Fat Trim Research Articles

Effects of Beef-Tpe on Bone, Fat Trim and Retail Cut Yield and Distribution

Effects of Beef-Tpe on Bone, Fat Trim and Retail Cut Yield and Distribution

Characterization of Biological Types of Cattle. V. Carcass Wholesale Cut Composition

Wholesale cut composition of 1,121 carcasses of steers from mating Hereford and Angus cows to Hereford, Angus, Jersey, South Devon, Limousin, Charolais and Simmental sires was analyzed. Breed and slaughter groups were important sources of variation (P<.01), but breed groups tended to rank the same at each of three slaughter dates. Relative variation within breed and slaughter groups was much higher for fat trim (CV 25.1%) than for retail product or bone (CV 8.7%). Differences among breed groups in wholesale cuts, retail product, bone or fat trim as percentages of side weight were small but significant. Wholesale round and kidney and pelvic fat percentages differed more than other cuts differed; the difference was largest between Jersey crosses and other breed groups. Limousin, Charolais and Simmental crosses had more retail product and less fat trim in most wholesale cuts than other breed groups. Breed group similarity in distribution of total retail product or bone in each wholesale cut was more striking than differences, though some were statistically significant. Distribution of total fat trim by wholesale cuts, particularly external or kidney and pelvic fat, varied more among breed groups than did retail product or bone. Hereford, Angus and Hereford-Angus crosses had distinctly less of their total fat trim in kidney and pelvic fat and more in external fat than did other breed groups. These results suggest that change in proportion of wholesale cuts in carcasses is more likely to result from differences in relative amount and distribution of fat than from differences in muscle and bone.

Soaking of complete fattening rations high in poor roughage. 4. The effect on deposition and fatty acid composition of bovine fat

SUMMARYThe effects of diets containing variable percentages of roughage and moisture on depot fats were studied. Treatments were 25 and 45% roughage in the complete fattening diet, and 10, 50 and 75% moisture content of the diets. Depot fats collected post-slaughter from kidney, pelvic, ruminal, cod and trim fats in the carcass (mostly subcutaneous and some intermuscular) were weighed and analysed for their fatty acid composition.Increasing the quantity of roughage in the diet (from 25 to 45%) significantly decreased ruminal fat deposition. Moistening the feed significantly increased the deposition of kidney, pelvic and cod fat, and significantly reduced the deposition of fat trim in the carcass. The content of unsaturated triglyceride fatty acids was significantly greater in calves fed on the 25% roughage diet. Calves fed on the soaked diets had significantly higher contents of unsaturated fatty acids than the controls.The content of unsaturated acids was greater in cod fat and carcass trim than in kidney, pelvic or ruminal fat.Hydrogenationin vitroof fatty acids by ruminal micro-organisms decreased with increasing level of moisture in the diet.It is suggested that the increased unsaturated fatty acid content of the depot fats of animals fed on soaked diets might be due to a reduction in the hydrogenation of dietary lipid by rumen micro-organisms.

CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF YEARLING BULLS AND HEIFERS FROM F1 DAMS BRED TO A RED POLL BULL

Carcasses from 36 bulls and 39 heifers, sired by a Red Poll (R) bull and out of Simmental × Angus (SA), Charolais × Angus (CA), Hereford × Angus (HA), and Jersey × Angus (JA) cows were evaluated. These animals were slaughtered at an average age of 389 days. Hot carcass weights and estimated weights of total deboned, defatted primal cuts per day of age were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in RCA animals than in RHA or RJA animals. RJA animals had lower (P &lt; 0.05) dressing percentages than RCA or RHA animals. Carcasses of RJA animals had higher percentages of flank (P &lt; 0.05) than those from RSA, RCA, or RHA animals. Carcasses from RSA animals had higher (P &lt; 0.05) percentages of untrimmed and externally defatted round than RHA or RJA animals. Bulls produced heavier and leaner carcasses than heifers, as indicated by average fat depth over the rib-eye per 100 kg hot carcass weight and amount of external fat trim from the five primal cuts. Bull carcasses had greater estimated cutability, estimated total deboned, defatted primal cuts per day of age, cooler shrink, and percentages of externally defatted chuck, rib, and total primal cuts than heifer carcasses. Marbling was greater and percentages of untrimmed hind quarter, short loin, sirloin butt, and flank were higher in heifer than bull carcasses. The magnitude of differences in growth rates of carcass product between offspring of the F1 dams in this study suggests that the influence of F1 dam type on efficiency of feedlot beef cattle should be considered when selecting the breed cross of F1 dam to use in a beef production enterprise.

