Fat Mayonnaise Research Articles

The Addition of Avocado Seed Flour in Reduced Fat Mayonnaise as Stabilizer

Aims: This study aims to determine the quality of mayonnaise by adding avocado seed flour as a stabilizer based on pH, viscosity, stability emulsion, emulsion droplets, acidity, and color analysis (L a* b*). Study Design: This study are an laboratory experimental with a completely randomizeddesign. Place and Duration of Study: This study are located in Laboratory of Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas of Brawijaya. Methodology: This research method used was laboratory experimental with a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Results: Avocado seed flour is added to the mayonnaise formulation at 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% sensory evaluation of the total ingredients used. The variables measured are pH, viscosity, stability emulsion, emulsion droplets , acidity, color analysis (L a* b*). The results showed that the treatment had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on pH, viscosity, stability emulsion, emulsion droplets, acidity and color analysis (L a* b*). It can be concluded that the best treatment in this study was mayonnaise woth the addition of 1% avocado seed flour. Conclusion: This study concluded that the addition of avocado seed flour at 3% can produce mayonnaise with the characteristics of pH, viscosity, emulsion stability, acidity, emulsion droplets, and color analysis.

Exploring the influence of sweet potato powder on the physicochemical characteristics, oxidative potential and sensory perception of mayonnaise

SummaryReduced fat mayonnaise was prepared by substituting oil with sweet potato powder at concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6%. The changes in physicochemical, oxidative, rheological, microbial and organoleptic properties of functional reduced fat mayonnaise were investigated. The results revealed that sweet potato powder significantly improved the antioxidant activity (2.63–31.6%), rheological attributes, nutritional content and shelf life stability of mayonnaise during the storage time of 21 days. Rheological evaluation illustrated the stabilisation of samples with the addition of sweet potato powder, with a significant reduction in oil droplet size (6.78–2.16 μm) and an increase in firmness (0.941–1.84 N) and adhesiveness (41.21–76.78 × 10−3 Nm). Emulsion stability (93.3–99.2%) was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced by supplementation with sweet potato powder. The presence of carotenoids in sweet potato improved colour and increased the L* (73.4%) and b* (31.4%) values. Preliminary sensory evaluation demonstrated that taste, texture, mouthfeel and overall acceptability were perceived better in the samples supplemented with sweet potato powder. Our findings suggest that sweet potato powder can be a nutrient enhancer and a considerable alternative to synthetic antioxidants and stabilisers for oil‐in‐water food emulsions.

Nano formulated soy proteins as a fat replacer in low fat mayonnaise formula

It is vital to research mayonnaise egg yolk alternatives due to the greater fat and cholesterol content in egg yolks. The use of soy protein isolate and nano soy isolate as fat substitutes in mayonnaise was investigated. Two formulas were prepared, including a control (market and lab), low-fat with 0.5, 1, and 1.5% soy protein isolate (SPI) and nano soy protein isolate (NSPI), and low-fat with 0.5, 1, and 1.5% glycinin (GLY) and nano glycinin (NGLY). Rheology, microstructure, color, and sensory properties of formulas were analyzed. In comparison to the commercial and control samples, the oil droplets became smaller and more compact in the 0.5% and 1% NSPI and NGLY formulas. NSPI and NGLY bind more water and oil in the matrix of mayonnaise samples, which in turn increases the viscosity of the fluid. Furthermore, increasing the protein level to 1.5% reduced the lightness value of NSPI's low-fat mayonnaise. Mayonnaise prepared with the addition of 1% and 1.5% NSPI particles showed a higher whitening index value than other samples. Also, the samples with the highest scores for sensory attributes were the 0.5% NSPI and GLY mayonnaise samples, which did not significantly change after the end of the storage period compared to other samples. Therefore, nano soy protein and nano glycinin have potential as fat substitutes and improve the quality characteristics of low-fat mayonnaise.

