Amount Of Fat Research Articles

Anthropometric measures and long-term mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection: debunking the obesity paradox

Abstract Background In patients with heart failure (HF), an "obesity-survival paradox" has been reported. Although body mass index (BMI) is the most commonly used anthropometric measure to assess adiposity, alternative indices such as the waist-to-height ratio may better reflect the location and amount of ectopic fat as well as the weight of the skeleton. Purpose To examine and compare the prognostic value of several alternative anthropometric measures with that of BMI in patients with non-ischemic HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) enrolled in the DANISH trial. Patients were eligible if they had non-ischemic HFEF, a left ventricular ejection fraction of <35%, New York Heart Association functional class II-III (IV if cardiac resynchronization therapy was planned), and elevated natriuretic peptides. The outcomes of interest were all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death. The association between anthropometric measures and all-cause death was examined with Cox regression models, adjusted for prognostic variables, including natriuretic peptides. Results Among 1,116 patients with non-ischemic HFrEF, there was no evidence for a BMI-related "obesity-survival paradox" during a median follow-up of 9.5 years (25th-75th percentile, 7.9-10.9 years). Indeed, compared to patients with a BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 (N=363), those with a BMI >35 kg/m2 (N=91) had a significantly higher risk of all-cause death (HR 1.78 [95% CI 1.28-2.48]). Greater waist-to-height ratio (as an exemplar of indices not incorporating weight) was also associated with a higher risk of all-cause death, with a HR of 2.11 (95% CI, 1.53-2.92) for the highest quintile (N=205) compared with the lowest quintile (N=196). In the minimally adjusted restricted cubic spline models, the association between adiposity and all-cause death was more apparent for waist-to-height ratio than for BMI. A similar pattern was seen for cardiovascular death (Figure). Conclusion In patients with HFrEF, there was no evidence for an "obesity-survival paradox". Indeed, there was a clear association between adiposity and higher long-term mortality, which appeared to be stronger for waist-to-height ratio than for BMI. There is a need to test the potential benefits of intentional weight loss in patients with HFrEF and obesity.

Evaluating the Potential of Marine Algae as Sustainable Ingredients in Poultry Feed

Algae are a complex source of crucial nutrients, including proteins, minerals, vitamins, and carbohydrates. The use of marine algae, specifically Sargassum species, Gracilaria species, and Spirulina species, as feed ingredients in poultry feed was examined in the current research. This study’s aims were to carry out lipid profiling, proximate analysis, and heavy metal toxicity testing, as well as to evaluate the presence of hazardous hydrocarbons in the algae and investigate the effect of the fatty acid profile of Sargassum species on broilers. The proximate analysis was conducted on the algae types containing considerable quantities of fats and proteins and a sizable quantity of omega-3 fatty acids. This research assessed the productive effectiveness of broilers with 2.5%, 6%, and 10% algal additions in their diet. Fatty acid profiling of Sargassum species was performed at 1% and 2% levels in the bursa, fat pads, heart, liver, spleen, thymus, thighs, and breast. The findings showed no significant differences in the development performance or feed utilization efficiency of broilers with 2.5%, 6%, and 10% algae supplementation in their diet. The results of fatty acid profiling showed changes in the heart, liver, and spleen at 1% and 2% supplementations levels. However, this research concludes that if algae partially replaces the imported feed proteins used in animal feed, then these can achieve maximum beneficial effects on poultry health and performance. Algae are sustainable, easy to produce, and cost-effective sources of nutrients and contain numerous bioactive compounds, which will contribute to sustainability and food safety.

Natural ways of vitamin D supplementation – detailed evaluation of Cantharellus cibarius

Introduction and purpose: In the past, fungi were considered a very low-value meal, however in modern literature, they are increasingly more frequently studied for their nutritional and medical properties. They are being currently reconsidered as an abundant source of nutrients that may be incorporated in diets of individuals of special medical needs, such as obese and diabetic patients. The purpose of this review is to evaluate one of the most common edible mushroom species, Cantharellus cibarius (girolle, golden chanterelle) for its health promoting properties with particular emphasis on its vitamin D content. It was of considerable importance for us to analyse the amount of vitamin D in the mentioned mushroom, as this micronutrient deficiency is fairly common in the human population. Material and method: The available literature was reviewed as provided by PubMed database and Google Scholar, with the use of keywords. State of knowledge: Golden chanterelle mushroom is a valuable source of proteins, mineral ingredients like potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and calcium, while containing low amounts of sodium and fat. The mushroom is especially valuable for its rich content of vitamin D, ranging up to 63 μg/100g fresh weight. Conclusions: This paper may help other scientists expand their research on golden chanterelle properties. Moreover, girolle, as naturally containing many pro-health metabolites, may serve as natural supplementation of microelements.

