Necrosis Of Fat Cells Research Articles

Immersion optical clearing of adipose tissue in rats: ex vivo and in vivo studies.

Optical clearing (OC) of adipose tissue has not been studied enough, although it can be promising in medical applications, including surgery and cosmetology, for example, to visualize blood vessels or increase the permeability of tissues to laser beams. The main objective of this work is to develop technology for OC of abdominal adipose tissue in vivo using hyperosmotic optical clearing agents (OCAs). The maximum OC effect (77%) was observed for ex vivo rat adipose tissue samples exposed to OCA on fructose basis for 90 minutes. For in vivo studies, the maximum effect of OC (65%) was observed when using OCA based on diatrizoic acid and dimethylsulfoxide for 120 minutes. Histological analysis showed that in vivo application of OCAs may induce a limited local necrosis of fat cells. The efficiency of OC correlated with local tissue damage through cell necrosis due to accompanied cell lipolysis.

Progressivity analysis of pleomorphic adenoma toward carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma

Background: Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is a benign salivary gland tumour with high incidence and recurrence after treatment. It may recur with the same appearance or develop toward malignancy, namely as carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA). Howthis tumour can transform into a CXPA remains unclear. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyse the possibility of pathogenesis and progressivity of PA to CXPA. Methods: Twenty-four samples of PA and three control samples of CXPA were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE), Mallory’s trichrome, and Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS). All of the PA cases were identified through different kinds of stroma, tumour cells types, morphologic patterns, or else through atypical appearance of the PA similar to the CXPA. Results: Twenty-four samples of PA demonstrated that the most dominant stroma was myxofibrous, and the dominant tumour cell type was plasmacytoid cells with a trabecular pattern. Additionally, in the pleomorphic histological picture of adenomas we found several patterns of malignant tumour behaviour, including pseudopodia, metaplasia and hyalinisation, and cholesterol crystals that are thought to come from fat cell necrosis derived from adipose metaplasia. Conclusions: PA displays several atypical characteristics that have the potential to develop into malignancies such as CXPA, due to capsular infiltration, necrosis, hyalinization and high mitotic activity of cells, but all these atypical characteristics that we observed still cannot be clearly classified as CXPA because they require other specific examinations.

Elderly woman with soft tissue ossification.

A 67-year-old woman with hypertension, type 2 diabetes and chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) was admitted to the emergency room due painful left leg after a fall from own height. The fall had been a true mechanical one, with no preceding dizziness, chest pain, or palpitations. On physical examination, small chronic ulcer and subcutaneous white calcifications were observed. Hemogram, electrolytes, cardiac enzymes, parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphorus, serum creatinine and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol were unremarkable. A plain radiograph of her left leg showed no fracture and multiple radio-opaque images, clearly outlined in the subcutaneous tissues. The diagnosis of dystrophic subcutaneous calcification was made. The patient refused clinical follow-up. Calcinosis cutis (CC) is defined as the deposition of calcium salts in the skin. The condition is divided into 5 types: calciphylaxis and dystrophic, metastatic, idiopathic and iatrogenic CC. Dystrophic calcification is the most frequent type of CC. Serum calcium and phosphorus levels are normal. Local tissue damage, such as degeneration of collagen fibres, elastic fibres, fat cell necrosis caused by trauma, infections, neoplasms and many other conditions, are considered to be precipitating factors. Calcium deposits impair normal epithelial growth and cause persistent inflammation with a foreign body reaction, resulting in delayed wound healing. Dystrophic calcification is a major cause of failure of conservative ulcer management and it is considered a challenge in CVI patients.

Induction of fat cell necrosis in human fat tissue after treatment with phosphatidylcholine and deoxycholate

Injections with phosphatidylcholine- and deoxycholate-containing substances are used to treat localized fat accumulation and lipomas. It is believed that the injected substances induce fat cell destruction with subsequent acute panniculitis followed by a repair process of the treated fat tissue. We investigated whether necrosis or apoptosis of fat cells was induced by the injected substances. Samples of fat tissue of lipoma were collected at various times after injection and evaluated by light and electron microscopy, by immunostaining for active caspase-3 and antideoxyribonuclease I, in situ end-labelling (TUNEL staining), and biochemical caspase-3 assays. Light and electron microscopy showed fat cell necrosis in all areas of the treated lipomas. Low levels of active caspase-3 indicated the absence of apoptosis. Injection of the lipolytic substances phosphatidylcholine and deoxycholate leads to fat cell necrosis rather than apoptosis. However, additional studies evaluating different dosing and further time points after treatment are necessary.

