 수단으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다. 더 나아가 본 기술은 대두는 물론 대두 유래 농산물이나 식품의 품질 검증 수단으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다. The aim of this study was to investigate whether fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy can be applied to simultaneous determination of fatty acids contents in different soybean cultivars. Total 153 lines of soybean (Glycine max Merrill) were examined by FT-IR spectroscopy. Quantification of fatty acids from the soybean lines was confirmed by quantitative gas chromatography (GC) analysis. The quantitative spectral variation among different soybean lines was observed in the amide bond region (<TEX>$1,700{\sim}1,500cm^{-1}$</TEX>), phosphodiester groups (<TEX>$1,500{\sim}1,300cm^{-1}$</TEX>) and sugar region (<TEX>$1,200{\sim}1,000cm^{-1}$</TEX>) of FT-IR spectra. The quantitative prediction modeling of 5 individual fatty acids contents (palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid) from soybean lines were established using partial least square regression algorithm from FT-IR spectra. In cross validation, there were high correlations (<TEX>$R^2{\geq}0.97$</TEX>) between predicted content of 5 individual fatty acids by PLS regression modeling from FT-IR spectra and measured content by GC. In external validation, palmitic acid (<TEX>$R^2=0.8002$</TEX>), oleic acid (<TEX>$R^2=0.8909$</TEX>) and linoleic acid (<TEX>$R^2=0.815$</TEX>) were predicted with good accuracy, while prediction for stearic acid (<TEX>$R^2=0.4598$</TEX>), linolenic acid (<TEX>$R^2=0.6868$</TEX>) had relatively lower accuracy. These results clearly show that FT-IR spectra combined with multivariate analysis can be used to accurately predict fatty acids contents in soybean lines. Therefore, we suggest that the PLS prediction system for fatty acid contents using FT-IR analysis could be applied as a rapid and high throughput screening tool for the breeding for modified Fatty acid composition in soybean and contribute to accelerating the conventional breeding.

Grain oil and fatty acids composition of soybean affected by nano-iron chelate, chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure

Applying organic sources has been recommended to increase soil fertility and crop growth in sustainable production systems. Less information is available on the effects of organic inputs on soybean oil quality in the presence of nano-iron chelate. Field experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013 to investigate the impact of organic, nano- and chemical sources on oil content and fatty acid composition of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). In split-plot arrangement of treatments, the main plots consisted of four fertilization systems: (F1): cattle manure, (F2): chemical fertilizers, (F3): cattle manure + chemical fertilizers, and (F4): control (without fertilizers). The subplots were (N1): soybean treated with nano-iron chelate fertilizer and (N2): control. Results showed that the highest oil yield was obtained in F3 treatment. The application of farmyard manure with nano-iron chelate significantly increased oleic acid compared to chemical fertilizers. The highest stearic acid and linolenic acid were observed in chemical fertilizer-contained treatments. Finally, the organic manure increased the oil quality of soybean.

Effect of γ Irradiation on the Fatty Acid Composition of Soybean and Soybean Oil

Food irradiation is a form of food processing to extend the shelf life and reduce spoilage of food. We examined the effects of γ radiation on the fatty acid composition, lipid peroxidation level, and antioxidative activity of soybean and soybean oil which both contain a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids. Irradiation at 10 to 80 kGy under aerobic conditions did not markedly change the fatty acid composition of soybean. While 10-kGy irradiation did not markedly affect the fatty acid composition of soybean oil under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions, 40-kGy irradiation considerably altered the fatty acid composition of soybean oil under aerobic conditions, but not under anaerobic conditions. Moreover, 40-kGy irradiation produced a significant amount of trans fatty acids under aerobic conditions, but not under anaerobic conditions. Irradiating soybean oil induced lipid peroxidation and reduced the radical scavenging activity under aerobic conditions, but had no effect under anaerobic conditions. These results indicate that the fatty acid composition of soybean was not markedly affected by radiation at 10 kGy, and that anaerobic conditions reduced the degradation of soybean oil that occurred with high doses of γ radiation.