Eye-Opening Effect Achieved by Modified Transconjunctival Lower Blepharoplasty.

Enophthalmia (abnormally sunken eyeball in the socket) and ptotic upper lid as well as with lower lid symptoms are commonly observed in patients seeking periorbital rejuvenation. It is not only functionally disruptive, causing restricted eye opening, but also aesthetically displeasing, thus creating a demand for more sophisticated solutions. Conventional transconjunctival lower blepharoplasty (TCLB) has been performed mainly for lower lid symptoms with the removal and transposition of excess lower orbital fat compartment (LOFC). In this study, TCLB is modified by adding de-flaming and decompression maneuvers to the LOFC and its support structures to obtain better results in both the lower and upper lids. The results after the modified TCLB clearly demonstrate increased eye-opening ability and marked resolution of observable symptoms. The anatomical dynamics of the orbit involved in this procedure are detailed through scientific data. Modified TCLB was performed in patients with lower eyelid symptoms. Palpebral fissure height (PFH) (the distance between the upper and lower eyelids in vertical alignment with the center of the pupil) was measured before surgery and 12 months postoperatively using 3 dimensional photographs. This data was compared to validate the postoperative eye-opening effect. The weight of the excised fat from each LOFC was also measured and compared. Forty patients (36 females and 4 males) who underwent modified TCLB in 2022 were followed up 12 months postoperatively. Preoperative PFHs were 8.41±1.15 (6.1-10.7) mm for the right and 8.41±1.12 (5.5-10.4) mm for the left. Postoperative PFHs were 9.26±0.95 (6.4-11.1) mm for the right eyelid and 9.21±0.94 (6.2-11.1) mm for the left eyelid. The improvement in postoperative eye opening was statistically significant. The total excised LOFC was 0.43±0.24 (01.2) g for the right and 0.42±0.25 (0-1.5) g for the left. The largest amount of fat was excised bilaterally from the lateral LOFC, and the difference was statistically significant. The modified TCLB with de-framing and decompression of the LOFC was not only effective in improving symptoms present in the lower lid but also increased the eye-opening ability with marked aesthetic improvements in most patients.

Impact of bamboo shoot powders on the quality attributes of cassava-based crackers

Bamboo shoots are a nutritious food rich in protein and dietary fibre, low in carbohydrates and fats, and with good mineral and vitamin profiles. Bamboo shoots are projected to be a superfood, although at present they are considered a neglected food commodity that is restricted to a few Asian countries. The use of bamboo shoot powder (BSP) in food fortification represents a promising avenue for enhancing the nutritional value of foods. This study evaluated the differences in nutrient composition and functional properties of two BSP species (Gigantochloa levis and Bambusa vulgaris), and their effects on the proximate analysis, physicochemical properties and sensory attributes of cassava crackers. G. levis BSP had greater amounts of moisture, protein, fat, ash, and total dietary fibre than B. vulgaris BSP. Both types of BSP had good WHC and swelling power which suggest that they could easily be incorporated into food systems. B. vulgaris BSP had better WHC and swelling power than G. levis BSP. The cassava crackers were formulated as C control (0 % BSP), B5 (5 % B. vulgaris), B10 (10 % B. vulgaris), G5 (5 % G. levis), and G10 (10 % G. levis). Adding BSP significantly increased (p<0.05) the moisture, protein, ash, crude fibre and total dietary fibre of the crackers. G. levis BSP had a stronger influence on the colour (p<0.05) of cassava crackers. The overall liking score of cassava crackers containing 5 % G. levis BSP was the highest (p<0.05). In conclusion, BSP enhanced the nutritional properties while improving the sensory characteristics of cassava crackers. BSP is potentially useful as a functional ingredient in cassava crackers and snack products.