Potential of adipocytokines in predicting peripancreatic necrosis and severity in acute pancreatitis: Pilot study

Severe acute pancreatitis is characterized by lipase-induced peripancreatic fat cell necrosis. Because adipocytes secret several highly active molecules, the aim of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that adipocytokines could serve as potential markers predicting peripancreatic necrosis and severity in acute pancreatitis. A total of 23 patients (11 females, 12 males) with acute pancreatitis were included and a computed tomography (CT) examination was available in 20 patients. Balthazar score, Schröder score, pancreatic necrosis score, Ranson score and APACHE II score were calculated, correlated with biochemical parameters and analyzed using receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) analysis. Adipocytokine serum levels were measured daily by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) over 10 days after admission. Resistin and leptin were significantly elevated in patients with severe pancreatitis and were correlated with a radiological scoring system for extrapancreatic necrosis. Whereas resistin correlated positively with clinical scoring systems, time until discharge and the need for interventions, leptin was correlated positively with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Resistin levels measured on the day of admittance had a positive predictive value of 93.3% (cut-off: >6.95 ng/mL) in predicting a Schröder score >3. Resistin, and to a lesser extent leptin, but not adiponectin levels are novel potential markers for extrapancreatic necrosis and severity of acute pancreatitis and should therefore be tested in larger cohorts of patients.

Pancreatic Panniculitis Due to Pancreatic Carcinoma

A 52-year-old woman had a 3-month history of multiple red-brown, tender subcutaneous nodules confined to the lower extremities and associated with a 15-kg weight loss. A skin incisional biopsy specimen revealed lymphocytic panniculitis with necrosis of fat cells, some appearing as ghostlike cells, consistent with pancreatic panniculitis. The serum lipase level was 2910 U/L. Computed tomography of the abdomen showed what appeared to be a tumor thrombus in the portal vein. On the basis of additional laboratory test results and fine-needle aspiration of the mass, the likely primary source for the malignancy was determined to be the pancreas, with secondary spread into the portal venous system. The patient underwent palliative chemotherapy and died within 3 months. This rare form of panniculitis typically presents as tender, dull red lower extremity nodules that may ulcerate.1Dahl PR Su WP Cullimore KC Dicken CH Pancreatic panniculitis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995; 33: 413-417Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (155) Google Scholar The characteristic histological finding is the “ghost cell,” representing a necrotic, partially calcified adipocyte.1Dahl PR Su WP Cullimore KC Dicken CH Pancreatic panniculitis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995; 33: 413-417Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (155) Google Scholar, 2Ball NJ Adams SP Marx LH Enta T Possible origin of pancreatic fat necrosis as a septal panniculitis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996; 34: 362-364Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar Pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma are the most frequently encountered precipitating conditions for pancreatic panniculitis.1Dahl PR Su WP Cullimore KC Dicken CH Pancreatic panniculitis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995; 33: 413-417Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (155) Google Scholar Several other factors have been implicated as causes, including pancreatic pseudocysts, congenital anomalies of the pancreas, and blunt abdominal trauma.1Dahl PR Su WP Cullimore KC Dicken CH Pancreatic panniculitis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995; 33: 413-417Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (155) Google Scholar, 2Ball NJ Adams SP Marx LH Enta T Possible origin of pancreatic fat necrosis as a septal panniculitis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996; 34: 362-364Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar When possible, correction of the underlying abnormality may lead to resolution of the panniculitis.1Dahl PR Su WP Cullimore KC Dicken CH Pancreatic panniculitis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995; 33: 413-417Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (155) Google Scholar

Comparison of Autologous Fat Transfer in Fresh, Refrigerated, and Frozen Specimens

The rising popularity of autologous fat transfer (AFT) has raised the questions whether cryopreserved adipocytes are a suitable substrate for soft-tissue augmentation, and which storage techniques may be most suitable for a maximally successful surgical result. An animal model of AFT was conceived using isogeneic Sprague-Dawley rats. Suction harvesting of fat and subcutaneous implantation was performed with specimens stored at -16 degrees C or 1 degrees C for a period of 1 or 2 weeks, as well as a group that underwent immediate implantation. A histological comparison of the experimental and control groups clearly demonstrated a decrease in viable adipocytes and an increase in signs of inflammation and fat cell necrosis in those animals that received stored fat instead of immediate fat implantation. These changes became more severe with increased length of storage and the use of refrigeration over freezing. The authors conclude that the practice of storing harvested adipocytes for later injection is not supported by the experimental evidence and should be avoided.

