Fat-soluble Carotenoids Research Articles

Carotenoid production from nondetoxified xylose mother liquid or corncob hydrolysate with engineered Kluyveromyces marxianus

Carotenoids are widely utilized in the food, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Here, Kluyveromyces marxianus was engineered to overproduce carotenoids from corncob hydrolysate or xylose mother liquid (XML, a byproduct of commercial xylose purification). First, the toxicity of fat-soluble carotenoids to cells was reduced by employing xylose inducible promoters using with a two-temperature strategy to separate cell growth and product accumulation. Then, through further engineering and optimization of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, 1506.7 mg/L lycopene, 988.5 mg/L β-carotene or 142.9 mg/L astaxanthin were produced with glucose and xylose by K. marxianus. Finally, 397.7 mg/L and 279.7 mg/L lycopene, 297.3 mg/L and 108.8 mg/L β-carotene, and 86.4 mg/L and 56.8 mg/L astaxanthin were produced with nonsterilized andnondetoxified XML or corncob hydrolysate after nitrogen source optimization. To our knowledge, the produced amounts of lycopene, β-carotene and astaxanthin from lignocellulose biomass by yeast in this study were higher than those in previous reports.

Nanotechnology-Abetted Astaxanthin Formulations in Multimodel Therapeutic and Biomedical Applications.

Astaxanthin (AXT) is one of the most important fat-soluble carotenoids that have abundant and diverse therapeutic applications namely in liver disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer treatment, protection of the nervous system, protection of the skin and eyes against UV radiation, and boosting the immune system. However, due to its intrinsic reactivity, it is chemically unstable, and therefore, the design and production processes for this compound need to be precisely formulated. Nanoencapsulation is widely applied to protect AXT against degradation during digestion and storage, thus improving its physicochemical properties and therapeutic effects. Nanocarriers are delivery systems with many advantages—ease of surface modification, biocompatibility, and targeted drug delivery and release. This review discusses the technological advancement in nanocarriers for the delivery of AXT through the brain, eyes, and skin, with emphasis on the benefits, limitations, and efficiency in practice.

Analysis of Distribution of Selected Bioactive Compounds in Camelina sativa from Seeds to Pomace and Oil

Camelina sativa is an oilseed plant that produces seed oil rich in vitamins, UFA (unsaturated fatty acids), phytosterols, and polyphenols. Most, but not all, bioactive compounds are soluble in oil. So far, studies have been based analyzing the profile of bioactive compounds only in oil. As part of this work, it was decided to examine the seeds, oil, and pomace of four genotypes of Camelina sativa (three spring genotypes and one winter cultivar). The transmission of bioactive compounds to oil and pomace was compared to their content in seeds. The quantitative profile of selected bioactive compounds was analyzed: eight flavonoid aglycons, 11 phenolic acids, three carotenoids, and 19 fatty acids. As a result of pressing more than 80% of flavonoids entered oil, whereas 20% remained in the pomace. When the content of phenolic acids in seeds and in oil was compared, it turned out that on average 50% of these compounds entered oil. Among all the phenolic acids under analysis the highest contents of chlorogenic, caffeic, and sinapic acids were found both in camelina seeds and oil. Similarly to the other bioactive compounds, more than 70% of fat-soluble carotenoids were extracted from camelina seeds with oil. Most of the genotypes had the fatty acid composition and the ω-6/ω-3 ratio characteristic of camelina oil. Camelina oil is characterized by properties that enable its extensive use in the food industry.

Effect of organic and integrated farming on carotenoid and tocopherol content of apricot fruits

In modern and healthy diets antioxidants play an important role providing natural defence against serious diseases. Therefore it is recommended to include fruits and vegetables having high antioxidant capacity in daily diet in a due course. Apricot is one of the fruits receiving an increasing attention in this field. This study was conducted to investigate the composition and content of fat-soluble carotenoids and tocopherols in different varieties of apricot using recently developed liquid chromatographic methods. Also it was aimed to compare organic and integrated farming in their effect on carotenoid and tocopherol content of the fruits. The results showed that apricot fruit are rich in vital carotenoids and bioactive tocopherols with significant variation between different varieties. The organic farming had favourable effect on the level of the major carotenoids and depending on variety this technology either increases or does not have significant influence on vitamin E content.