Uncovering underlying cause for heart failure in a 51-year-old woman with fibromuscular dysplasia

Abstract Introduction/Objective Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is a rare disorder characterized by the replacement of the myocardium with fibroadipose tissue, usually affecting the right ventricle and rarely affecting the left. Methods/Case Report We present the case of a 51-year-old woman with past medical history including fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid arteries and suspected ischemic cardiomyopathy with reduced ejection fraction awaiting heart transplant. The patient suffered a spontaneous coronary artery dissection eight years prior, which was the inciting factor that led to the decline in her cardiac function. After transplant, gross examination of the explanted heart showed a moderate amount of epicardial fat and visible intramural ventricular adipose tissue deposits in the myocardium. On histology, both the right and left ventricle walls showed extensive microscopic fatty infiltration along with focal involvement of the interventricular septum. These findings supported the final diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy of the right and left ventricle, as well as involvement of the interventricular septum making this case especially rare. There were no signs of infarct or ischemic damage, contrary to what was expected given her diagnosis of ischemic cardiomyopathy. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA Conclusion The pathological work-up of this case shed light on the true nature of the patient’s cardiomyopathy and has prompted further genetic testing, as arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy can be caused by several different genetic mutations. In addition to this work-up, a thorough literature review was performed looking for connections between arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and fibromuscular dysplasia, as arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is not often seen in this setting. Although no direct connection between the two was uncovered, it was found in the literature that a polymorphism in the Phosphatase and Actin Regulator 1 (PHACTR1) gene has been identified as a genetic component of fibromuscular dysplasia. This variant has been linked to spontaneous coronary artery dissection, which our patient experienced at the young age of 43. This could prompt further genetic investigation into her fibromuscular dysplasia in addition to the genetic work up already being done for her arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. This case highlights how rare etiologies can be uncovered through diligent histological analysis, and how further analysis using laboratory techniques such as genetic testing can help patients understand the full breadth of their conditions.

Studying the relationship of the type of higher nervous activity with the milk productivity of cows

The purpose of the presented research was to study the influence of the type of higher nervous activity (HNA) on the secretion of organic components of milk in various milking conditions. The studies were carried out in 2 periods. The first period was standard, and in the second there was a conditioned stimulus - the presence of an outsider. Black-and-white cows were assigned to four types of higher nervous activity: type 1 - strong, balanced; type 2 - strong, unbalanced; 3 - strong, inert; 4 - weak, inhibitory. In the first period, type 2 cows showed a significant decrease in the amount of milk, fat and glucose, but the mass fraction of protein in milk tended to increase separately for each milking by 0.22 %. The ratio of the mass fraction of protein to the percentage of lactose for two milkings was significantly higher by 0.06, in relation to type 1. In type 3, in general, for two milkings, an increase in lactose by 13.3 g, fat - by 7.0 g was noted, in contrast to the indicators of the first type. Animals of the fourth type tended to reduce milk secretion to 18.3 %. Also, the mass fraction of fat in milk was lower to 0.53 % (P &lt; 0.05) and protein to 0.28 %, and the proportion of lactose in milk, on the contrary, was consistently higher in both milkings by 0.25-0,26 % (P &lt; 0.05). In the second period (with a conditioned stimulus), cows of the second group showed a positive trend towards an increase in the mass fraction of protein in the morning with machine milking by 0.26 % (P &lt; 0.05), and with manual milking by 0.32 % (P &lt; 0.05), in relation to the first group. The mass fraction of fat during machine and manual milking in animals of the second type tended to decrease. In the third group, the indicators of milk of the first streams in the morning were higher by 0.99 % (P &lt; 0.05) - fat, by 0.33 % - protein, by 0.09 % - lactose, in relation to the first type of higher nervous activity. In cows with a weak, inhibitory nervous system, the influence of the conditioned stimulus contributed to a decrease in the ratios of the mass fraction of fat and protein in milk to lactose to 0.14 and 0.09, compared with type 1 cows.

Structural Build-Up and Stability of Hybrid Monoglyceride-Triglyceride Oleogels.