Maternal Effects on Fatty Acid Composition of Soybean Seed Oil

ABSTRACTThe success of genetically altering the fatty acid composition of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seed oil is determined by the rate of genetic gain through selection. Maternal effects can influence genetic gain. Objectives of this study were to investigate the presence and magnitude of maternal effects on fatty acid content of soybean oil. Maternal effects for unsaturated fatty acid content were evaluated over 2 yr using reciprocal F1 soybean seed from crosses between the mid‐oleic/low‐linolenic line ‘N98‐4445A’ and six cytoplasmically diverse cultivars. Maternal effects were significant across genetically diverse materials and likely the result of the phenotype of the maternal plant. The magnitude of the maternal effect was typically less when N98‐4445A was used as the maternal parent. These data suggest that selection based on the oil composition of single F2 seeds might be ineffective but less so if the altered fatty acid parent is the maternal parent. Maternal effects on saturated fatty acid content were evaluated both in the field and in vitro using reciprocal F1 soybean seed from the cross between the high‐palmitic line ‘N02‐4441’ and ‘Dare’. Maternal effects were significant when grown in the field. When reciprocal F1 and parental 25 d old embryo seeds were grown in vitro, maternal effects between reciprocal crosses were not apparent, while significant differences between the parents were maintained. This suggests that factors translocated from the maternal plant may be causing the maternal effect on developing F1 seeds.

Nondestructive estimation of fatty acid composition in soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seeds using Near-Infrared Transmittance Spectroscopy

The potential of Near-Infrared Transmittance (NIT) Spectroscopy for estimation of fatty acid composition in soybean seed samples was studied. Total 612 whole seed samples with wide range of variability for major fatty acids were used to develop calibration equations by applying SNV de-trend and first derivative mathematical treatment in the range of 850–1048 nm. Useful chemometric models for most important fatty acids present in soybean seed oil were developed using Modified Partial Least Squares (MPLS) regression method. In external validation oleic ( r 2 = 0.89, SEP = 1.61), linoleic ( r 2 = 0.86, SEP = 1.50) and palmitic ( r 2 = 0.89, SEP = 0.17) acids were predicted with good accuracy, while the predictions for linolenic acid ( r 2 = 0.78, SEP = 0.36) and stearic acid ( r 2 = 0.63, SEP = 0.11) had relatively poor accuracy. The whole-seed NIT spectroscopy equations for fatty acid estimation would be useful for improving efficiency of breeding programs aimed at altering fatty acid composition in soybean.

Molecular Mapping and Confirmation of QTLs Associated with Oleic Acid Content in N00‐3350 Soybean

The fatty acid composition of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed affects the flavor, nutritional value, and stability of the oil. Increasing oleic acid content in soybean oil would reduce the need for hydrogenation, a process that creates unhealthy trans fatty acids. The objective of this study was to map and confirm the areas of the soybean genome associated with oleic acid content from the soybean line N00‐3350 (∼583 g kg−1 oleic acid) using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. An F2:3 population of 259 lines from the cross of G99‐G725 × N00‐3350 was used as a mapping population, and an F2:3 population of 231 lines from the cross of G99‐G3438 × N00‐3350 was used for confirmation. Using single‐factor analysis of variance, interval mapping, and composite interval mapping, six quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for oleic acid content were found on linkage groups LG‐A1 (Satt211, R2 = 4%), LG‐D2 (Satt389, R2 = 6%), LG‐G (Satt394, R2 = 13%), LG‐G (Satt191, R2 = 7%), LG‐L (Satt418, R2 = 9%), and LG‐L (Satt561, R2 = 25%) in the G99‐G725 × N00–3350 population. All six QTLs for oleic acid were confirmed in the G99‐3438 × N00‐3350 population. The designations cqOle‐001, cqOle‐002, cqOle‐003, cqOle‐004, cqOle‐005, and cqOle‐006 have been assigned to these confirmed QTLs by the Soybean Genetics Committee. The identification of SSR markers linked to the oleic acid QTLs will facilitate the use of marker‐assisted selection (MAS) in soybean breeding programs to increase the oleic acid content in soybean seed.

