Fat-soluble Vitamin Levels Research Articles

Prediction values of fat-soluble vitamin of growth retardation in children aged 1-6 years.

Retardation among children is a persistent global health concern. Vitamin deficiency in childhood may contribute to growth retardation; however, its causal effects are not fully understood. Here, we aimed to explore the prediction values of fat-soluble vitamin levels on GR in children aged 1-6 years. 614 children aged from 1 to 6 years at Nantong Maternal and Child Care Health Hospital between January 2021 and December 2022 in this retrospective observational study participated in the assessment of developmental status and blood detection of vitamin from peripheral blood (PB). The relationship between vitamin levels and GR was analyzed by Multivariable logistic regression analysis. Developmental assessment results showed that 132 cases from 614 with growth retardation (21.50%). Statistical analysis showed children with GR were more likely to be males (59.45% vs. 40.55%, p = 0.191). The age of children with GR was significantly higher than those without GR (p < 0.01). Importantly, the levels of various fat-soluble vitamins in GR individuals were significantly lower than those in normal individuals. ROC analysis showed that vitamin E, vitamin A and 25(OH) D3 were less effective in predicting GR model (AUC: 0.87, 0.74, and 0.65,). However, the combination of vitamin E, vitamin A and 25(OH)D3 with age was effective in predicting GR. (AUC: 0.84, 0.77, 0.75). The combination of 25(OH)D3, Vitamin E, Vitamin A with age may have good predictive performance for children GR aged 1-6 years.

Pancreatic-enzyme replacement therapy with pancrelipase plus chemotherapy for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma with cachexia and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (PANCAX-3).

e24059 Background: Pancreatic-enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) is the standard of care to prevent maldigestion, malnutrition, and excessive weight loss in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). The utility of this therapy for patients with EPI in the setting of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is unclear. We report results of a single site phase 2 trial for PERT with Pancreaze® plus standard of care (SOC) chemotherapy in PDAC patients with cachexia and EPI. The primary outcome measure was to assess feasibility of completing PERT during the first 8 weeks of treatment. Secondary outcome measures included weight stability, mean change in stool frequency, stool consistency from Cycle 1 (C1) to Cycle 3 (C3) (after 8 weeks of PERT), mean change in serum levels of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) from baseline to end of study, functional activity, and safety. Methods: Feasibility was defined as adherence to therapy of ≥50% of the needed total lipase units in the first 8 weeks of treatment (84,000 IU lipase units per meal, 42,000 IU lipase units per snack). Data are presented as frequencies (%) for categorical variables and means ± standard deviation for continuous variables. Weight stability, stool frequency, fat soluble vitamin levels, walk speed, and hand grip strength compared using two-sample paired t-tests. Stool consistency (Bristol stool type) compared using Fisher’s exact test. Results: Of 36 patients enrolled, 30 were evaluable for primary endpoint. Median age was 70. 73.3% (22/30) were female. 33.3% (10/30) were borderline resectable, 33.3% (10/30) locally advanced, and 33.3% (10/30) advanced/metastatic. 30 patients completed 8 weeks of PERT and 96.7% (29/30) were compliant. Efficacy results include PR (6.7%, 2/30), SD (66.7%, 20/30) and PD (23.3%, 7/30). Imaging not available for 1 patient. 6 patients experienced grade 1/2 GI toxicities (nausea, bloating, diarrhea, abdominal pain) deemed possibly/probably related to PERT. Grade 3/4 AEs included fatigue, infection, and hematologic toxicities deemed unrelated to PERT. Among evaluable patients, weight remained stable (-0.01±0.07 kg/BMI, p = 0.511) and there was a trend toward reduced stool frequency (p = 0.052) from C1 to C3. Stool consistency from C1 to C3 showed significant association (p = 0.035). Serum fat soluble vitamins, functional activity by walk speed and hand grip strength were also explored and no statistically significant differences were observed from C1 to C3 among the evaluable patients. Conclusions: PERT plus SOC chemotherapy for PDAC patients with cachexia and EPI is feasible and well-tolerated. Patients taking PERT experienced weight stability. PERT may aid in reducing stool frequency and further analysis is warranted into how PERT affects stool consistency. Clinical trial information: NCT04098237 .