Oleogelation is an alternative oil structuring route to formulate (semi-)solid fats with a reduced amount of saturated fats. Monoglycerides have been identified as effective gelators; however, their application potential can be limited due to challenges regarding mechanical strength and long-term stability. Therefore, the formulation of hybrid fat blends is a promising way to improve the functionality of oleogels. This research focuses on the interaction between mono- and triglycerides (MAGs and TAGs) in hybrid oleogels. A total gelator concentration of 10% (w/w) with changing MAGs-TAGs ratios (increase by 25% on a molar basis; M0-T100, M25-T75, M50-T50, M75-T25, M100-T0) was used. First, the oleogels were produced without shear to unravel the crystallization behavior (DSC, SAXS, WAXS). Next, the oleogels were crystallized with shear to assess the interactions between MAGs and TAGs on macroscale properties (rigidity, oil binding capacity) during storage of 1 day, 1 week, and 4 weeks. A clear distinction could be made between the MAG crystals and TAG crystals in the blends M50-T50 and M75-T25 based on WAXS, SAXS, and phase contrast microscopy. This indicates that both gelators crystallize separately. During the follow-up study of the dynamically produced samples, a synergistic effect was found for Dy-M50-T50 and Dy-M75-T25; however, it was not maintained upon storage. The initial rigidity of 2.4 × 104 Pa and 2.0 × 104 Pa decreased to 1.5 × 104 Pa and 1.0 × 104 Pa for Dy-M50-T50 and Dy-M75-T25, respectively.

Association of computed tomography-derived body composition and complications after colorectal cancer surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The prediction of the risk of developing complications after colorectal surgery for colorectal carcinoma remains imprecise. Body composition measurements on a computed tomography (CT) scan can potentially contribute to a better preoperative risk assessment. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the evidence for the use of body composition measurements on CT scans to predict short-term complications after colorectal cancer surgery. A literature search (in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science) was performed up to 1 August 2022. Two researchers independently screened the articles, extracted data and assessed the quality of the studies using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. The primary outcome measure was the occurrence of complications within 30days after surgery. Meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model to synthesize a pooled odds ratio (OR). The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021281010). Forty-five articles with a total of 16537 patients were included. In total, 26 body composition measures were investigated: 8 muscle-related measures, 11 adipose tissue measures, 4 combined muscle and adipose tissue measures, and 3 other measures. These were investigated as potential predictors for more than 50 differently defined postoperative complications. Meta-analysis was only possible for two measurements and showed that higher amounts of visceral fat increase the risk of developing overall complications (OR: 2.52 [1.58-4.00], P<0.0001) and anastomotic leakage (OR: 1.76 [1.17-2.65], P=0.006). A wide variety of body composition measurements on preoperative CT scans have been investigated as a predictive factor for postoperative complications. Visceral fat appeared to be associated with overall complications and anastomotic leakage; however, the association is weak, and its clinical relevance or applicability is questionable. The current evidence is limited by methodological heterogeneity and the risk of bias. To improve comparability of results across studies and improve decision-making, future studies should use standardized methods for measuring body composition on CT scans, outcome definitions and statistical analyses.

8353 Impact of a plant-based protein diet on bone health and body composition in Sprague Dawley rats

Abstract Disclosure: M.M. Gomes: None. I.M. de Araújo: None. S.V. Rodriguez: None. F.R. Jorge: None. F.J. de Paula: None. Introduction:Vegetarian and vegan diets are associated with some health benefits; this has contributed to their growing popularity. Although studies remain limited, there is evidence that these patients may be at greater risk of reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. The general objective of this study was to analyze the impact of a high-protein, plant-based diet on bone tissue and body composition in male Sprague Dawley rats. Methodology: The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee. This study was done with 10 rats in the control group (CG), which received a standard AIN-93M diet; 11 in the normoprotein vegetarian group (NVG), with a normoprotein AIN-93 diet modified with pea protein and methionine; and 11 in the high-protein vegetarian group (HVG), with a modified AIN-93 diet with 40% pea protein and methionine. The dietary intervention lasted 8 weeks. The weight of the animals was measured weekly. Basal blood glucose levels were measured at baseline. At the end of the study, 6 rats from the CG, 6 rats from the NVG, and 5 rats from the HVG were subjected to a glucose tolerance test (GTT). The dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) technique was applied in the baseline and final periods of the experiment to evaluate body composition, bone mineral content (BMC) and BMD. After sacrifice, bone strength was measured via a three-point flexion mechanical test on the tibia; brown adipose, epididymal, and retroperitoneal tissues, as well as the liver, were weighed on an analytical balance. Blood was used to measure circulatory levels of insulin, CTX, and P1NP (n=6/group). Results: Basal weight was similar between the groups, but the final weight was lower in the HVG as compared to the CG. In the DXA evaluation, the final lean mass was not different between the groups. On the other hand, total fat mass was lower in the HVG than in the CG and the NVG and the fat percentage was lower in the HVG than in the CG. The weight of epididymal adipose tissue was lower in the HVG than in the NVG, but retroperitoneal and brown adipose tissues were lower in HVG than CG. Liver weight was similar between groups. BMD was similar between groups; however, BMC was lower in the HVG than in the CG and the NVG. Bone strength was similar between groups. There was no difference in glycemia at baseline or during GTT at the eighth week. Serum levels of insulin, CTX, and P1NP were similar between groups. Discussion and Conclusion: A normoprotein vegetarian diet that includes all essential amino acids appears to have no negative impact on body composition or BMD in rats. On the other hand, a high-protein diet with plant protein appears to have a negative impact on bone mineral content, in addition to reducing the amount of body fat and weight. This finding expands on previous results by showing that high-protein diets have a negative impact on bone even when the protein is of plant origin. Presentation: 6/1/2024

