Relative Fat Research Articles

MTOR pathway candidate genes and obesity interaction on breast cancer risk in black women from the Women's Circle of Health Study.

Obesity is known to stimulate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and both obesity and the mTOR signaling pathway are implicated in breast carcinogenesis. We investigated potential gene-environment interactions between mTOR pathway genes and obesity in relation to breast cancer risk among Black women. The study included 1,655 Black women (821 incident breast cancer cases and 834 controls) from the Women's Circle of Health Study (WCHS). Obesity measures including body mass index (BMI); central obesity i.e., waist circumference (WC) and waist/hip ratio (WHR); and body fat distribution (fat mass, fat mass index and percent body fat) were obtained by trained research staff. We examined the associations of 43 candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 20 mTOR pathway genes with breast cancer risk using multivariable logistic regression. We next examined interactions between these SNPs and measures of obesity using Wald test with 2-way interaction term. The variant allele of BRAF (rs114729114 C > T) was associated with an increase in overall breast cancer risk [odds ratio (OR) = 1.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-2.99, for each copy of the T allele] and the risk of estrogen receptor (ER)-defined subtypes (ER+ tumors: OR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.04,3.29, for each copy of the T allele; ER- tumors OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.03,4.45, for each copy of the T allele). Genetic variants in AKT, AKT1, PGF, PRKAG2, RAPTOR, TSC2 showed suggestive associations with overall breast cancer risk and the risk of, ER+ and ER- tumors (range of p-values = 0.040-0.097). We also found interactions of several of the SNPs with BMI, WHR, WC, fat mass, fat mass index and percent body fat in relation to breast cancer risk. These associations and interactions, however, became nonsignificant after correction for multiple testing (FDR-adjusted p-value > 0.05). We found associations between mTOR genetic variants and breast cancer risk as well as gene and body fatness interactions in relation to breast cancer risk. However, these associations and interactions became nonsignificant after correction for multiple testing. Future studies with larger sample sizes are required to confirm and validate these findings.

Changes in population biology of three coral reef fishes in the South China Sea between 1998–1999 and 2016–2019

The decline of coral reefs and their fish has attracted worldwide attention. The South China Sea is the important center of coral reefs. Reef-fish is a crucial component in coral reef ecosystem. However, studies on the long-term variation in the biololgy of coral reef fish in the South China Sea are very lacking. To enhance our understanding of variation in reef fish biology in the South China Sea, we investigated long-term changes in some biological indicators of three dominant coral reef fishes (Lutjanus kasmira, Gnathodentex aureolineatus, and Cephalopholis urodeta) at the Yongshu Reef of the South China Sea between 1998–1999 and 2016–2019, and examined the effects of fishing and sea surface temperature on their biology. Compared with 1998–1999, average body length, average body mass, large fish indicator, feeding level and relative fatness of Lutjanus kasmira and Gnathodentex aureolineatus decreased in 2016–2019, but Cephalopholis urodeta did not. The relative fatness was positively correlated with the feeding level, which indicated that the decline of feeding level decreased the relative fatness. Fishing had the most important negative impact on biological changes. In the past two decades, Lutjanus kasmira had the most obvious decline in size and relative fatness, followed by Gnathodentex aureolineatus, but Cephalopholis urodeta had almost no decline. We hypothesized that different coral reef fishes have different abilities to maintain population stability under external pressures, and the differences in vulnerability of three fish species were the main reasons for their different responses to external pressures. To promote the conservation of coral reef fish, we recommend taking rigorous management to protect habitat.

P023 Immune-metabolic profiles of creeping fat in relation to degree of severity in Crohn’s disease postsurgical recurrence.