P364 Trends in fat soluble vitamin levels in children with cystic fibrosis on Kaftrio

P364 Trends in fat soluble vitamin levels in children with cystic fibrosis on Kaftrio

P369 A rapid review on the impact of CFTR modulators on fat-soluble vitamin levels in people with cystic fibrosis

P369 A rapid review on the impact of CFTR modulators on fat-soluble vitamin levels in people with cystic fibrosis

WS12.03 Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) therapy increases fat-soluble vitamin levels in children with cystic fibrosis

WS12.03 Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) therapy increases fat-soluble vitamin levels in children with cystic fibrosis

Changes in vitamins and trace elements after initiation of highly effective CFTR modulator therapy in children and adults with cystic fibrosis – a real-life insight

BackgroundHighly-effective CFTR-modulator therapy with elexa-/teza-/ivacaftor (ETI) has led to improvements in pulmonary outcomes, sweat chloride, body mass index (BMI) and quality of life in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Improved uptake of fat-soluble vitamins and micronutrients has been reported for CFTR-modulators but data regarding ETI therapy is lacking.MethodsThis single-center retrospective study evaluated forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV-1), sweat chloride, BMI, transaminases (AST, ALT), bilirubin, vitamins A, D, E, zinc and selenium in children and adults eligible for ETI. Parameters were assessed before and up to one year after initiation of ETI.Results58 patients (median age m = 28 years, SD ± 11.6 years, 51.7% female14 < 18 years old) were included. FEV-1 and sweat chloride improved significantly after ETI. There were no changes in BMI or AST. ALT was increased significantly after 4 weeks of ETI but returned to normal levels in further course. Bilirubin levels remained elevated after ETI. Vitamin A was significantly higher 12 months after ETI. No changes were found for vitamins D, E, zinc and selenium.ConclusionsThis study adds to the evidence that improvements of some fat-soluble vitamin levels can be found after ETI. No changes regarding micronutrients were noted. Individualized follow-up and supplementation are recommended.

Correction of plasma fat-soluble vitamin levels by blood lipids in elderly patients with coronary heart disease

This study aims to investigate the correlation between plasma fat-soluble vitamin levels and blood lipid in elderly patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). A total of 120 participants were enrolled, including 60 CHD patients and 60 controls without CHD. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to quantify plasma levels of vitamins A, D3, E, and K. Data analysis was conducted using the statistical analysis system module of MetaboAnalyst 5.0. The CHD group showed significantly higher levels of plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) but not high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) compared to controls. The CHD group exhibited significantly higher plasma levels of VA and VE, positively correlating with TC, TG, and LDL-C. After adjusted by TG levels, the CHD group had significantly lower plasma levels of VA and VE, negatively correlating with TC, TG, and LDL-C. The CHD group also had significantly lower concentrations of VD3, independent of TG modification, compared to controls. VD3 negatively correlated with TC, TG, and LDL-C. Elderly individuals with CHD display abnormal blood lipid metabolism, and fat-soluble vitamins adjusted by TG levels can more accurately and timely response to implicit fat-soluble vitamins deficiency in CHD patients.

Fat-soluble Vitamins and Lung Cancer: Where We Are?

Fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K) are vital substances for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body. In recent years, scholars have explored the relationship between fat-soluble vitamins and the wasting disease - lung cancer. In this paper, we review recent studies on fat-soluble vitamins and lung cancer to clarify the relevance and molecular mechanisms of various vitamins in lung cancer, and whether the levels of fat-soluble vitamins in the body and vitamin supplementation affect the development of lung cancer. Our review could facilitate the discovery of biomarkers, potential therapeutic targets in lung cancer, and anti-tumor adjuvant drugs, in addition to highlighting other new ideas in the prevention and treatment of lung cancer.

Lipidomic Analysis of Microfat and Nanofat Reveals Different Lipid Mediator Compositions.