The histopathology and ultrastructure of steatitis affecting common dab Limanda limanda

This study presents a new description, based on histopathological and ultrastructural studies, of a disease affecting the common dab Limanda limanda (L.). The condition can be recognised by the presence of multiple orange or yellow lesions in the pterygophorial region of the fish. The principal histopathological features are necrosis of fat cells, extensive macrophage infiltration leading to the formation of granulomatous structures, and the accumulation of lipopigment by lipid peroxidation. Based on this description, the condition has been diagnosed as steatitis. Although pathology associated with lipid peroxidation is the dominant characteristic of the lesions examined, it is proposed that this process is secondary to necrosis of the adipose tissue. The aetiology is discussed in the light of these observations. In addition, the first record of this condition affecting long rough dab Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius) is made.

A CASE REPORT OF MESENTERIC PANNICULITIS OF THE COLON

A case of mesenteric panniculitis in a 79-year-old man is reported. The patient was admitted to the hospital because of abdominal pain. Physical examination revealed a hard fist-sized mass with tenderness in his left lower abdomen. Barium enema study demonstrated a narrowing extended from the descending to sigmoid colon with a saw-tooth-like appearance. CT scan and US revealed a remarkable thickening of the wall of the descending and sigmoid colon. He was treated conservatively under a diagnosis of intestinal obstruction due to ischemic colitis, but no symptomatic remission was attained. So we performed an operation. At laparotomy, the wall extending from the descending to sigmoid colon was remarkably thick and firm. He underwent left colectomy and transverse colostomy. Histologically, degeneration and necrosis of fat cells were seen and mesenteric panniculitis was confirmed. After the operation, ileus symptoms improved and be he is doing well. Mesenteric panniculitis is a rare disease characterized by unspecific inflammation of the mesenterium. In our country, only 52cases of the disease of the colon have been reported so far. A total of 53cases including this case are presented and discussed here.

A CASE OF INTRAPERITONEAL LOOSE BODY WHICH SHOWED THE APPEARANCE OF LIVER TUMOR

A 66-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of epigastralgia. Plain abdominal roentgenogram revealed a calcification (8×6mm) in Morrison's pouch. Abdominal ultrasound and CT examinations demonstrated a mass lesion (2.2×2.0cm) in the hepatic segment 6. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram showed no abnormality in the biliary system except for a cholesterol polyp (6×4mm) at the neck of the gall bladder. Hepatic angiogram demonstrated no vascularity in the tumor. The enucleation of the hepatic tumor and cholecystectomy were performed. Intraoperative exploration clarified the calcification in Morrison's pouch as a calcified intraperitoneal loose body. Histological examination of the hepatic tumor demonstrated coagulation necrosis of fat cells in the middle surrounded by glassy degenerative fibrous tissue. Since the intraperitoneal loose body found in Morrison's pouch showed same histological findings, the hepatic tumor was diagnosed as intraperitoneal loose body which had migrated into hepatic parenchyma and demonstrated the appearance of hepatic tumor. Althoguh intraperitoneal loose body rarely draws clinician's attention, operative indication should be considered in cases that it causes some clinical symptoms or another neoplastic lesions can not be ruled out.

Fat cell necrosis syndrome in Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.

A progressive degenerative condition of the dorsal sub-dermal fat deposits of farmed Atlantic halibut is reported, nominally termed fat cell necrosis syndrome (FCNS). The disease does not appear to have an infectious or malignant aetiology, but may be related to an imbalance between dietary oxidants and antioxidants combined with an exposure to sunlight. The gross lesions and histopathology are described.

Silicone Gel-Filled Breast Implants: Is Local Inflammation Associated With Fat Necrosis?