Breeding for Modified Fatty Acid Composition in Soybean

ABSTRACTGenetic modification of the fatty acid composition of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil has been successful in better meeting the needs of end users than is possible with conventional oil. Three modified oils are or have been sold commercially. Oil in which the linolenic acid (18:3) content has been reduced from 8 to 1% makes it possible to reduce or eliminate the need for chemical hydrogenation to achieve the stability and shelf life necessary for some food applications. Elimination of chemical hydrogenation and the trans‐fatty acids produced by the process is important for human health. Oil in which the oleic acid (18:1) has been increased from 25 to &gt;80% also have increased its stability and shelf life. An oil with palmitic acid (16:0) reduced from 11 to &lt;4% makes it possible to achieve a low content of saturated fatty acids, which is desirable for cardiovascular health. The genetic changes in soybean oil were achieved by conventional breeding and genetic engineering. Mutagenesis was the conventional breeding method used to develop the major genes for reduced palmitic and linolenic acids that are in the cultivars currently grown for commercial production. Genetic engineering was used to elevate oleic acid to &gt;80%. The purpose of this paper is to review the methods that have been used to develop the fatty acid modifications, the inheritance of the modifications, the impact of the trait on agronomic and seed characteristics, the methods of phenotypic and genotypic selection, and the commercial status of the modified oils.

Improvement of Oil Quality in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] by Mutation Breeding

AbstractLow oxidative stability, off‐flavor and rancidity are the major drawbacks of soybean oil. Modification of the fatty acid composition of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] oil can improve its quality and value for processors and acceptability among consumers. Mutation breeding of soybean was therefore initiated with the objective of identifying stable soybean mutants with altered fatty acid composition for improved oxidative stability and nutritional quality. Seeds of soybean cultivar ‘MACS 450’ were treated with γ‐radiation and/or ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). The harvest of M1 plants was evaluated for fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. Highly significant variation in all the fatty acids except palmitic acid was observed. Treatment of EMS in higher concentrations as well as combined treatment of both the mutagens, i.e., γ‐radiation and EMS were effective in increasing the variability for the fatty acid content in soybean oil. The variability was skewed towards high levels of oleic (35–42%) and low levels of linolenic acid (3.77–5.00%). M3 and M4 generations of desirable variants were analyzed for the stability of the mutated trait. Only high oleic variants were stable in M3 and M4 generations. Based on fatty acid values, oxidative stability index (OSI), nutritional quality index (NQI) and ratio of essential fatty acids (ω6/ω3) were calculated for the control and M2, M3 and M4 generations. The ω6/ω3 ratio in all the high oleic mutants was within the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended value (5–10%). A significant positive correlation between OSI and oleic acid content (P &lt; 0.001) indicated improved oxidative stability of the oil while retaining nutritional quality. These high oleic lines could be utilized further in breeding programs for improvement of soybean oil quality.

Genotypic Variation for Fatty Acid Content in Selected Glycine max × Glycine Soja Populations

Modifications in the fatty acid composition of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil may extend its utility to industrial markets currently serviced by other vegetable‐, mineral‐, or fossil‐based oils. However, extension into new markets depends on the development of soybean oils with increased concentrations of saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Three wild soybean (G. soja Siebold &amp; Zucc.) accessions possessing unique fatty acid profiles were intercrossed with the reduced saturate and polyunsaturate fatty acid germplasm, N87‐2122‐4, to produce widely segregating populations. Random F2 and F2:3 families from each population were grown, and seed fatty acid contents of individuals within families were analyzed. Genotypic differences for oil quality were significant among populations and families within populations. Individual families produced &gt;140 and 175 g kg−1 palmitic and total saturated fatty acid contents, respectively. No family produced greater oleic acid content than N87‐2122‐4. Some families produced &gt;640 g kg−1 linoleic acid and total polyunsaturates exceeding 720 g kg−1, while selected individuals produced &gt;750 g kg−1 total polyunsaturates in both the F2:3 parental and F2:4 progeny generations. High narrow‐sense heritability estimates for palmitic (h2 = 0.67 to 0.98) and linoleic (h2 = 0.44 to 0.80) acid contents suggested that individual F2 plants can be selected for either trait. However, the smaller heritabilities for oleic (h2 = 0.36 to 0.66) and linolenic (h2 = 0.10 to 0.47) acid contents necessitate selection based on family means. Analyzing these selected wild soybean crosses has demonstrated G. soja may be a useful source of genes to extend genotypic variation for linoleic and total polyunsaturated fatty acid contents. Genes for greater saturate content in PI 424031 may extend variation currently available in mutant soybean germplasm. However, it appears unlikely that G. soja would be useful for increasing oleic acid content above levels in existing soybean mutants.