Microfat and nanofat are commonly used in various surgical procedures, from skin rejuvenation to scar correction, to contribute to tissue regeneration. Microfat contains mainly adipocytes and is well suited for tissue augmentation, and nanofat is rich in lipids, adipose-derived stem cells, microvascular fragments, and growth factors, making it attractive for aesthetic use. The authors have previously demonstrated that the mechanical processing of microfat into nanofat significantly changes its proteomic profile. Considering that mechanical fractionation leads to adipocyte disruption and lipid release, they aimed to analyze their lipidomic profiles for their regenerative properties. Microfat and nanofat samples were isolated from 14 healthy patients. Lipidomic profiling was performed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The resulting data were compared against the Human Metabolome and LIPID MAPS Structure Database. MetaboAnalyst was used to analyze metabolic pathways and lipids of interest. From 2388 mass-to-charge ratio features, metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of microfat and nanofat samples revealed 109 pathways that were significantly enriched. Microfat samples revealed higher-intensity levels of sphingosines, different eicosanoids, and fat-soluble vitamins. Increased levels of coumaric acids and prostacyclin were found in nanofat. This is the first study to analyze the lipidomic profiles of microfat and nanofat, providing evidence that mechanical emulsification of microfat into nanofat leads to changes in their lipid profiles. From 109 biological pathways, antiinflammatory, antifibrotic, and antimelanogenic lipid mediators were particularly enriched in nanofat samples when compared with microfat. Although further studies are necessary for a deeper understanding of the composition of these specific lipid mediators in nanofat samples, the authors propose that they might contribute to its regenerative effects on tissue. Profiling the unique lipid mediators in nanofat and microfat enhances our understanding of their different therapeutic effects and allows us to link these specific mediators to antiinflammatory, pro-regenerative, or healing properties. Ultimately, this insight can advance personalized therapeutic strategies, where a specific type of fat is selected based on its optimal therapeutic effect.

Evaluation of the efficiency of nanomicellar formulation of fat-soluble vitamins in patients with cystic fibrosis: the study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundCystic fibrosis is an inherited disease, which is caused by the CFTR protein defects due to mutations in the CFTR gene. Along with CFTR dysfunction, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency plays a key role in persistent fat malabsorption in CF patients; therefore, deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) is still a therapeutic challenge. Even with efficient pancreatic enzyme medication and CF-specific vitamins, many patients with CF have fat-soluble vitamins deficiency. The present study aims to evaluate the efficiency of nanomicelle formulation of fat-soluble vitamins in children with CF in order to achieve the appropriate serum levels of these vitamins.MethodsThis prospective, single-blind control trial will be conducted at the Akbar Children’s Hospital in Mashhad, Iran. Patients with CF will be enrolled based on the eligibility criteria. The control group will receive the standard formulation of fat-soluble vitamins similar to the routine CF treatment, and for the intervention group, the nanomicelle formulation of fat-soluble vitamins will be administered for 3 months. The primary outcome of this study is the measurement of serum levels of fat-soluble vitamins. The secondary outcomes are clinical assessment by the Shwachman-Kulczycki score, anthropometrics, and quality of life. Outcomes will be assessed before and after 3 months.DiscussionDue to persistent fat-soluble vitamin deficiency in CF disease, the nanomicelle formulation could be proposed as a new delivery method of fat-soluble vitamins in the treatment of cystic fibrosis.Trial registrationIranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20220415054541N1. Registered on July 23, 2022.

Impact of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor on lipid and fat-soluble vitamin levels and association with body mass index.

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators improve gastrointestinal absorption of nutrients and may result in changes in body mass index (BMI), serum lipids, and fat-soluble vitamin levels. We hypothesized that serum lipids and vitamin levels would increase with CFTR modulator therapy and that greater increase in lipids and vitamin levels would be related to greater increase in BMI. A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the impact of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) on nutritional parameters, serum lipids, and fat-soluble vitamin levels. Pre-ETI values (<2 years prior) and post-ETI values (>1 month after) were compared. Linear regression was used to evaluate whether change in BMI is associated with the change in lipid and/or vitamin levels and whether modulator duration is associated with the degree of rise in lipid and/or vitamin levels. Adults and adolescents with CF (n = 137) were evaluated before and 31-300 days after starting ETI. Median BMI (adults 21.9 vs. 23.5 kg/m2 ; adolescents 48 vs. 63 percentile) increased after initiation of ETI. Total cholesterol (126 vs. 154 mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (63 vs. 78 mg/dL), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (84 vs. 102 mg/dL), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (43 vs. 49 mg/dL) increased after ETI, while triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein did not change. Median values for vitamin D (34.5 vs. 38.0 ng/mL) and vitamin A (40.1 vs. 47.9 µg/dL) increased, while vitamin E did not change significantly. There was no significant correlation between BMI change or duration of modulator therapy with vitamin levels or lipid changes. After initiation of ETI therapy, serum lipids increased in our population, but most values remained within the normal range. Vitamins A and D levels increased post-ETI and no changes were noted in vitamin E. No significant correlation between the degree of BMI change and the magnitude of increase in lipids or vitamin levels was found.