Abstract Background Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) of complex etiology that normally requires bowel resection. However, many patients suffer from post-operative recurrence (POR) within one year. Here, the inflammatory and bacterial influence of the affected intestine transforms the neighboring mesenteric tissue to creeping fat (CrF). The main objective has been to characterize the immune-metabolic profile of CrF according to the POR severity and compare them with mesenteric tissues from IBD-free controls (colorectal cancer and severe obesity). Methods POR severity was classified using the Rutgeerts index: non-recurrents (i0+i1, n=18; NR), mild-recurrents (i2, n=14; MR) and severe-recurrents (i3+i4, n=10; SR). The CrF were gathered from intestinal resections, and IBD-free mesenteric tissues were collected from intestinal resections for colorectal cancer (n=10) and bariatric surgery for severe obese patients (n=11). The total DNA was quantified using DABA assay, 105 cytokines were semiquantified by immune blotting and the fatty acid (FA) profile was quantified by GC-MS. Results The DNA analyses in the CrF showed a major cellularity demonstrating the hyperplasia. When compared to the control groups and to SR, the NR patients showed an increment of infection pro-resolutive cytokines (IFN-γ, MIF, BAFF), and, specially, an increase in both Th1 and Th2 cytokines (IL-18, IL-33). Here, there was also an increase in molecules related to angiogenesis (endoglin) and cellular adhesion (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1). On the other hand, the SR showed a higher level of pro-fibrotic PAI-1 and of the leukocyte homing inducer CCL5. Going into the FA, in comparison to the control groups, there was an increase in the saturated in front of a decrease in mono-unsaturated FA in all the CD groups. Regarding the polyunsaturated FAs, the CrF and the obese mesentery showed a general increase of the omega 6/omega 3 FA ratio when compared to colorectal cancer controls. Finally, both obese and NR CD patients had less short-chain FAs, specifically acetate and propionate, than the colorectal controls. Unexpectedly, the butyrate levels were very low in all the mesenteric tissues. Conclusion The CrF from NR CD patients show an infection resolutive profile regarding the controls and the SR. Instead, these lasts showed signs of chronic inflammation and a fibrotic profile. In general, CrF FA proportions suggests changes in cell signaling due to loss of cell membrane fluidity. In addition, the greater presence of omega-6 than omega-3 FA in the CrF and mesentery of obese patients could be related to the generation of potent proinflammatory lipid mediators. In contrast, the propionate and acetate decrease detected in NR CD patients could be protective against POR.

Comparable Hemodilution with Hypertonic Glucose in Patients with and without Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus during Hemodialysis.

(1) Background: It was examined whether glucose-induced changes in the relative blood volume are suitable to identify subjects with and without type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) during hemodialysis. (2) Methods: The relative blood volume was continuously recorded during hemodialysis and perturbed by the infusion of glucose comparable to the dose used for intravenous glucose tolerance tests. Indices of glucose metabolism were determined by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). Body composition was measured by a bioimpedance analysis. The magnitude and the time course of hemodilution were described by a modified gamma variate model and five model parameters. (3) Results: A total of 34 subjects were studied, 14 with and 20 without T2D. The magnitude of the hemodilution and the selected model parameters correlated with measures of anthropometry, body mass index, absolute and relative fat mass, volume excess, baseline insulin concentration, and HOMA indices such as insulin resistance and glucose disposition in a continuous analysis, but were not different in a dichotomous analysis of patients with and without T2D. (4) Conclusions: Even though the parameters of the hemodilution curve were correlated with measures of impaired glucose metabolism and body composition, the distinction between subjects with and without T2D was not possible using glucose-induced changes in the relative blood volume during hemodialysis.

Testing the Role of Natural and Sexual Selection on Testes Size Asymmetry in Anurans

Directional asymmetry in testes size is commonly documented in vertebrates. The degree of testes size asymmetry has been confirmed to be associated with natural and sexual selection. However, the role of natural and sexual selection driving variations in testes size asymmetry among species of anurans are largely unknown. Here, we studied the patterns of variations in testes size asymmetry and the factors shaping its variations among 116 anuran species. The results indicated that the left size-biased testes in 110 species (94.83% of 116 species) is more common than the right size-biased testes in six species. For all studied species, the degree of testes size asymmetry was positively associated with relative livers and body fat mass, following the prediction of the packaging hypothesis. We also found that the postcopulatory sperm competition (e.g., residual testes size) was positively associated with the degree of testes asymmetry. However, environmental stress (e.g., high latitude, precipitation seasonality and temperature seasonality) did not promote more symmetrical testes for all species. Our findings suggest that both natural selection for larger livers in body space and sexual selection for rapid increase in testis mass for most species during the breeding season can play key roles in driving in testes size asymmetry across anuran species.