A comparison of body composition and tissue distribution of Friesian and Angus steers

SummaryFourteen Friesian and 13 Angus steers, grown at pasture, were selected so that their carcass weights fell evenly throughout the range 200–300 kg. The right half of each carcass was dissected into muscle, fat, bone and fascia and tendon, and the left half boned-out and fat trimmed into retail cuts. A step-wise multiple regression procedure, including a pseudovariable for breeds, was used to compare compositional components on a common weight basis.Angus, at the lower end of the live-weight range, had heavier empty bodies than Friesians; at the heavier end of the live-weight range, this was reversed. This relationship between live weight and empty body weight was due to variation between breeds in the weight of contents in the fore stomachs but not the intestines.When compared at either the same live weight or the same empty body weight, Angus had more hot carcass than the Friesians (8·0 and 8·4 kg, respectively). There was no difference between breeds in loss of carcass weight in the 24 h post-slaughter.There was no breed difference in weight of blood, head, kidney and channel fat, kidneys, liver, diaphragm, heart, lungs, tail or fore-stomachs, when compared at the same offal weight. The feet and intestines were, respectively, 0·55 and 2·43 kg heavier for Friesians than for Angus at the same offal weight, but the pizzle was 0·11 kg lighter. Hide weight was greater in the Angus at all offal weights, with the difference between breeds being 0·016% of (offal weight).There was no difference between breeds in the weight of muscle or the weight of fascia and tendon when compared at the same dissected side weight; however, the Angus had 4·8 kg more fat and 3·0 kg less bone than the Friesians at the same dissected side weight.When compared at the same muscle weight the Friesians had 1·04 kg more proximal hind-limb muscles, 0·30 kg more proximal fore limb muscles, but 0·74 kg less abdominal muscles than the Angus. At all dissected muscle weights the Angus had a greater weight of muscles of the neck and thorax, and this difference increased with increasing weight of dissected muscle. The Friesians also had 1·52% more of their muscle as ‘expensive muscle’. There were no breed differences in the distribution of any other muscle groups.There was no breed difference in the distribution of dissected fat between subcutaneous and intermuscular depots when these were the only fat depots considered. However, when kidney and channel fat was included in the total dissectable fat of the carcass, Friesians had 22·4 % more kidney and channel fat, the same weight of intermuscular fat and less subcutaneous fat than the Angus at the same total dissected fat weight.Friesians tended to have more of their bone weight in their legs (humerus, femur, tibiar–tarsus, radius–ulnar–carpus) and Angus more in their thoracic region (thoracic vertebrae and ribs, scapular and sternum-costal cartilages).At the same retail side weights there was no difference between breeds in the weight of fat-trimmed, boned-out, retail cuts; however, the Friesians had 3·3 kg more retail bone than Angus, but 2·3 kg less fat trim and 0·46 kg less sausage mince.There was no difference between breeds in the distribution of retail bone or of fattrimmed, boned-out cuts between the forequarter and hindquarter. However, the Friesians had 13·2 % more fat trim in the hindquarter. Friesians had 0·27 kg more retail cuts located in the rump but 0·80 kg less in the loin, when compared at the same weight of retail cuts. Also, the Friesians had more of their retail cuts as topside, thick flank and foreshin. There were no other differences between breeds in the distribution of retail cuts.