Assessment of aortomesenteric distance and mesenteric and retroperitoneal adipose tissue thickness in genetic forms of lipodystrophy.

Lipodystrophy is a rare disease characterized by the loss of adipose tissue. Visceral adipose tissue loss in certain forms of lipodystrophy may affect the amount of mesenteric fat. We studied visceral adipose tissue by measuring the thickness of mesenteric and retroperitoneal adipose tissue and the aortomesenteric (AOM) distance in patients with genetic forms of lipodystrophy (n = 48; 7 males; 41 females; mean age 39.1 ± 11.9 years; 19 with congenital generalized lipodystrophy [CGL], and 29 with familial partial lipodystrophy [FPLD]). An age- and gender-matched control group with a ratio of 1:2 was generated. Patients with CGL had severely depleted mesenteric adipose tissue (2.0 [IQR: 1.5-3.5] mm vs. 18.8 [IQR: 4.4-42.2] mm in FPLD, P < .001; 30.3 [IQR: 13.9-46.6] mm in controls, P < .001) and retroperitoneal adipose tissue (1.3 [IQR: 0.0-5.3] mm vs. 33.7 [IQR: 21.6-42.1] mm in FPLD, P < .001; 29.7 [IQR: 23.1-36.7] mm in controls, P < .001). The AOM distance was shorter in patients with CGL (8.1 [IQR: 6.0-10.8] mm) compared to patients with FPLD (vs. 13.0 [IQR: 8.8-18.1] mm; P = .023) and controls (vs. 11.3 [IQR: 8.4-15.5] mm, P = .016). Leptin levels were positively correlated with AOM distance in lipodystrophy (r = .513, P < .001). Multivariate linear regression analysis identified body mass index as a significant predictor of AOM distance (data controlled for age and sex; beta = 0.537, 95% CI: 0.277-0.798, P < .001). Twelve of 19 patients (63%) with CGL had an AOM distance of < 10mm, a risk factor that may predispose patients to developing superior mesenteric artery syndrome. CGL is associated with a severe loss of mesenteric adipose tissue, which leads to a narrowing of the space between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta.

Physical activity and nutrient intake levels according to grip strength among single-household elderly in Korea: data from 2014 and 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)

[Purpose] We analyzed the differences in physical activity (PA) levels and nutrient intake based on grip strength among elderly men and women in single-person households (ESH) in Korea.[Methods] Data were obtained from 1,581 ESH individuals (aged ≥65 years) from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014–2019). PA levels (occupational and recreational moderate-intensity activities, travel to and from places, walking, and strength training) and nutrient intake (including, total energy, carbohydrates, protein, and fat) were analyzed.[Results] Men exhibited no differences in PA related to grip strength, except for the number of strength training days (p=0.000). Women with higher grip strength engaged more in recreational activities, travel, and strength training (all, p=0.000). Men with higher grip strength consumed more protein, while women consumed greater amounts of total fat (p=0.030), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (p=0.024), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p=0.011). Both sexes had increased Vitamin C intake (men: p=0.023, women: p=0.020).[Conclusion] Sex-related differences in PA levels and nutrient intake based on grip strength were observed among older individuals in ESH. Women require programs to enhance diverse PA and balance fat intake, while men need interventions focused on strength training and protein intake.