Correlation between fat-soluble vitamin levels and inflammatory factors in paediatric community-acquired pneumonia: A prospective study.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common respiratory disease in children. This prospective cohort study of 110 children with CAP and 100 healthy children investigated the relationship between the levels of vitamin A, D and E and inflammatory markers, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF-a), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), neutrophils (NE) and C-reactive protein (CRP), in CAP. The haemoglobin, leukocyte concentration, NE, monocytes and CRP concentration in the CAP group showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The levels of vitamin A, D and E in the CAP group were lower than those in the control group, while the levels of TNF-a and IL-1 were higher than in the control group; the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The IL-10 levels showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). Pearson analysis revealed that the vitamin A, D and E levels were all correlated with the TNF-a, IL-10 and CRP levels (P < 0.05). The vitamin A, D and E levels of the CAP children were lower than those of the healthy children. Thus, the content of fat-soluble vitamins is correlated with the secretion of TNF-a and IL-10. The research provides a new direction for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of CAP.

Development of a functional cake with probiotics and micro-encapsulated essential oils: Evaluation of nutritional properties, liver protection, and immune boosting

This study used probiotics and micro-encapsulated clove and cinnamon oils to develop a functional cream-stuffed cake based on sweet potatoes flour and rice flour instead of wheat flour. The cake was evaluated for its physical, chemical, and sensory properties and its antioxidant capacity. The protective effect of the cake against liver injury and immunosuppression induced by thioacetamide injection in male rats was also evaluated. The study found that eugenol and cinnamaldehyde were the majority of volatile compounds in the essential oils used in the cake, with values of 78.73 % and 81.57 %, respectively, as determined by GC-MS analysis. The viable counts of added probiotics in the cake ranged from 13.15 to 11.21 log CFU/g and were still above the threshold for health benefits. The cake had an increased dietary fiber and protein content while containing a low-fat percentage compared to a commercial cake sample. The innovative cake also contained higher levels of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins and minerals such as iron, calcium, potassium, and zinc. The antioxidant capacity of the cake was evaluated, and it was found to contain 1827.23 mg GAE/100 g of total phenols and 97.13 mg QE/100 g of flavonoids. The cake was also found to have antioxidant activity and was effective in protecting the liver from oxidative stress and inflammation and reducing immunodeficiency associated with liver damage.

A-340 CFTR Modulator Therapy Increases Serum/Plasma Concentrations of Vitamin a in People with Cystic Fibrosis