Associations of relative fat mass, a new index of adiposity, with type-2 diabetes in the general population

BackgroundRelative fat mass (RFM) is a novel sex-specific anthropometric equation (based on height and waist measurements) to estimate whole-body fat percentage. ObjectiveTo examine associations of RFM with incident type-2 diabetes (T2D), and to benchmark its performance against body-mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). MethodsThis prospective longitudinal study included data from three Dutch community-based cohorts free of baseline diabetes. First, we examined data from the PREVEND cohort (median age and follow-up duration: 48.0 and 12.5 years, respectively) using Cox regression models. Validation was performed in the Lifelines (median age and follow-up duration: 45.5 and 3.8 years, respectively) and Rotterdam (median age and follow-up duration: 68.0 and 13.9 years, respectively) cohorts. ResultsAmong 7961 PREVEND participants, 522 (6.6%) developed T2D. In a multivariable model, all adiposity indices were significantly associated with incident T2D (Pall<0.001). While 1 SD increase in BMI, WC and WHR were associated with 68%, 77% and 61% increased risk of developing T2D [Hazard ratio (HR)BMI: 1.68 (95%CI: 1.57-1.80), HRWC: 1.77 (95% CI: 1.63-1.92) and HRWHR: 1.61 (95%CI: 1.48-1.75)], an equivalent increase in RFM was associated with 119% increased risk [HR: 2.19 (95%CI: 1.96-2.44)]. RFM was associated with incident T2D across all age groups, with the largest effect size in the youngest (<40 years) age category [HR: 2.90 (95%CI: 2.15-3.92)]. Results were broadly similar in Lifelines (n = 93,870) and Rotterdam (n = 5279) cohorts. ConclusionsRFM is strongly associated with new-onset T2D and displays the potential to be used in the general practice setting to estimate the risk of future diabetes.

Body fat and muscle in relation to heart rate variability in young-to-middle age men: a cross sectional study

Background While obesity is recognisably associated with changes in heart rate variability (HRV), the association between skeletal muscle mass and HRV is less clear. Aims In this cross sectional study, we analysed the association of body fat (four parameters) and muscle mass (five parameters) with indicators of HRV activity. Subjects and methods Assessment of body composition and HRV was performed in n = 180 young-to-middle age healthy men exposed to high occupational physical activity, using the multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance device and the PPG-StressFlow® HRV photoplethysmography device, respectively. Results Mean values of parameters of fat tissue were above normal/reference values. Muscle tissue indicators were higher or within the reference ranges. Fat tissue parameters were significantly higher in participants with lower parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) indicators. Weight-adjusted skeletal muscle index (wSMI) was significantly lower in men with reduced PNS parameters. Fat tissue parameters were negatively correlated with PNS parameters, while wSMI was positively correlated with PNS parameters. Conclusions Participants with higher fat mass and lower muscle mass had poorer parasympathetic activity. Since mean values of HRV parameters indicated mild parasympathetic dominance, we conclude that physical activity and consequently good muscle mass potentially compensated for the negative interaction between fat tissue and HRV.

PHYSICAL HEALTH OF FEMALES FROM THE MOUNTAIN DISTRICTS OF ZAKARPATTIA ACCORDING TO THE METABOLIC LEVEL OF AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC ENERGY SUPPLY DEPENDING ON THE COMPONENT BODY COMPOSITION

Aim: To determine the aerobic and anaerobic productivity of females from the mountain districts of Zakarpattia region, depending on the component composition of body weight. Materials and Methods: A comparative analysis of physical health status of females in the post-pubertal period of ontogenesis, was carried out. Physical health status was assessed by indicators of aerobic and anaerobic productivity depending on the component composition of the body, which was determined by impedance measurement. Results: Physical health of females from the mountain districts depends on the component composition of the body, namely: an excellent level of aerobic productivity is observed in females who have a insufficient body weight with a normal relative fat content and a high relative content of skeletal muscles, VО2 max rel &gt; 38 ml·min-1·kg-1; as a result, their physical health exceeds the “critical level” according to H.L. Apanasenko and corresponds to “excellent” according to Ya.P. Pyarnat’s criteria. Females from the mountain districts with normal body weight, high relative fat and normal relative skeletal muscle have average level of aerobic performance., i.e., VО2 max rel. is within 28-33 ml∙min-1∙kg-1. As a result, their physical health is below the “critical level”. Conclusions: “Excellent” and “good” level of aerobic productivity of females from the mountain districts of the Zakarpattia region guarantees “safe health level”. Females from mountain districts with a high content of fat component have an “average” level of aerobic performance, which does not provide a “safe health level”.