PAPAYA CAROTENOIDS FOR COMBATING VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY AND AGE RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATIVE DISEASES

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the two health problems related to vitamin A. Many studies were conducted on papaya with respect to nutritional composition, vitamin A precursors, xanthophylls profile, glycemic response, fruit maturity and processing effects on nutritional composition. Present study revealed that papaya contains 0.6/100 g protein and 0.1/100 g fat hence the available energy is around 32 kcal for 100 g ripe papaya. Papaya variety Honey Dew contains good amounts of vitamin C (64 mg/100 g). There are wide variations in carotenes and xanthophylls profile. Some varieties contain lycopene, a powerful singlet oxygen quencher in addition to β-cryptoxanthin (1040 μg/100 g), a xanthophyll attributed in correcting ulcers in the stomach. Papaya is one fruit which not only contains zeaxanthin but also lutein. Papaya contains moderate glycemic index value for longer lasting energy. Fruit maturity studies indicate that total carotenoids content was almost doubled (22 mg/100 g) while β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin levels increased about three fold during ripening when compared to the values in light yellow ripe fruit. During storage for 24 h (senescence), it was observed that the total carotenoids content was not altered significantly (p<0.001). After 72 h, further decrease was observed in these two carotenoids as well as total carotenoids content of the fruit. Vitamin A activity decreased as the storage time was extended from 24 to 72 h. Papaya fruit pieces stored in refrigerator retained higher percentage of carotenoids than papaya fruit juice. Papaya pulp dried in solar cabinet drier retained carotenoids better than sun drying. A soft texture of fruit and its rich quantities of water soluble vitamins and fat soluble carotenoids with dietary fiber and moderate glycemic index value makes papaya an ideal fruit for pediatric population for VAD and geriatric population for AMD.

Long-term plant stanol and sterol ester-enriched functional food consumption, serum lutein/zeaxanthin concentration and macular pigment optical density

Observational epidemiological studies have shown that low carotenoid intake and/or low carotenoid blood levels increase the risk of degenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration. Functional foods enriched with plant sterol or stanol esters may lower serum concentrations of fat-soluble carotenoids. Theoretically, as a result the macular pigment optical density (MPOD), a marker for eye health, may change. We carried out a double-blind placebo-controlled human intervention trial with a duration of 18 months to evaluate the possible effects of plant stanol and sterol esters on serum lutein/zeaxanthin concentration in relation to the MPOD. Forty-seven subjects were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups: margarine without added plant sterols or stanols, plant sterol-enriched margarine, or plant stanol-enriched margarine. Serum cholesterol and lutein/zeaxanthine concentrations and the MPOD were evaluated at baseline and at study end. Changes in lipid-adjusted serum lutein/zeaxanthine concentrations between baseline and study end differed significantly between the three groups (P = 0.001). We found no differences in the MPOD between the three treatment groups, despite the differences in both absolute and cholesterol-standardized serum lutein/zeaxanthine concentrations. This shows that the observed reduction in serum carotenoid concentrations during 18 months consumption of these functional foods does not affect MPOD.

677 Fruit Quality and Non-volatile Constituents in Small Fruits

Small fruit share several general characteristics. A significant source of starch is missing in strawberry, blueberry, cranberry, raspberry, blackberry, and grapes; thus, sugars accumulated at time of harvest represent the maximum amount of sweetness available. Total non-volatile acids decrease or stay the same, depending on the fruit. Immature small fruit are astringent, due to the presence of a variety of phenolic compounds that are diluted, metabolized, or immobilized in mature fruit. Ripeness can be determined by obvious changes in color, coinciding with or prior to fruit softening. Berry color is governed by the loss of chlorophyll and the accumulation of water soluble flavanoids and anthocyanins, rather than through accumulation of fat-soluble carotenoids. Environmental changes, especially temperature and rainfall, affect sugars, acidity, and color while storage conditions are more likely to affect color and acidity.