Abstract Introduction Pancreatic insufficiency (PI) is common in people with Cystic Fibrosis (PwCF), contributing to malabsorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins. Thus, PI PwCF are prescribed pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) and supplementation with fat-soluble vitamins. The circulating vitamin levels are monitored to guide dietary therapy. Currently, there are multiple cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapies available that have shown significant improvements in pulmonary function, anthropometric parameters, and life expectancy in PwCF, but the effects on serum/plasma fat-soluble vitamin levels remain unknown. The goal of this study was to determine how modulator therapy affects serum/plasma vitamin A and E levels in individuals with CF. Methods The analysis included 1139 serum/plasma samples from 157 children and adolescents with CF: 74 males, 83 females, between the ages of 2–17 years. Most individuals were homozygous or compound heterozygous for the F508del variant (n = 81 and n = 72, respectively). 141 individuals (90%) were diagnosed with PI (fecal elastase &amp;lt;200 μg/g stool). 76 individuals (48%) received different CFTR modulator therapies for at least 1 month. Vitamin A (retinol and retinyl palmitate) and Vitamin E (α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol) were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography assay. Data analyses were performed in Prism software (La Jolla, CA), and statistical significance was defined as P &amp;lt; 0.05. The study was approved by the IRB. Results Overall, vitamin deficiency was rarely observed in PwCF prescribed PERT and vitamin supplements; &amp;lt;3% of them had low concentrations of Vitamin A and/or E. The proportion of individuals with Vitamin A and/or E above the reference range was larger; 10.9% and 30.8% for Vitamin A and E, respectively, most likely reflecting supplementation. There was no correlation of plasma vitamin A or E results with sex, weight-for-age, height-for-age, or BMI-for-age. However, pancreatic status affected vitamin levels in individuals not taking modulators: samples from PI PwCF (n = 367) had significantly lower Vitamin A and E than those from PS PwCF (n = 71). In contrast, we have observed higher concentrations of Vitamin A retinol in individuals on modulators: 0.49 ± 0.13 mg/L on modulators vs 0.43 ± 0.12 mg/L without modulators. Pairwise analysis of samples from 76 individuals before and after modulator therapy confirmed this finding, showing an average 16% increase in serum/plasma retinol concentration (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). No changes in retinol were observed between different measurements in PwCF who were not taking modulators (n = 82). Vitamin E levels were not impacted by modulator therapy. Conclusions Advances in clinical care improved fat-soluble vitamin status in people with CF. However, even when supplemented and on PERT, PI PwCF not on modulators tend to have lower fat-soluble vitamin concentrations than PS PwCF. CFTR modulator therapy increases serum/plasma concentrations of vitamin A. Thus, individuals receiving modulators and vitamin supplementation should be monitored to avoid Vitamin A toxicity. This is especially true for PS PwCF who already have higher baseline vitamin levels.

TheRelationship Between Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Premature Ovarian Failure: A Systematic Review

Background: Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a major concern in women's health. It is hypothesized that a deficiency in fat-soluble vitamins might result in POI; however, this relationship has not been extensively evaluated. Objectives: This systematic review was designed to elucidate the relationship between fat-soluble vitamin serum levels and POI. Methods: This systematic review was conducted on international databases, including Scopus, National Library of Medicine (PubMed), and Web of Science (ISI) databases, along with Google Scholar, until June 2022. This review was conducted on case reports, case series, cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies (observational studies) published in English and Persian in peer-reviewed journals that assessed the association between serum levels of fat-soluble vitamins and POI. Results: Of the 10,029 retrieved articles, 5 (N = 3,443 subjects) were included in the review. The results of the reviewed articles were inconsistent in terms of the relationship between serum vitamin D and A levels and POI; however, vitamin D binding protein and vitamin A/total cholesterol ratio might be related to POI. Serum vitamin E was associated with POI based on the findings of one study. Discussion: This review showed that the serum levels of fat-soluble vitamins might predict POI. However, there was an insufficient number of studies to document the findings. If approved in further studies, these vitamins and their binding proteins can be evaluated in high-risk POI patients.

The impact of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor on fat-soluble vitamin levels in people with cystic fibrosis

BackgroundWhile elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) has improved the pulmonary health of many people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF), less is known about ETI effectiveness for extra-pulmonary manifestations, including fat-soluble vitamin malabsorption. This study aims to evaluate ETI's impact on vitamin A, D, E, and international normalized ratio (INR, an indirect marker for Vitamin K) serum levels. MethodsRetrospective cohort study of PwCF ≥12 years receiving ETI. Vitamin levels up to four years preceding and up to two years following ETI initiation were collected. Pairwise comparisons of vitamin levels pre/post-ETI initiation were made using Wilcoxon signed rank and McNemar's tests. Linear mixed effect models were used to regress vitamin levels on time since starting ETI, ETI use (yes/no), the interaction between time and ETI use, and age. ResultsTwo hundred and sixty-four participants met study inclusion, and 169 (64%) had post-ETI initiation vitamin levels. Median vitamin A levels increased from 422.0 to 471.0 mcg/L (p < 0.001), median vitamin D levels increased from 28.5 to 30.8 ng/mL (p = 0.003), and there were no significant changes in median vitamin E or INR. Vitamin A levels rose at a rate of 40.7 mcg/L/year (CI 11.3, 70.2) after ETI start. ConclusionsETI initiation is associated with increased median vitamin A and vitamin D levels, but no change in median vitamin E or INR levels. Ongoing monitoring of vitamin levels after ETI initiation is needed to screen for potential deficiencies and toxicities, particularly in light of case reports of hypervitaminosis A following ETI initiation.