O tamanho da pinça pode afetar a medida de espessura das dobras cutâneas e interferir na estimativa e classificação da adiposidade corporal

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify the effect of pinch size on skinfold thickness measurement and the consequent interference in the estimation and classification of body adiposity components. Cross-sectional and quantitative study carried out with a sample of 29 subjects recruited from a university in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Four measurement steps were performed at each site of the eight chosen skinfolds. The first step was performed with a subjective-landmark and the three subsequent steps with fixed-landmarks defined with an expanding secondary line at 2 cm intervals. Body adiposity components were determined from the skinfold thickness measured at each landmark. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bland-Altman agreement analysis were applied. The subjective-landmark was chosen as the dependent variable. The 6 cm-landmark showed similarity and statistical agreement with the subjective-landmark for all skinfolds except the thigh, and with the sums of five and eight skinfolds. All fixed-landmarks showed agreement below the cut-off point for the percentile classification of subcutaneous adiposity and normative relative body fat. Variation in pinch size is an important source of TEM that can affect the reproducibility of skinfold thickness measurements and interfere in the estimation and classification of the molecular and tissue component of body adiposity.

Metabolic response during high-intensity interval exercise and resting vascular and mitochondrial function in CrossFit participants

High-intensity functional training (HIFT) can play a major role in preventing cardiometabolic disease. The majority of HIFT interventions incorporate CrossFit (CF) training. We measured aerobic capacity, metabolic response during high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), resting mitochondrial oxidative capacity, and resting vascular function in adults who participated in CF training (&amp;gt; one year) vs. a sedentary group completing &amp;lt;2 h·wk-1 of structure exercise for &amp;gt; one year (SED). Twenty-one participants were recruited (CF n = 13 vs. SED n = 8). CF participants had a 33.0% greater relative VO2 peak (p&amp;lt;.001) and lower body fat percentage (CF = 18.6 [3.8] vs. SED = 30.3 [8.4]; p&amp;lt;.001). CF participants had higher exercising substrate oxidation when expressed as absolute and body weight relative values (p&amp;lt;.013), but not when expressed relative to lean mass (p&amp;gt;.200). CF participants had greater mitochondrial oxidative capacity (p=.014). There were no differences in large artery function, but CF participants had greater baseline arterial diameter (p=.004) and faster reperfusion following arterial occlusion (p&amp;lt;.05). These data support HIFT programs’ effectiveness in improving fitness, weight status, and metabolic, mitochondrial, and vascular function.

Free Flap Fat Volume is Not Associated With Recurrence or Wound Complications in Oral Cancer.

Adipose stem cells (ASCs) have been shown in many preclinical studies to be potent suppressors of the immune system. Prior studies suggest that ASCs may promote cancer progression and wound healing. However, clinical studies investigating the effects of native, or fat-grafted adipose tissue on cancer recurrence have generated mixed results. We investigated whether adipose content in reconstructive free flaps for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is associated with disease recurrence and/or reduction in wound complications. Retrospective chart review. Academic medical center. We performed a review of 55 patients undergoing free flap reconstruction for OSCC over a 14-month period. Using texture analysis software, we measured the relative free flap fat volume (FFFV) in postoperative computed tomography scans and compared fat volume with patient survival, recurrence, and wound healing complications. We report no difference in mean FFFV between patients with or without recurrence: 13.47 cm3 in cancer-free survivors and 17.99 cm3 in cases that recurred (p = .56). Two-year recurrence-free survival in patients with high and low FFFV was 61.0% and 59.1%, respectively (p = .917). Although only 9 patients had wound healing complications, we found no trend in the incidence of wound healing complications between patients with high versus low FFFV. FFFV is not associated with recurrence or wound healing in patients undergoing free flap reconstruction for OSCC, suggesting adipose content should not be of concern to the reconstructive surgeon.