Soaking of complete fattening rations high in poor roughage 3. The effect of moisture content and spontaneous fermentation on the performance of male cattle

SUMMARYTwo trials were conducted with two complete fattening diets contain- ing 25 and 45 % fibrous roughage, to examine the effects of three moisture levels and five soaking conditions on the performance and ruminal fermentation of fattening cattle.Differences between treatments in live-weight gain and carcass-weight gain were not significant but there were differences in the efficiency of conversion of metabolizable energy into live weight and into carcass weight and in some instances these were significant. There was a trend towards increased weight of kidney, pelvic and cod fats and a slight decrease in weight of other fat trim of the carcass (subcutaneous and intermuscular) on the treated diets, as compared with the dry control diet.The pH of the rumen liquor of animals given the soaked rations was lower and the total volatile fatty acid concentration higher than that of animals receiving the dry control diet. The propionic acid concentration in rumen liquor was significantly higher in animals receiving moistened diets.

Effects of plane of nutrition, diethylstilboestrol implantation and slaughter weight on the performance of Israeli-Friesian intact male cattle

SummaryThe effects of two levels of energy intake, ad libitum and 80% of ad libitum, of diethylstilboestrol implantation and no such treatment, and of two slaughter weights (‘450’ and ‘490’ kg), on the performance of Israeli-Friesian intact male cattle were studied.Average daily gain was 1130 g and 959 g and daily carcass gain was 630 g and 553 g for animals on ad libitum and 80% of ad libitum energy intake, respectively. Average daily gain was 1038 g and 944 g and daily carcass gain was 595 g and 562 g, for diethylstilboestrol-treated and untreated animals, respectively. Slaughter weight had little effect on rate of gain.The differences in conversion ratio of ME into live weight between treatments were small. Diethylstilboestrol-treated animals were slightly more efficient.The non-implanted animals on the restricted plane of nutrition and which had been slaughtered at ‘490’ kg had a significantly higher dressing percentage, a higher percentage of fat trim and less bone than animals slaughtered at ‘450’ kg body weight on both levels of nutrition.Among the diethylstilboestrol-implanted male calves, however, the animals fed at 80% of ad libitum feed and killed at ‘450’ or ‘490’ kg live weight had significantly more fat trim in the carcass and less bone than the animals fed ad libitum.

Quantitative and Qualitative Carcass Characteristics of Straightbred and Reciprocally Crossed Angus, Charolais and Hereford Steers

Quantitative and qualitative carcass data for 139 short-fed and 148 long-fed steers from a crossbreeding experiment were used to estimate the amount of heterosis exhibited by nine different traits. The experiment involved Angus, Charolais and Hereford breeds and all possible reciprocal two-way breed crosses. Significant breed of sire, breed of dam and management effects (length of full-feeding period) existed for carcass weight, percent retail cuts and percent fat trim. Carcasses of progeny from Charolais sires and dams were heavier, had larger longissimus muscles, less fat thickness at the 12th rib, less fat trim and greater percentage retail cuts than carcasses of progeny from Hereford or Angus sires and dams. Progeny from Hereford sires and dams had less kidney, pelvic and heart fat on the average, whereas progeny of Angus sires and dams had less bone, and higher carcass quality grade than progeny of the other two breeds but Angus steaks were generally less tender.

Effect of concentrate: roughage ratio on the production of beef from Israeli-Friesian bulls slaughtered at different live weights

SummaryThe effects of roughage level (15 and 35% of the ration) and of slaughter weight (400,450 and 500 kg) were studied in an experiment of 2 x 3 factorial design. Daily live-weight gains and carcass gains were significantly higher on the lower roughage levels, but there was no difference in degree of fatness of the carcass. Dry-matter intake expressed as a percentage of body weight was 2·91 on 35% roughage compared with 2·53 and 15% roughage, i.e. 15% higher on the highroughage diet. This compensated the animals on the high-roughage diet for the lower energy content of their feed. Rate of gain increased with an increase in slaughter weight. The percentage of fat trim and of saleable meat increased, while that of bone decreased significantly with an increase in slaughter weight. The animals on the lowroughage diet were approximately 11% more efficient than the others in converting metabolizable energy into live weight.