Serum fat-soluble vitamin levels may be related to sudden sensorineural hearing loss

Background Few related studies reported yet the association between vitamins and the onset of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). Objective To explore the relationship between the serum levels of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E and the risk of SSNHL. Methods This retrospective analysis included 310 SSNHL patients and 154 people without risk of hearing loss. The demographic information of all participants like age, gender, body mass index, occupation, cigarette smoking or drinking status, etc. were recorded. The serum levels of vitamins A, D, and E were determined using the electrochemical method. Results The results indicated that serum vitamin D levels in SSNHL patients were significantly lower. Vitamin D deficiency was only observed in SSNHL group. Similarly, serum vitamin A levels in female SSNHL patients were significantly lower than the control group. Meanwhile, serum vitamin E levels in male SSNHL patients were significantly lower than the control group. Conclusion and significance Our results revealed that the serum levels of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E in SSNHL patients were lower than those in the control group with normal hearing, indicating that the decrease of serum fat-soluble vitamins may be related to SSNHL pathogenesis.

WS12.03 Impact of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor on fat-soluble vitamin levels in children with cystic fibrosis

Objectives: People with cystic fibrosis (CF) are at risk of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency due to pancreatic insufficiency. Routine supplementation and monitoring of fat-soluble vitamin levels are undertaken. Studies show ivacaftor improves pancreatic function, and it is expected that elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) has similar effects. This study aimed to assess changes in fat-soluble vitamin levels in children starting ETI therapy.

Impact of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor on fat-soluble vitamin levels in children with cystic fibrosis

BackgroundChildren with cystic fibrosis are at risk of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. CFTR modulators positively effect nutritional status. This study aimed to assess changes in serum vitamins A, D & E after starting ETI therapy to ensure levels were not abnormally high. Methods. Retrospective review of annual assessment data over 3½ years, before and after starting ETI in a specialist paediatric CF centre, including vitamin levels. Results: 54 eligible patients were included, aged 5–15 yrs (median age 11.5). Median time to post measurements was 171 days. Median vitamin A was increased (1.38 to 1.63 µmol/L, p<0.001). Three patients (6%) had high vitamin A post-ETI, compared with none at baseline; and 2 (4%) had low levels compared to 4 (8%) at baseline. No changes in vitamins D&E. Conclusions: This study found increased vitamin A, sometimes to high levels. We recommend testing levels within 3 months of starting ETI.

Effect of increasing levels of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins on improving performance and plasma vitamin concentration in modern hybrids pig’s growth and finishing phase

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the supplementation of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins on the performance and plasma concentrations of vitamins in modern hybrids pigs. A total of 144 commercial hybrid castrated male, 43.531 ± 1.099kg, were used in a randomized block design with six treatments, eight replicates and three animals per pen. The experimental treatments were different vitamin supplementation levels - 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125% of the recommended by Rostagno et al. (2011) for male pigs in growth I (40 to 50kg), growth II (50 to 70kg), and finishing I (70 to 90kg) phases. For growth phases I and II, a linear effect (P&lt;0.05) due to increase in vitamin supplementation was observed on performance. For finishing phase I and total phase, a linear effect (P&lt;0.05) was observed with increased final average weight (FAW) and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR). For average daily weight gain (ADWG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) a quadratic effect was observed (P&lt;0.05). A linear (P&lt;0.05) increase in plasmatic α-tocopherol and B12 was observed with the 125%. Thus, it is concluded that the 125% vitamin supplementation improved performance of modern hybrids pigs (40 to 90kg).