Evaluation of the sensory properties and antioxidant activity of clean rosemary extracts for an effective replacement of EDTA in Mayonnaise

A comparative study on the antioxidant effect of clean rosemary extract (CL) and Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) on lipid oxidation and colour stabilisation of high fat mayonnaise is demonstrated. A real time and accelerated shelf-life evaluation was conducted. The peroxide value (POV) of the mayonnaise containing 0.0075% w/w EDTA was 12.7 ± 0.5mEq Kg−1 after 120 days of storage, whereas the mayonnaise containing 0.19% w/w CL displayed a POV of 9.56±0.2mEq Kg−1. Mayonnaise with 0.0075% w/w EDTA exhibited 90.00±0.9 mg kg−1 hexanal, while mayonnaise with 0.19% w/w CL had a hexanal level of 21.40±0.21 mg kg−1 at the 150-day analysis in the accelerated study on hexanal content analysis. Colour change in mayonnaise was analysed by colour brightness indicative value. The values were 87.37 for mayonnaise containing CL and 83.92 for mayonnaise based on EDTA. Unlike conventional rosemary extract, the CL was not interfering the identity and sensitivity of the mayonnaise and upon shelf storage, the product showed higher overall acceptance compared to EDTA. Comparing the concentration of Clean Rosemary Extract, 0.19% dosage has given best results comparing 0.4% and 0.06% in analysing the peroxide value of the mayonnaise products at regular intervals during its storage duration of 120 days.

The Emulsion Stability, Antioxidant and Color L, a, b Content on Reduced Fat Mayonnaise Using Virgin Coconut Oil

Mayonnaise is the most favorite product that made from yolk and vegetable oil so it contain of 70-80% fat. The risk of high fat intake is deteriorating health so the percentage oil on mayonnaise have to decrease as reduced fat mayonnaise (RFM). Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is one of the various type vegetable oil that can used to make mayonnaise, and there have been several reports describing health benefit. This study was to determine the best percentage of the VCO based on emulsion stability, antioxidant and color L,a,b. The method used experimental laboratory and Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with fourth treatments and fourth replication. It consisted using VCO 70%, 60%, 50% and 40%. The result of this research gave significantly effect (P<0.01) on emulsion of stability, antioxidant and color test. The conclusion of this research was best formulation of RFM using VCO based emulsion stability, antioxidant and color test is 60% it was 80.50±0.57; and 20.65±0.55.

Palm-based cellulose nanofiber isolated from mechano-chemical processing as sustainable rheological modifier in reduced fat mayonnaise.

Reducing fat intake from our daily diet serves to be an effective way to combat the rising obesity issue worldwide. Hence, reducing fat content in mayonnaise, a high fat food product, is one of the primary trends in the food industry. To date, research on the use of nanocellulose, a new and emerging form of fat mimetic, in mayonnaise formulation remains limited. This study sets out to formulate reduced fat 5%, 15%, and 30% mayonnaise using varying concentration of nanocellulose synthesized from palm pressed fiber followed by a 20‐day stability study. Nanocellulose was synthesized with particle size of 106.0 ± 18.7 nm and zeta potential of −72.5 ± 2.26 mV. It was used as fat mimetic in mayonnaise. Rheological analysis conducted showed that incorporation of nanocellulose into reduced fat mayonnaise formulation was able to counteract the loss of viscosity in mayonnaise caused by fat content reduction. This finding was further supported by the smaller oil droplets that are closely packed in reduced fat mayonnaise formulation when viewed under light microscope. Nonetheless, significant oil droplet coalescence was found in reduced fat mayonnaise formulations during storage period which could lead to loss of viscosity. Taken together, these findings suggest that CNF was able to act as fat mimetic upon formulation of mayonnaise but the same cannot be said during long term storage of mayonnaise.Practical ApplicationWe successfully isolated nanocellulose from palm biomass (palm pressed fiber) using green approach and used it as a fat replacer for preparation of 5%, 15%, and 30% reduced fat mayonnaise. A computation study revealed a strong binding affinity of the nanocellulose on the lipase active site essential to inhibit the digestion of fats and oils. Therefore, nanocellulose demonstrated a huge potential to be used as not only as fat replacer but also rheological modifier for the development of reduced fat or vegan foods.