Carcinogenesis bioassay of chlorinated dibenzodioxins and related chemicals.

Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins have been identified as trace contaminants of herbicides and pesticides. They may be formed as byproducts in the manufacture of chlorinated phenols and, for this reason, were implicated in outbreaks of chick edema disease (1). Fat trimmings obtained from animal hides preserved with dioxin-containing chlorophenol products and subsequently used in chicken feed contained the chick edema factor. Chloracne had been earlier observed in workers who had handled technical quality 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2). Occasionally the condition was complicated by liver involvement and psychopathological changes. Pure 2,4,5-trichlorophenol had no effect when tested in an animal bioassay system. Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), which was isolated from the technical mixture, produced an effect at a concentration of 0.005%7, however (13). In addition, TDCC is the contaminant of the herbicide 2,4,5-T that produced teratogenic effects in rats (4). Subsequent work with pure TCDI) has indeed shown teratogenic and embryotoxic effects in rats and mice (5-7). The fact that the chlorinated dioxins are highly toxic, teratogenic, and acnegenic does not of necessity indicate they are carcinogens

An evaluation of beef carcass quality 2. Influence of variation in grazing intensity and the level of barley supplementation with silage on the carcass and meat quality of Friesian steers

SUMMARYTwo experiments concerning the effects, on the carcass and meat characteristics of 18-months-old Friesian steers, of variation in grazing intensity and the level of barley feeding with silage are reported.Groups of 12 steers were grazed at different intensities over 5-month grazing periods, such that live-weight differences of 38 kg and 16 kg were recorded at housing. No compensatory growth was recorded during the subsequent winter feeding period.Whilst the grazing treatments had little effect on carcass or meat quality, higher levels of barley feeding with silage over the winter period (710v.410 kg/steer) had significant effects on live-weight gain, and increased carcass weight by 21 kg at slaughter. The higher yield of carcass weight was reflected in significant differences in carcass composition, joint proportions and retail cut-out value. Sixty per cent of the carcass weight difference was removed as trim fat. Differences in carcass fatness were not associated with any differences in eating quality.

Ground and pelleted straw and hay for fattening Israeli-Friesian male calves

SUMMARYThe performance of Israeli-Friesian male calves on six rations, including two levels (15% and 30%) of ground wheat straw and oatvetch hay in pelleted mixtures, and the same two levels of ground straw in non-pelleted mixtures, was examined.Daily live-weight and carcass gain were higher on the lower level of both roughages. The differences in performance on hay and straw were insignificant. Feed intake was higher on the 15% level of both roughages when pelleted but the energy conversion ratio was higher on pelleted rations of both levels of straw.The dressing percentage was higher for animals on pelleted rations. There was no significant difference in percentage fat trim, percentage bone or percentage saleable meat in the carcasses. There was 20% more kidney, pelvic and cod fat on the lower level of roughage.The digestibility of organic matter was higher on rations with the lower level of roughage, and on the pelleted rations compared with the non-pelleted at equal level of roughage. This was not the case for the digestibility of crude fibre. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher on the lower levels of straw and on the pelleted rations of a similar level, and was higher on hay rations than on straw rations. Ration differences in the molar proportions of volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquor were detected.Pelleting appeared to improve the nutritive value of straw.

CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUTHFUL BEEF CARCASSES IN RELATION TO WEIGHT, AGE AND SEX: I. ORGAN WEIGHTS, SLAUGHTER LOSS AND COOLER SHRINK IN PRODUCTION OF THE DRESSED CARCASS

In a study of youthful slaughter cattle comprising 168 steers, 147 heifers and 259 bulls, minor but statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05) sex differences were observed for percent hide, shanks and head (steers &gt; bulls &gt; heifers) and percent kidney and cod or udder fat (heifers &gt; bulls &gt; steers). Bulls dressed approximately 1% higher and heifers 1% lower than steers, these sex differences apparently arising from items not recorded on the killing floor (including blood, lungs, digestive tract and contents and reproductive tract of females). Sex differences, particularly the bull versus steer comparisons, may have been influenced by differences in breed and/or pre-test treatment. Percentage internal fat trim and unrecorded slaughter loss were positively, and percent head, hide, shanks and internal organs negatively, correlated with liveweight at slaughter. However, slaughter weight accounted for less than 5% of the variance in dressing percentage, and age independent of slaughter weight had little influence on any of the traits studied. Total recorded slaughter loss expressed as a proportion of carcass weight decreased 0.1 to 0.4% per 100 kg increase in slaughter weight. The importance of pre-slaughter shrink in determining total slaughter loss was discussed.

Brahman cattle in a temperate environment:I. Live-weight gains and carcass characteristics

SUMMARYA study was made of the live-weight gains of four ¾-bred Brahman and four purebred Hereford steers over a 12-month period. At 950 lb live weight each animal was slaughtered, after which the carcass characteristics of the two breed types were compared.The Herefords showed the highest live-weight gains over the whole year but during autumn, when nutritional levels were poor, the Brahmans had an advantage in average daily gain.Although both breed types varied greatly in body conformation, there was little appreciable difference in weight distribution of joints on the carcass. A higher dressing percentage was observed in the Brahmans, this being attributed to their smaller alimentary tracts. The Brahmans had a greater carcass muscle and smaller carcass fat content than the Herefords. The necessity for fat trimming of the Hereford carcasses reduced their calculated retail value index to a level below that of the Brahmans in a market which discriminated against excess fat.Thus it was concluded that even in a temperate climate, Brahman cattle can have a place in improving productive efficiency. Apart from the heterosis developed in crossbreeding, benefits should flow from the Brahmans superiority on poor pastures and the improved production of lean meat on their carcasses.

Nutrient content of South African red meat and the effect of age and production system

Feeding systems, slaughter age and other production techniques notably influence the nutrient content of red meat. The modernization of the different South African production systems since the previous nutrient composition studies, justifies the necessity to update existing knowledge on the nutritional profile of South African produced beef. In addition, a need was identified to extrapolate the effect of the two different feeding systems (extensive and intensive) on this nutritional profile. Results indicate that the total lipid content of marketable young carcasses (age A, fat code 2) has decreased over time, in line with global health and nutrition trends for leaner foods. With the majority of beef from these young carcasses being produced on intensive grain-based feeding systems, South Africa has a unique advantage in terms of total lipid content of such grain-fed produce. Internationally, grain-fed red meat is in most cases higher in total and saturated fat content compared to grass-fed counterparts, while in South African the opposite was observed. In addition to total fat content, the role of various lipid fractions in human health has often been associated with specific produce positioning and marketing. South African grass-fed beef is significantly higher in healthy omega 3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid, irrespective of degree of fat trimming. From a human nutrition perspective, it should be kept in mind that the total amount of omega 3 fatty acids per edible portion of beef produced in either production system is low in comparison to human dietary recommendations.Keywords: Beef, fatty acids, grain-fed beef, grass-fed beef, physical composition

COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF HOLSTEIN, SHORTHORN × HOLSTEIN AND SHORTHORN CALVES FOR VEAL

During three consecutive seasons 129 bull calves, consisting of 45 Holstein, 45 Shorthorn × Holstein (Crossbred) and 39 Shorthorn, were pail fed whole milk, plus a limited quantify of meal ration after the first 3 weeks until marketed at approximately 95 kg liveweight. Holsteins reached market weight at an average of 57 days, a shorter period than for either Crossbreds or Shorthorns. This was due to a combination of Holsteins’ higher initial weight and average daily gain.Carcass grade favored Shorthorns over Holsteins, with Crossbreds intermediate. There was little difference in dressing percentage among breeds. Shorthorns produced more boned loin, rib, shoulder round, sirloin, and fat trim and had a larger eye of lean area than Holsteins but less cutlets, leg bottom, rump and bones. Results from the higher grade of carcasses produced by Shorthorns must be weighed against Holsteins’ greater daily gain, shorter time on feed and less total milk required to reach market. In nearly all aspects, Crossbreds were intermediate.