Soybean seed composition under high day and night growth temperatures

AbstractHigh diurnal temperatures often affect development of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], but little is known about the relative influence of high day and night temperatures on the chemical composition of the seed. This study was conducted to determine the effects of combinations of high day and night temperatures during flowering and pod set (R1–R5), seed fill and maturation (R5–R8), and continuously during the reproductive period (R1–R8) on soybean seed oil, protein, and fatty acid composition. Day/night temperatures of 30/20, 30/30, 35/20, and 35/30°C were imposed on the soybean cultivar Gnome 85 in growth chambers. The day/night temperature combinations during R1–R5 had little effect on the oil and protein concentration and the fatty acid composition of seed produced. As mean daily temperature increased from 25 (30/20) to 33 (35/30)°C during R5–R8 and 25 (30/20) to 33 (35/30)°C during R1–R8, and oil concentration decreased and protein concentration increased. Increased day temperature during R5–R8 and R1–R8, averaged across the two night temperatures, increased oleic acid and decreased linoleic and linolenic acids. When night temperature was increased at 30°C day temperature during R5–R8 and R1–R8, oleic acid decreased and linoleic acid increased. When night temperature was increased at 35°C day temperature during R1–R8, oleic acid increased, and linoleic and linolenic acids decreased. These results indicate the importance of high day and night temperatures during seed fill and maturation in the oil, protein, and fatty acid composition of soybean seed.

Graft‐Transmissible Influence on Fatty Acid Composition of Soybean Seed1

Studies involving reciprocal matings in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] show that the genotype of the maternal plant usually governs phenotypic expression of fatty acid traits in the seed, and that the maternal influence is not inherited through cytoplasmic genes. The objective of this research was to determine whether the maternal influence on fatty acid composition of soybean seed is graft‐transmissible. Autografts and reciprocal heterografts were made prior to flowering in two field environments (early and late plantings) using two genotypes (N78‐2245 and ‘Essex’), which were similar in phenological development but differed in fatty acid composition. By comparing heterografted scions with autografted scions for a given rootstock genotype, the rootstock genotype significantly influenced the seed fatty acid composition of heterografted scions. The magnitude of the influence was greater when heterografted scions were defoliated throughout seed development. It was concluded that the genotype of the maternal plant may control phenotypic expression of fatty acid percentages in the seed via translocated factors. These factors presumably originated in leaf tissue instead of the roots.

Differences in the fatty acid composition of soybean seed produced in northern and southern areas of the U.S.A.

The fatty acid composition of soybean ( Glycine max) seeds was sensitive to the influence of both genotype and environment. To quantify their relative environmental sensitivities, four soybean cultivars, Wells, Wayne, Cutler and Union, plus two experimental lines, 9656 and 9686, developed for lower concentrations of linolenate, were grown in Indiana (northern area) and Mississippi (southern area) in 1981. Seeds produced in the two environments were analysed for total oil content and for fatty acid composition. Seeds produced in the southern area were slightly higher (20% vs 16%) in oil content, but weighed significantly less than those produced in the north. The oil content per seed of seeds produced in the south was only 51% of the oil content of seeds produced in the north. Seeds produced in the south were significantly lower in both myristate and linolenate, but significantly higher in oleate than seeds produced in the north. Genotype by environment interactions for many oil quality measurements were largely attributable to the responses of the lines 9656 and 9686. These results indicate that higher environmental temperature reduced the linolenate concentration of soybean oil.