Assessment of functional quality changes in water chestnut enriched flaxseed nutritional laddu during storage

The present investigation was conducted to assess functional qualities of water chestnut enriched flaxseed nutritional laddu. The quality evaluation of the nutritional laddu was done up to 20 days of storage. These laddu contained appreciable amounts of crude protein (24.22%), crude fat (28.25%), crude fibre (9.95%) and total ash (4.86%). All of these decreased during storage periods in all the treatments. The maximum L* value (53.133) was found in T6 (20% Flaxseed + 30% Water chestnut + 45% Jaggery + 3% Ginger + 2% Dry fruit) at 20 days and minimum (38.170) in T0 (50% Flaxseed + 45% Jaggery + 3% Ginger + 2% Dry fruit) at 0 day of storage period. The highest total ash was found in T6 (5.530) at 0 day and lowest in T0 (3.100) at 20 days. It was concluded that up to 30 % water chestnut can be incorporated in flaxseed laddu to obtain best overall acceptability. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(3): 561-566, 2024 (September)

КОМПЛЕКС КОРМОВЫХ ДОБАВОК В РАЦИОНАХ ЦЫПЛЯТ-БРОЙЛЕРОВ

To this date to achieve high indicators in poultry farming, the use of feed additives is relevant. The purpose of the study is to study the influence of firming of the probiotic and sorbents on the organoleptic indicators of poultry meat. Studies were conducted in the conditions of the Mikhailovskaya poultry farms of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, subject to all requirements for the methodology of scientific and production research on poultry feeding. Cross-Broilers Cross «Ross-308» were divided into four groups. The first group received full -time farming feed. The second group received compound feed with the addition of a “Sporotermine” probiotic. The third group - compound feeds with 0.1 % of the “Sporotermine” and bentonite 3.6 % of the mass of feed and the fourth - compound feed with the addition of a “Sporotermine” probiotic and active coal feed additive (ACFA). The tasting of the broth and meat was carried out on a 5-ballast scale. The overall assessment of the quality of the chest muscles of experimental groups varied with the control group-by 0.10-0.36 points. The quality of the broth, according to organoleptic, in the 3rd experimental group exceeded analogues from the control group - by 0.22 points. According to the indicators of the elementary chemical muscles the meat of chickens of 3 experimental groups which received a comprehensively both probiotic and sorbent, there was an increase in the content of CB in the chest muscles - by 0.72 %, protein - by 1.04 % reliably and against this background there is a decrease in the amount of fat - by 0.21 %.

Preparation of fat‐free mulberry ice cream by using inulin and whey protein isolate as a fat substitute

AbstractThe standard ice cream consists of high calories and fat which could cause metabolic syndrome upon regular consumption. Therefore, this study developed a fat‐free ice cream using fat replacer including inulin (carbohydrate‐based) and whey protein isolate (WPI, protein‐based) at various concentrations (6%, 8%, and 10%) or their combination (1:1). Additionally, freeze‐dried mulberry fruit powder was used as a functional ingredient. The results indicated that both, inulin and WPI, function differently thereby affecting the physicochemical properties of the ice cream. The combination of inulin:WPI at a 4:4 ratio produced high‐quality standard ice cream with a higher sensory score. Further incorporation of freeze‐dried mulberry powder (2%) in a selected fat‐free ice‐cream base showed enhanced sensory, nutraceutical, and textural properties of the ice cream. All fat‐free and fat‐free mulberry ice cream had a trace amount of fat (0.06%), while the calorie was reduced to 88.9 kcal/serving compared with a full‐fat ice cream (195.7 kcal/serving). Hence, fat‐free mulberry ice cream with 74.5% of nonfat milk, 5.0% of skim milk powder, 8% of inulin:WPI (4:4), 9.5% of sugar, 0.5% of emulsifier, and 2% freeze‐dried mulberry powder could serve as the best alternative to the full‐fat ice cream.

Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Activities and Molecular Mechanisms of Phyllanthus emblica L. Extract in Mice on a High-Fat Diet.