Carcass quality of white veal from friesian bull calves

Abstract The carcass composition of 38 Friesian bull calves fed exclusively on reconstituted spray-dried whole-milk powder supplemented with iron, copper, and magnesium, and averaging 90 kg in hot carcass weight, was studied. The calves came from five nutritional treatments. There were no differences between treatments in carcass weight or composition. The carcasses averaged 61.3% salable meat, 26.4% bone, 11.6% fat trim and waste, and 0.7% kidneys.

Relationship of Physically Separable Muscle, Fat and Bone from the Left Side of Steer Carcasses to Yields of Retail Cuts, Fat Trim and Bone of the Right Side

Relationship of Physically Separable Muscle, Fat and Bone from the Left Side of Steer Carcasses to Yields of Retail Cuts, Fat Trim and Bone of the Right Side

Broiling, Sex and Interrelationships with Carcass and Growth Characteristics and their Effect on the Neutral and Phospholipid Fatty Acids of the Bovine Longissimus Dorsi

SUMMARYBroiling had a greater effect on phospholipid fraction fatty acids than on neutral fraction fatty acids. The percentages of C18:3 (neutral fraction) and Cl4 and Cl5 (phospholipid fraction) were significantly smaller (5% level) in the broiled steaks. However, the percentage of C8 (phospholipid fraction) was larger in the broiled than in the raw steaks (5% level). Sex differences, restricted to the neutral fraction acids, were greater than the effect of broiling. Steers had a larger percentage of Cl6 and Cl8 and a smaller percentage of C18:l than heifers (5% level). Neutral fraction acids (C18, C18:l and C18:2) were significantly correlated with lipid prosphorus, cholesterol, % fat trim (retail), estimated % carcass fat and estimated % carcass lean. Phospholipid fraction acids (C16, C18, Cl83 and C20:4) were associated with average daily gain and days of animal age (5% level). Low, nonsignificant correlations were found among individual fatty acids from the neutral and phospholipid fractions of bovine longissimus dorsi muscle with tenderness and juiciness scores.

Effects of Limited Feeding on Market Hogs: Performance and Quantitative and Qualitative Carcass Characteristics

During the winter of 1963–64, 136 pigs were randomly allotted to two replications consisting of eight levels of feeding (full feed, 2.27 kg. once per day, 2.04 kg. once per day, 1.81 kg. once per day, 1.13 kg. twice per day, 1.02 kg. twice per day, 0.91 kg. twice per day, and 1.81 kg. once per day until reaching 72 kg. bodyweight, then full feed) to study their effects on the performance and quantitative and qualitative carcass characteristics of market hogs. At 90 kg. bodyweight, the pigs were slaughtered and information obtained, with data being analyzed by the analysis of variance. Swine fed a limited amount of feed, once per day, were less efficient in utilizing the feed than pigs fed twice per day. Restricting the feed intake of swine decreased average daily gain and dressing percent; tended to decrease backfat thickness and to increase loin eye area; but had no effect on U.S.D.A. grade, ham fat thickness, specific gravity, ham-loin index on a liveweight basis, or ham-loin index on a carcass weight basis. Limiting the feed of pigs significantly decreased the percent fat trim on both the live and carcass weight basis, but did not significantly affect percent lean cuts or percent primal cuts on either basis. Restricted feeding also tended to increase occurrence of pale, soft, exudative pork and percent cooking loss of loin roasts, but did not affect the marbling, percent moisture, percent ether extract, and pH of the l. dorsior the shear force and palatability values of cooked roasts.