Upstream behavior of &lt;i&gt;Schizothorax wangchiachii&lt;/i&gt; after crossing dams at Songxin Hydropower Station in Heishui River,a tributary of the Jinsha River

鱼类过坝后的上溯行为对鱼类寻找适宜的产卵、索饵等功能性栖息地至关重要。现阶段我国大多数研究聚焦于鱼类上溯通过鱼道的游泳行为量化,而过坝后的上溯行为分析鲜有报道。本研究在金沙江下游支流黑水河松新坝址处利用PIT(passive integrated transponder)遥测技术对松新电站过鱼对象短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachii)过坝后的上溯行为开展监测,考虑监测过程中水文情势变化对过坝后上溯行为的影响,采用生存分析方法,构建了耦合多因素(流量、水温、河道涨落水率、昼夜节律、肥满度等)的Cox风险比例回归模型,利用AIC模型准则筛选出最优模型参数,识别了影响鱼类过坝后上溯成功率的关键因素。结果表明:(1)短须裂腹鱼在松新鱼道的上溯效果显著优于河道;(2)水温及河道涨落率是影响短须裂腹鱼过坝后上溯效果的关键因素;(3)水温与短须裂腹鱼过坝后河道上溯成功率呈负相关,当水温超过短须裂腹鱼最适温度后,河道上溯成功率随着温度的上升呈递减趋势;河道涨落水率与短须裂腹鱼过坝后河道上溯成功率呈正相关,其中涨水情势下短须裂腹鱼河道成功上溯的概率高于落水,河道上溯成功率随着涨水率增大呈递增趋势;(4)尽管昼夜节律对短须裂腹鱼过坝后河道上溯成功率无显著影响,但从数据结果发现有61%的短须裂腹鱼选择在夜间上溯。本研究旨在为恢复鱼类栖息地和优化小水电生态调度提供科学依据及参考价值。;The upstream behavior of fish after crossing the dam is critical for fish to find suitable functional habitats for spawning, baiting, etc. At present, most researches in China focus on quantifying the swimming behavior of fish upstream through the fishway, while the analysis of upstream behavior after crossing dams has rarely been reported. In this study, passive integrated transponder (PIT) telemetry was used at the Songxin Dam in the Heishui River, a tributary of the lower Jinsha River, to monitor the upstream behavior of Schizothorax wangchiachii, the target fish of Songxin Power Station, after crossing the dam. In view of the influence of changes in hydrological conditions on post-damming upstream behavior during monitoring, a Cox proportional regression model coupled with multiple factors (flow, water temperature, river rise and fall rate, diurnal rhythm relative fatness, etc.) was established by using survival analysis method. Meanwhile, the optimal model parameters were selected by utilizing the AIC model guideline to identify the key factors affecting the efficiency of fish's post-damming upstream movement. The results indicated that(1)The upstream effect of Schizothorax wangchiachii in the Songxin fishway passage rate is significantly better than that in the river channel; (2)Water temperature and rise and fall rate of river discharge are the key factors affecting the passage efficiency of Schizothorax wangchiachii after crossing the dam; (3)Water temperature was negatively correlated with the success rate of river upstream after Schizothorax wangchiachii crossed the dam, and when the water temperature exceeded the optimum temperature for Schizothorax wangchiachii, the success rate of river upstream was decreasing with temperature; The upstream success rate of Schizothorax wangchiachii after crossing the dam was positively correlated with the rate of river rise and fall rate, where the river successful upstream rate of Schizothorax wangchiachii in the situation of rising water is higher than that in falling water, and the river upstream success rate was increasing with water rise rate; (4)Although there was no significant effect of diurnal rhythm on the success of river upstream after crossing the dam for Schizothorax wangchiachii, the results showed that 61% of Schizothorax wangchiachii chose to upstream at night. This research provides scientific basis and reference for restoring fish habitat and optimizing ecological planning of small hydropower plants.

Performance of Body Adiposity Index and Relative Fat Mass in Predicting Bioelectric Impedance Analysis-Derived Body Fat Percentage: A Cross-Sectional Study among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in the Ho Municipality, Ghana.