Development of Low Fat Mayonnaise Using Whey Protein as a Natural Emulsifier

Mayonnaise is an oil-in-water emulsion product that uses egg yolk as a stabilizer agent. Low-fat mayonnaise is made as a product modification to make it healthier by reducing fat. whey protein concentrate is given as a natural emulsifier. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of whey protein concentrate addition on low-fat mayonnaise based on carbohydrates, ash, fat content and emulsion droplets. The material used in this study was vegetable oil, and the addition of whey protein concentrate. This research used was a laboratory experimental method with a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments using control treatment without the addition of whey protein concentrate and treatment using whey protein concentrate as much as 5%, 10%, and 15% of the total use of oil. The variables measured were carbohydrate, ash, fat, antioxidants and emulsion droplets. The results showed that the use of whey protein concentrate in mayonnaise gave highly significant difference (p<0.01) in carbohydrate and fat content, gave a significantly different result (p<0.05) in the ash content, didn’t gave significant difference (p>0.05) in antioxidants and gave a highly significant difference (p<0.01) in the length of the emulsion droplet diameter so that it looked uniform in shape and size. The conclusion of this study is the use of whey protein concentrate as much as 15% produces the best low-fat mayonnaise

Rheological, Textural, and Digestibility Characteristics of Low Fat Mayonnaise as Affected by the Addition of Sorghum‐Xanthan Gum and Corn‐Xanthan Gum Extrudates (RS3)

AbstractLow‐fat mayonnaise samples are produced using corn (EC) and sorghum (ES) starch extrudates. The resistant starch rich (RS3 ) extrudates are produced by extruding corn and sorghum starch in the presence of xanthan gum at 1% w/w level, i.e., ECX and ESX, respectively. These extrudates are incorporated in low fat mayonnaise at 10% w/w. The EC and ES based mayonnaise, i.e., MC and MS, respectively are treated as control mayonnaise while the ECX and ESX incorporated mayonnaise MCX and MSX, respectively are low‐fat mayonnaises prepared with RS3 starches and hence are compared to control. Rheological characterization of the samples is done using frequency sweep tests, flow curves, and oscillatory tests. The tan θ values obtained through frequency sweep measurements classify mayonnaise samples into weak gels. All the mayonnaise samples best‐fitted the power law model and exhibit thixotropic (time‐dependent), shear‐thinning behavior with thixotropy being higher in MS and MSX. The % recovery and % strain of corn based mayonnaise are found to be higher. The incorporation of ESX extrudates increases the viscosity, improves the firmness and decreases the predicted glycemic index of MSX as compared to MS and MCX while providing a stable emulsion with appropriate rheological, textural, and sensory attributes.

Physicochemical quality of low fat mayonnaise using whey protein concentrate

Low fat mayonnaise as a low-calorie product modification has low emulsion stability. Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC) has a high protein content and can act as a good emulsifier for emulsion of mayonnaise. The purpose of this study was to evaluate of a low-fat mayonnaise using WPC based on pH, moisture content, viscosity, and protein content. The materials used are egg yolk, sunflower seed oil, vinegar, WPC, and other complementary materials. This study used a laboratory experiment with a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment using control treatment without additional use of WPC and treatments using WPC as much as 5%, 10%, and 15% of the total oil use. The variables measured were pH, moisture content, viscosity, and protein. The results showed that the use of WPC in mayonnaise gave significantly different on pH, moisture content, viscosity, and protein content. The conclusion of this research that the use of WPC as much as 15% produces the best low fat mayonnaise.