We planned to explore the protective activities of extract of Phyllanthus emblica L. (EPE) on insulin resistance and metabolic disorders including hyperlipidemia, visceral obesity, and renal dysfunction in high-fat diet (HFD)-progressed T2DM mice. Mice treatments included 7 weeks of HFD induction followed by EPE, fenofibrate (Feno), or metformin (Metf) treatment daily for another 4-week HFD in HFD-fed mice. Finally, we harvested blood to analyze some tests on circulating glycemia and blood lipid levels. Western blotting analysis was performed on target gene expressions in peripheral tissues. The present findings indicated that EPE treatment reversed the HFD-induced increases in blood glucose, glycosylated HbA1C, and insulin levels. Our findings proved that treatment with EPE in HFD mice effectively controls hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Our results showed that EPE reduced blood lipid levels, including a reduction in blood triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and free fatty acid (FFA); moreover, EPE reduced blood leptin levels and enhanced adiponectin concentrations. EPE treatment in HFD mice reduced BUN and creatinine in both blood and urine and lowered albumin levels in urine; moreover, EPE decreased circulating concentrations of inflammatory NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). These results indicated that EPE displayed antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities but alleviated renal dysfunction in HFD mice. The histology examinations indicated that EPE treatment decreased adipose hypertrophy and hepatic ballooning, thus contributing to amelioration of lipid accumulation. EPE treatment decreased visceral fat amounts and led to improved systemic insulin resistance. For target gene expression levels, EPE enhanced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation expressions both in livers and skeletal muscles and elevated the muscular membrane glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expressions. Treatment with EPE reduced hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) expressions to suppress glucose production in the livers and decreased phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) expressions to affect hepatic glycogen synthesis, thus convergently contributing to an antidiabetic effect and improving insulin resistance. The mechanism of the antihyperlipidemic activity of EPE involved a decrease in the hepatic phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex C1 (mTORC1) and p70 S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) expressions to improve insulin resistance but also a reduction in hepatic sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c expressions, and suppression of ACC activity, thus resulting in the decreased fatty acid synthesis but elevated hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and SREBP-2 expressions, resulting in lowering TG and TC concentrations. Our results demonstrated that EPE improves insulin resistance and ameliorates hyperlipidemia in HFD mice.

Industrial processing of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) for protein production

AbstractThe increasing global interest in plant‐based proteins stems from concerns about the environmental impact, sustainability, animal welfare, and health implications associated with consuming animal‐based proteins. In the frame of alternative protein sources, chickpea (Cicer arietinum) emerged as a rich source of dietary proteins besides containing good amount of carbohydrate, fat, and fiber. As a protein ingredient, chickpea is available in three forms, namely, flour, concentrate, and isolate. This chickpea protein can be extracted using both wet and dry fractionation methods where the former one includes wet extraction followed by isoelectric precipitation, while the later one indicates dry milling followed by air classification. However, different nonthermal emerging technologies have been seen to assist in extracting protein as well as modifying their functionalities. This review gives an outline of the recently available literature on composition, industrial processing and associated technological challenges, functionality, and application of chickpea protein ingredients. Furthermore, discussion on the modification/improvement of chickpea protein functionality with the assistance of emerging technologies and the potentiality of by‐products produced during chickpea protein processing are also included. Based on the available findings and discussion, it is seen that apart from being a comparable source of alternative animal‐based protein to extract, chickpea derived by‐products can also be a potential source of valued ingredients that might contribute to the circular economy.

Randomized dose-response trial of n-3 fatty acids in hormone receptor negative breast cancer survivors- impact on breast adipose oxylipin and DNA methylation patterns.