The study sought to determine the diagnostic accuracy of body adiposity index (BAI) and relative fat mass (RFM) to predict BIA-derived BFP among patients with type 2 diabetes in the Ho municipality. Materials and Method. This hospital-based cross-sectional study involved 236 patients with type 2 diabetes. Demographic data, including age and gender were obtained. Height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were measured using standard methods. BFP was estimated on a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) scale. The validity of BAI and RFM as alternative estimates for BIA-derived BFP was evaluated based on mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), Passing-Bablok regression, Bland-Altman plots, receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC), and kappa statistics analyses. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. BAI showed systematic bias in estimating BIA-derived BFP in both genders, but this was not evident between RFM and BFP among females (t = -0.62; p = 0.534). While BAI showed "good" predictive accuracy in both genders, RFM exhibited "high" predictive accuracy for BFP (MAPE: 7.13%; 95% CI: 6.27-8.78) among females according to MAPE analysis. From the Bland-Altman plot analysis, the mean difference between RFM and BFP was acceptable among females [0.3 (95% LOA: -10.9 to 11.5)], but both BAI and RFM recorded large limits of agreement and low Lin's concordance correlation coefficient with BFP (Pc < 0.90) in the two gender populations. The optimal cut-off, sensitivity, specificity, and Youden index for RFM were >27.2, 75%, 93.75%, and 0.69, respectively, while those of BAI were >25.65, 80%, 84.37%, and 0.64, respectively, among males. Among females, the values for RFM were >27.26, 92.57%, 72.73%, and 0.65, whereas those of BAI were >29.4, 90.74%, 70.83%, and 0.62, respectively. The accuracy of discriminating between BFP levels was higher among females [BAI (AUC: 0.93) and RFM (AUC: 0.90)] compared to males [BAI (AUC: 0.86) and RFM (AUC: 0.88)]. RFM had a better predictive accuracy of BIA-derived BFP in females. However, both RFM and BAI failed as valid estimates for BFP. Furthermore, gender-specific performance in the discrimination of BFP levels for RFM and BAI was observed.

Body fat percentage and infarct size in patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Obesity is a global health problem that increases the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). However in studies, it has been observed that when the disease develops, obese patients have a more favorable prognosis than leaner patients. This is called the "obesity paradox." This study aims to evaluate the effect of obesity assessed with body fat percentage (BFP) and relative fat mass (RFM) besides body mass index (BMI) on infarct size (IS) estimated from peak creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) levels in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Patients with a diagnosis of NSTEMI who underwent coronary angiography between January 2017 and January 2022 were retrospectively evaluated. Patients without available anthropometric data to calculate BMI, BFP, and RFM and serial CK-MB measurements were excluded from the study. BMI was calculated using weight(kg)/(height[m])2 formula. Patients were dichotomized as obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2) and non-obese (BMI<30 kg/m2) to compare baseline characteristics. BFP and RFM were calculated from anthropometric data. Linear regression analysis was performed to define predictors of IS. Final study population consisted of 748 NSTEMI patients (mean age was 59.3±11.2 years, 76.3% were men, 36.1% of the patients were obese). Obese patients were more likely to be female, hypertensive, and diabetic. Smoking was less frequently observed in obese patients. Peak CK-MB levels were similar among groups. Obese patients had higher in-hospital left ventricular ejection fraction, and less severe CAD was observed in coronary angiographies of these patients. Multivariable regression analysis identified diabetes mellitus, systolic blood pressure, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, and BFP (β=-4.8, 95% CI=-8.7; -0.3, p=0.03) as independent predictors of IS. Higher BFP is associated with smaller IS in NSTEMI patients. These findings support the obesity paradox in this patient group, but further, randomized controlled studies are required.

PHYSICAL HEALTH OF FEMALES FROM THE LOWLAND DISTRICTS OF ZAKARPATTIA ACCORDING TO THE METABOLIC LEVEL OF AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC ENERGY SUPPLY DEPENDING ON THE COMPONENT BODY COMPOSITION.