Characteristics of reduced fat mayonnaise using pumpkin flour (Cucurbita moschata) as fat replacer

Reduced fat mayonnaise has the disadvantage of destabilization of emulsion. Emulsion destabilization that occurs is the separation of oil and water. Pumpkin flour is used to increase the viscosity and stability of the emulsion. The objective of this study was to determine the best percentage of the use of pumpkin flour in reduced fat mayonnaise based on pH, emulsion stability, moisture content, and sensory evaluation. The material used in this research was mayonnaise made from egg yolk, canola flower oil, vinegar, pumpkin flour as a fat replacer carbohidrates based, and other optional ingredients. The method used was an experimental laboratory with a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments consisted of without the use of pumpkin as a control, the use of pumpkin flour 2%, 4%, and 6% of the total oil used. The variables measured were pH, emulsion stability, moisture content, and sensory evaluation. The results showed that the use of pumpkin flour on mayonnaise gave highly significant effect on pH, stability emulsion, moisture content and increased panelists preferences. The conclusion of the study that using 6% pumpkin flour produced the best reduced-fat mayonnaise.

Optimization of Reduced Fat Mayonnaise by Using Apple Peel Flour as a Stabilizer

Reduced fat mayonnaise products have an unstability of the emulsion, so a stabilizer is needed to improve quality of mayonnaise. Apple peel flour can be used as a stabilizer to improve the quality of mayonnaise. The materials used in this study were vegetable oil, egg yolk, vinegar, apple peel flour and other optional ingredients. The research treatment was without the addition of apple peel flour as a control, the use of 1%, 2% and 3% apple peel flour. The objective of this research was to determine the best percentage of apple peel flour as a stabilizer in reduced fat mayonnaise. The research method used is a laboratory experiment method. The design used was a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the resulting data, if there was a difference in the effect, it was continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test.This study resulted that the use of apple peel flour used as a stabilizer resulted gave highly significant difference in reduced fat mayonnaise. The average acidity is 0.66-0.90, the emulsion stability is 96.92- 99.18%, the antioxidant activity is 8.37-19.38%, the carbohydrate content is 2.63-5.81% and ash by 1.72-1.92%. It could be concluded that the use of 3% apple peel flour can produce the best quality reduced fat mayonnaise product and is close to the characteristics of full fat mayonnaise.

Textural properties of low fat mayonnaise with whey protein concentrate and Tragacanth gum as egg and fat substitutes

Introduction. Mayonnaise is a kind of oil-in-water emulsion that usually contains 70–80% of oil. However, modern food science keeps providing new knowledge about high-fat products, which makes it possible to solve the problems related to health concerns.
 Study objects and methods. The research featured high-fat mayonnaise (20% of oil) with reduced oil stabilizer (1.75%) and without egg stabilizer. In experimental samples, egg stabilizer was replaced with 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% of whey protein concentrate and 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0% of Tragacanth gum. Mayonnaise with 3.5% oil stabilizer and 0.3% egg stabilizer was used as control sample. The samples were tested for such textural attributes as firmness, consistency, adhesive force, and adhesiveness.
 Results and discussion. The highest and the lowest textural values were demonstrated by the sample with 0.4% of whey protein concentrate and 0.5% of Tragacanth gum and the sample with 0.5% of whey protein concentrate and 1.0% of Tragacanth, respectively. The former showed textural characteristics similar to those of the control sample. The presence of hydrocolloids proved to affect the texture properties of mayonnaise, whereas Tragacanth gum reduced its elasticity. It formed a strong and complex gel-like structure in the continuous phase. As a result, oil droplets in the emulsion had a smaller diameter, which improved the texture properties of low-fat mayonnaise.
 Conclusion. Whet protein concentrate and Tragacanth gum in amounts of 0.5% and 1.0%, respectively, can be used to replace egg stabilizer and reduce oil stabilizer in low-fat mayonnaise.