Increasing evidence suggests the unique susceptibility of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor negative (ERPR-) breast cancer to dietary fat amount and type. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), may modulate breast adipose fatty acid profiles and downstream bioactive metabolites to counteract pro-inflammatory, pro-carcinogenic signaling in the mammary microenvironment. To determine effects of ~1 to 5 g/d EPA+DHA over 12 months on breast adipose fatty acid and oxylipin profiles in women with ERPR(-) breast cancer, a high-risk molecular subtype. We conducted a 12-month randomized controlled, double-blind clinical trial of ~5g/d vs ~1g/d DHA+EPA supplementation in women within 5 years of completing standard therapy for ERPR(-) breast cancer Stages 0-III. Blood and breast adipose tissue specimens were collected every 3 months for biomarker analyses including fatty acids by gas chromatography, oxylipins by LC-MS/MS, and DNA methylation by reduced-representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). A total of 51 participants completed the 12-month intervention. Study treatments were generally well-tolerated. While both doses increased n-3 PUFAs from baseline in breast adipose, erythrocytes, and plasma, the 5g/d supplement was more potent (n =51, p <0.001). The 5g/d dose also reduced plasma triglycerides from baseline (p =0.008). Breast adipose oxylipins at 0, 6, and 12 months showed dose-dependent increases in unesterified and esterified DHA and EPA metabolites (n =28). Distinct DNA methylation patterns in adipose tissue after 12 months were identified, with effects unique to the 5g/d dose group (n =17). Over the course of 1 year, EPA+DHA dose-dependently increased concentrations of these fatty acids and their derivative oxylipin metabolites, producing differential DNA methylation profiles of gene promoters involved in metabolism-related pathways critical to ERPR(-) breast cancer development and progression. These data provide evidence of both metabolic and epigenetic effects of n-3 PUFAs in breast adipose tissue, elucidating novel mechanisms of action for high-dose EPA+DHA-mediated prevention of ERPR(-) breast cancer.

Fat body lipogenic capacity in honey bee workers is affected by age, social role and dietary protein.

All organisms need to balance processes that consume energy against those that produce energy. With an increase in biological complexity over evolutionary time, regulation of this balance has become much more complex, resulting in specialization of metabolic tasks between organelles, cells, organs and, in the case of eusocial organisms, between the individuals that comprise the 'superorganism'. Exemplifying this, nurse honey bees maintain high abdominal lipids, while foragers have very low lipid stores, likely contributing to efficient performance of their social role, and thus to colony fitness. The proximate mechanisms responsible for these metabolic differences remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of age, worker class and dietary macronutrients on the abdominal activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS), the enzyme responsible for de novo synthesis of fatty acids, as well as the effects of age on lipase activity, enzymes responsible for the breakdown of stored lipids. We found that FAS but not lipase activity declines as bees age past peak nursing age. Feeding both nurses and foragers carbohydrates increased FAS activity compared with starved bees, but, whether fed or starved, nurses had much higher FAS activity than similarly treated foragers, implicating reduced lipid synthesis as one component of foragers' low lipid stores. Finally, we used artificial diets with different amounts of protein and fat to precociously induce low, forager-like FAS activity levels in nurse-age bees deprived of protein. We speculate that reduced protein appetite and consumption during the nurse-forager transition is responsible for suppressed lipid synthesis in foragers.

Nutrition and Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Study from a Practice-Based Research Network.

Despite clinical interventional studies on the influence of diet on periodontal inflammatory parameters, there has been no practice-based cross-sectional study from a German population to date that has conducted both a comprehensive dental and periodontal examination and a thorough validated assessment of dietary behavior. Therefore, the aim of this pilot study was to evaluate, in a proof of concept, whether there is a correlation between the overall periodontal inflammatory surface area (PISA), periodontal clinical parameters (pocket probing depths (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), furcation involvement (FI), tooth mobility (TM)), and the dietary behavior of patients with periodontal disease when utilizing a practice-based research network. The primary outcome was the correlation between the periodontal inflammatory surface (PISA) and the dietary assessment data. The practice-based research network, consisting of eight Master's graduates, recruited patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and performed a periodontal examination together with the assessment of dietary behavior using a digital version of the validated retrospective dietary recall (DEGS/RKI). Statistical analyses included linear regression models adjusted for age and smoking and unpaired t-tests, conducted using STATA 17.0 with a significance level of 5%. In addition, the data obtained were classified according to the currently recommended amounts of daily intake. A total of 1283 teeth were analyzed, with 60.25% (773 teeth) requiring treatment. The average PISA was 753.16 mm2 (SD ± 535.75 mm). Based on dietary guidelines, the studied population consumed excessive amounts of extrinsic sugars and fats, while their fiber and legume intake was insufficient. The intake of certain nutrients, including water-soluble fibers, specific fatty acids, vitamins (D, B1, B2, B6, and B12), iron, and zinc, was associated with reduced PISA, PPD, CAL, and BOP. Within the limits of the current study, including its cross-sectional design and cohort size, the outcomes demonstrated the influence of nutrition on periodontal health.