The aim: To determine the aerobic and anaerobic productivity of females from the lowland districts of Zakarpattia region, depending on the component composition of body weight. Materials and methods: A comparative analysis of physical health status of females in the post-pubertal period of ontogenesis, was carried out. Physical health status was assessed by indicators of aerobic and anaerobic productivity depending on the component composition of the body, which was determined by impedance measurement. Results: Physical health of females from the lowland districts depends on the component composition of the body, namely: an excellent level of aerobic productivity is observed in females who have a normal body weight with a high relative fat content and a normal relative content of skeletal muscles, VО2 max rel. > 38 ml·min-1·kg-1; as a result, their physical health exceeds the "critical level" according to H.L. Apanasenko and corresponds to "excellent" according to Ya.P. Pyarnat's criteria. Females from lowland districts who are underweight with a normal relative fat content and a high relative skeletal muscle content have an average level of aerobic productivity, VО2 max rel. < 34 ml·min-1·kg-1; as a result, their physical health is below the "critical level" according to H.L. Apanasenko. Conclusions: The presence of fat in females from lowland districts provides energy for muscle work, which contributes to better development of the muscular system. A high level of energy supply due to a high relative fat content determines the excellent physical health status of females from the lowland districts of Zakarpattia.

PECULIARITIES OF PARAMETERS OF AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC PRODUCTIVITY DEPENDING ON THE COMPONENTS OF BODY WEIGHT IN YOUNG MALES FROM THE MOUNTAINOUS DISTRICTS OF ZAKARPATTIA.

The aim: To establish differences in the aerobic and anaerobic capacity in young males with different components of body weight who live in the mountainous districts of Zakarpattia region. Materials and methods: 124 young men aged 17-21 were examined to determine the aerobic and anaerobic capabilities of the body, taking into account the components of body weight. Results: The level of aerobic productivity, which reflects physical health, depends on the component composition of the body. The highest level of aerobic capacity in terms of the VО2 max rel. is found in young males who have normal body weight with a high and a very high relative content of skeletal muscle, a low relative content of fat, and a normal level of visceral fat. As a consequence, their physical health exceeds "safe health level", namely 42 ml∙min-1∙kg-1, and corresponds to "average" according to Ya.P. Piarnat's criteria. Conclusions: A high relative fat content negatively affects the functional capabilities of the body of young males in both aerobic and anaerobic modes of energy supply. With the growth in the relative content of skeletal muscles, the increase of the aerobic capacity of the body, as well as the growth of the capacity of alactic and lactic energy supply processes is observed. None of the examined males had "good" or "excellent" parameters of aerobic processes.

Agreement and validity between body fat estimated by skinfold measurement and air displacement plethysmography in adolescents

Objective: Assess the agreement and validity between relative body fat percentages estimated using anthropometric measurements and air displacement plethysmography (ADP). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 118 adolescents (60 females) aged 10 to 14 years (x̄=12.19, sd=1.18). Adolescents were classified as eutrophic or with overweight according to body mass index (body weight/height2) (x̄=20,12, sd=3,56). Measurements of skinfold thickness (triceps and medial calf) were collected and used to estimate relative body fat by the Slaughter equation. ADP was used as a reference method for the estimation of relative body fat. Agreement between body fat measurement methods (anthropometry × ADP) was analyzed by the Bland–Altman method. The mean error (ME) was calculated by subtracting the body fat percentage estimated by the Slaughter equation from the body fat percentage estimated by ADP. Validity was tested with the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). Results: There was no agreement between the methods, regardless of sex and weight status. For boys with overweight (ME = 4.52; p = 0.007), eutrophic girls (ME = 6.37; p &lt; 0.001), and girls with overweight (ME = 5.55; p &lt; 0.001), the Slaughter equation resulted in overestimation of body fat compared with ADP. Skinfold equations did not demonstrate validity when compared with ADP. Conclusion: Slaughter's skinfold equations did not demonstrate agreement and validity compared with ADP in either sex or weight status. Skinfold equations should be used with caution and, whenever possible, in combination with other body composition indicators.