The Use of Watermelon Rind Flour as Stabilizer for Reduced Fat Mayonnaise

Reduced fat mayonnaise is a mayonnaise that reduces some oil to reduced fat content, but reduced fat mayonnaise has a disavantages. A decrease in the oil phase which can affect the stability of the mayonnaise emulsion. One alternative is the addition of watermelon rind flour to increase the quality of mayonnaise. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of mayonnaise with the addition of watermelon rind flour as stabilizer. The method used was experimental design using a completely randomized design. The treatment were the addition of watermelon rind flour as much as 2%, 4%, 6% and control as a comparison. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and continued with UJBD. The results showed that the addition of watermelon rind flour gave highly significant effect on emulsion stability and moisture content, had a significant effect on pH and did not gave significant effect on sensory evaluation of mayonnaise. This study concluded that the addition of 6% watermelon rind flour as stabilizer produces good quality mayonnaise.

Manufacturing of mayonnaise with pea pod powder as a functional ingredient

Pea pod shells, which account for 30–40% of fresh green peas weight and form major waste in pea industry were blanched and dehydrated. Analysis revealed a nutritious, sweet, fibrous material with potential for use as ingredient for functionalizing popular foods. The pea pod powder (PPP) was incorporated in eggless, low fat mayonnaise with the objective of enriching it with dietary fibre and micronutrients. Inclusion of PPP in mayonnaise led to better sensory attributes which corroborated with rheological and textural parameters. Droplet distribution and higher hysteresis area and consistency coefficients results indicated beneficial effect of PPP on emulsion stability. The tribological profile investigation clearly revealed distinct sensory profile amongst samples correlating with sensory acceptance. Higher activation energy and heat stability index demonstrated higher stability of emulsions in the presence of PPP.

The Quality of Low Fat Mayonnaise Using Banana Peel Flour as Stabilizer

Low fat mayonnaise has disadvantage of having low stability, this is due to decreased dispersed phase and increased aqueous phase. The use of a stabilizer is needed to improve the quality of low fat mayonnaise. The use of banana peel flour is to add the value of low fat mayonnaise. The objective of this research was to observe the quality of low fat mayonnaise by using banana peel flour as a stabilizer. The research method used an experiment using a completely randomized design. The research treatment were use of various percentage of banana peel flour (1%, 3%, 5%) which will be compared with a control (without banana peel flour) with 4 replications. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that the use of banana peel flour gave a significant difference in pH and acidity, highly significant difference with moisture content and gave no difference to the sensory evaluation of low fat mayonnaise. The use of banana peel flour can increase the stability of the emulsion and can be acceptable. The conclusion of the study using 1% banana peel flour produced good quality of mayonnaise.

Faba bean protein in reduced fat/cholesterol mayonnaise: extraction and physico-chemical modification process.

Effect of faba bean enzymatic protein extraction process parameters were investigated at different ultrasound powers (200, 300 and 400W), sonication times (15, 25 and 35min), enzyme dosages (0.15, 0.3 and 0.45%) and enzyme treatment times (15, 25 and 35min). Physico-functional characterization of the protein samples through solubility, zeta potential, color, fat adsorption, emulsifying and foaming capacity measurements suggested faba protein as a promising substituent to egg yolk powder in reduced fat mayonnaise formulation. Reduced-fat mayonnaise formulation containing different faba protein/egg yolk powder ratios were prepared and characterized through rheological analyses as well as emulsion stability, texture, color and microstructural evaluations. The formulations containing equal compositions of faba bean protein and egg yolk powder (0.375%) and also the one with 0.5% faba bean protein and 0.25% egg yolk powder were finally suggested to substitute the conventional formulation.

The effect of native and denaturated flaxseed meal extract on physiochemical properties of low fat mayonnaises

The influence of flaxseed meal extract (FME) in native (FME-N) and denaturated (FME-D) form on the stability, acidity, physico-chemical, textural, rheological and sensory properties of the low-fat mayonnaise was investigated in this work. The oil phase was partially replaced by 5%, 10% and 15% of FME-N/FME-D and compared with a full fat mayonnaise. Denaturation of the FME proteins improved their emulsifying properties. Adding of FME-N/FME-D resulted in decreasing of droplets size and enhancing the stability of all mayonnaise samples, as well as higher L* values of FME mayonnaises. No significant pH differences between the control sample and FME-N variants were observed, whereas FME-D variants showed significantly lower values. All mayonnaise samples exhibited pseudoplastic behavior, decreasing the viscosity and yield stress with increasing FME-N/FME-D content. In conclusion, flaxseed meal extract may be very valuable to the food industry, which could manufacture mayonnaises with low fat content and very healthy flaxseed protein.

ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM ESSENTIAL OIL DURING SHELF LIFE OF MAYONNAISE

The importance of food-borne disease and consumer demands for avoiding synthetic food preservatives shifted the research interest to natural food preservatives such as essential oils which have antimicrobial activity. Also, spoilage of foods by fungi is a major problem, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Achillea millefolium essential oil as natural food preservative in high fat and low fat mayonnaise kept at 4°C for 6 months. Mayonnaise samples were divided into four experimental treatments, namely: EO (essential oil in concentrations of 0.45-7.2 mg/ml), BS (sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in concentration of 0.75 mg/ml), Cmo (control: no preservative with added microorganisms) and C (control: no preservative and no added microorganisms). The results showed that of essential oil of Achillea millefolium had influence against all of the tested microorganisms in mayonnaise and all of the pathogens and fungi did not grow in mayonnaise, whereas in the control samples all of the microorganisms grew. The maximum cell counts of bacteria and fungus in low fat mayonnaise were approximately lower than the high fat mayonnaise or resistance to inactivation of microorganisms appeared to be greater in high fat mayonnaise than in low fat mayonnaise (p< 0.05). Also, BS samples exhibited antimicrobial properties against tested species during storage. In conclusion the essential oil of Achillea millefolium would lead to control food pathogenic organisms and food spoilage organisms and therefore, it can be used as natural preservative in food industry such as mayonnaise.

The Potential of Local Ginger as Antioxidant on Full Fat Mayonnaise

The aims of this study were to investigate the potential of local ginger for natural antioxidants on full-fat mayonnaise. The used materials were sunflower oil, vinegar, egg yolk, white pepper, salt, sugar, mustard, and local ginger extract. The study was done by using laboratory experimental with Nested Completely Randomized Design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor was used three ginger varieties, namely elephant ginger/(Zingiber officinale var. Roscoe) (G), red ginger (M)/(Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) and emprit ginger (E)/(Zingiber officinale var. Amarum). The second factor was the addition levels, which were 0.5% (a), 1% (b) and 1.5% (c). The observed variables include pH, viscosity, moisture content and antioxidant activity (IC50). Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance. The result showed that the used different ginger material and different levels of addition did not give significant effect (P>0.05) on pH analysis and gave highly significant effect (P<0.01) of the antioxidant activity, viscosity and moisture content. The study could conclude that mayonnaise added with red ginger showed physicochemical properties better than added with emprit ginger and gajah ginger. In addition, the best result was found in 1.5% ginger addition of each ginger variety in terms of physicochemical qualities of the mayonnaise.

Kestabilan emulsi dan oksidasi low fat mayonnaise menggunakan kefir sebagai alternatif emulsifier

Mayonnaise is popular sauce. It’s kind of semi solid oil in water (o/w) emulsion which containing oil, acidifier and pasteurized egg yolk as an emulsifier. The consumers have demanded that for natural, healthy, and low calorie food especially for development and manufacture of low fat mayonnaise. The common emulsifiers are egg yolk, casein, and whey. Kefir can replace egg yolk to develop low fat mayonnaise. The use of egg yolk be reduced and kefir was used to develop a low fat mayonnaise as emulsifier replacer to egg yolk. The purpose of this research attempts to observe the emulsion stability, antioxidant, and oxidation stability of low fat mayonnaise prepared using rice bran oil and kefir during storage. The research methods using experimental design. The result shows the addition of kefir can create low fat mayonnaise by increasing emulsion stability.