Effect of high-fructose corn syrup on some obesity markers in adult male rats

High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) accounts for as much as 40% of sweeteners used over all the world as an industrial sweetener - a substitute for sugar. As obesity has increase rapidly to epidemic proportions around the world, adipose derived hormone play central role in regulation of appetite , balancing between calorie input and calorie expenditure , so the current experiment conducted to investigate the effect of HFCS on serum adiponectin , leptin , resistin hormone levels, lipid profile , body weights , food intake , and relative abdominal fat as obesity markers in adult male rats . Thirty adult male rats weighing 200 -225 gram and 12 – 15 weeks old were randomly divided in to five equal groups. The first group (Groups A) was given a 10% solution of HFCS, the second group (Groups B) was given a 20% solution of HFCS ,the third group ( group C ) was given a 10% solution of sucrose , the fourth group ( group D ) was given a 20% solution of sucrose , the fifth group ( group E ) was given a distilled water for thirty days . All groups were fed with standard rat diet and their solutions ad libitum. At the end of experiment the animals were weighted, sacrificed, blood samples were collected by heart puncture . There were a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05 ) in body weights , relative abdominal fat , serum TC , TAG , LDL-c , and VLDL-c , leptin hormone , and resistin hormone in group B compared with all groups of experiment . There were a significant increase in body weights , relative abdominal fat , serum TC , TAG , LDL-c , and VLDL-c , leptin hormone , and resistin hormone in groups A , C and D compared with group E ,whereas there were no significant differences between group A and groups C, D in all studied parameters when compared with each other’s. Serum HDL-c and adiponectin hormone decreased in groups A, B, C, D when compared with group E. There were no significant differences in HDL-c and adiponectin hormone in groups A, B, C, and D when compared with each other’s. In Conclusions excessive consumption of HFCS may contribute to the incidence obesity and dyslipidemia.

Dietary Intakes of Elite Male Professional Rugby Union Players in Catered and Non-Catered Environments

In professional rugby union, it is common for players to switch between catered and non-catered dietary environments throughout a season. However, little is known about the difference in dietary intake between these two settings. Twelve elite male professional rugby union players (28.3 ± 2.9 y, 188.9 ± 9.5 cm, 104.1 ± 13.3 kg) from the New Zealand Super Rugby Championship completed seven-day photographic food diaries with two-way communication during two seven-day competition weeks in both catered and non-catered environments. While no significant differences were observed in relative carbohydrate intake, mean seven-day absolute energy intakes (5210 ± 674 vs. 4341 ± 654 kcal·day-1), relative protein (2.8 ± 0.3 vs. 2.3 ± 0.3 g·kgBM·day-1) and relative fat (2.1 ± 0.3 vs. 1.5 ± 0.3 g·kgBM·day-1) intakes were significantly higher in the catered compared to the non-catered environment (respectively) among forwards (n = 6). Backs (n = 6) presented non-significantly higher energy and macronutrient intakes within a catered compared to a non-catered environment. More similar dietary intakes were observed among backs regardless of the catering environment. Forwards may require more support and/or attention when transitioning between catered and non-catered environments to ensure that recommended dietary intakes are being achieved.

Body Mass Index is The Most Associated Anthropometry Indicators of Obesity with Insulin Resistance in Female College Students

Background: Dysfunction of body tissues due to excessive food consumption is often referred to obesity. Excess storage of visceral fat can develop insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is associated with cardiovascular diseases. Anthropometric measurements can illustrate the early risk of insulin resistance. The aim of this study is to identify the association between anthropometric indicators and insulin resistance.Materials and Methods: The participants in this study were 163 female students aged 19-24 years who live in Semarang. This is a cross sectional study with a purposive sampling method using the "google form". Anthropometric data that were collected in this study include weight, height, waist cirrcumference, hip, sagittal abdominal diameter. Biochemical data that were collected include blood sugar and insulin levels. The data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation test and Multiple Linear Regression test.Results: Anthropometric indicators with high risk were 72.4% for Waist to Height Ratio (WHtR); 22.1% for Waist Hip Ratio (WHR); 35.6% for Body Mass Index (BMI); 12.2% for Sagittal Abdominal Diameter (SAD) and 55.2% for waist cirrcumference. Meanwhile, subjects with high Fasting Blood Glucose levels was 16.6%, subjects had the Conicity Index (C-Index) at risk was 74.8% and based on the Relative Fat Mass (RFM) it was 23.9% of the participants were at risk of obesity and high Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) levels were 74.2%. Anthropometric indicators of obesity, including Conicity Index, Relative Fat Mass, WHtR, WHR, BMI, SAD, and waist and hip ratio were all positively associated with insulin resistance. Therefore, multivariate analysis showed that an increase in body mass index is an indicator that is most associated with the insulin resistance (p&lt;0,001).Conclusion: Body Mass Index is the anthropometric indicator that is most associated with insulin resistance.