: Granuloma formation and chronic inflammation are local reactions that are associated with implantation of medical grade silicone. These responses lead to capsular contraction, pain, and cosmetic problems. In addition, there have been a few reports of connective tissue disease in patients with silicone gel-filled implants. The purpose of this paper is to raise the possibility that local responses to silicone gel-filled implants are mediated by fat necrosis. Results of histologic findings and patient records in six patients indicate that patients experiencing implant leakage or failure exhibited classic signs of a foreign-body response, including the presence of giant cells and foamy macrophages. Most of the observed vacuoles were empty and appeared similar to enucleated fat cells, although some contained foreign material. These observations suggest that the physical presence or degradation products of the implants may have elicited fat cell necrosis that contributed to the chronic inflammatory response. In contrast, patients with intact implants showed no signs of a chronic foreign-body response. None of the patients in this study demonstrated any systemic complications. It is concluded that although there have been numerous reports of empty vacuoles containing silicone that are either derived from the membrane that surrounds the implant or from the gel, there are no reports linking these vacuoles to the vacuoles seen in fat tissue necrosis, even though histologically the two processes are morphologically similar. Therefore, it is important to ask whether some of the adverse reactions observed with silicone gel-filled implants may be mediated via fat cell necrosis.

Erythema nodosum-like lesions in Behçet's syndrome: a histopathologic study of 30 cases.

Thirty patients who fulfilled the criteria for complete and incomplete types of Behçet's syndrome were studied to determine the histopathologic changes of erythema nodosum-like lesions. Lymphocytic vasculitis was observed in 12 (40%) of the cases, but it was only focal in areas of severe lymphocytic inflammation and only mild in degree. No diffuse vasculitis was seen. It is our opinion that the observed lymphocytic vasculitis is only secondary to moderate or severe lymphocytic inflammation. Twelve cases (40%) revealed septal panniculitis, 10 cases (33%) demonstrated lobular panniculitis with moderate to marked inflammation and fat cell necrosis, and 8 cases (27%) showed mild and nonspecific inflammation in the panniculus. Therefore, there is a spectrum of histopathologic changes of erythema nodosum-like lesions in Behçet's syndrome, similar to that of erythema nodosum secondary to other systemic disorders.

Experimental implantation of adipose tissue fragments

The healing of small adipose tissue implants was evaluated in experimental studies on rats. Adipose tissue of approximately 0.5 ml volume was obtained by resection of parauterine fat pads. The tissue was divided into fragments that were 1–3 mm in size and implanted under the dorsal skin. The implantation of adipose tissue in fragments offered no biological advantage and the healing process terminated in extensive necrosis of fat cells. The results are analysed and considered in relation to the implantation of adipose tissue fragments obtained by liposuction.

Microscopic epidural lesions in goats given repeated epidural injections of morphine: use of a modified autopsy procedure.

Epidural catheterization was performed in six goats. Five days later either saline or 20 mg (5 mg/ml) preservative free morphine was injected epidurally once daily for 8 days. The goats were sacrificed 4, 24 or 48 hours after the last injection. The lumbar part of columna was removed in toto for microscopic examination of the spinal cord and the entire epidural space after decalcification and transverse sectioning. After saline, minimal changes including a fibrous membrane surrounding the catheter, scattered fat cell necrosis, scattered small focal cell infiltrations and occasionally focal haemorrhages were seen. After morphine the changes were considerably more severe including diffuse cellular inflammatory reaction in the epidural space, fat cell necrosis, occasionally focal exudative inflammation and chronic inflammatory reaction in the vicinity of the fibrous membrane demarcating position of the catheter. It is concluded that the present modified autopsy procedure permits microscopic examination of the epidural space. It has been shown that repeated administration of morphine caused tissue damage in the epidural space of goats. The human predictability of the results obtained is unknown. However, the results are encouraging for investigations with similar procedure in humans.

Synovial Fat Necrosis Associated with Ischemic Pancreatic Disease

A 59-year-old man with ischemic pancreatic disease, polyarthritis, and cutaneous nodules has shown histopathologic findings indicative of disseminated fat necrosis in a percutaneous biopsy specimen from the right knee. The histopathologic findings in the synovium included necrotic fat cells, distorted fat cells and adjacent lymphocytes, lipid laden histiocytes, and giant cells. In prior histopathologic studies of the joint involvement associated with this disorder, fat cell necrosis has been found only in the periarticular tissues, and the synovium has appeared normal or showed nonspecific inflammation. However, the present study shows that the synovial membrane may also be the site of fat necrosis and an associated inflammatory reaction; thus patients with this disorder may manifest arthritis in addition to periarthritis.

Experimental bone marrow fat necrosis.

We have studied serially by light and electronmicroscopy the development of lesions of the adipose tissue of the bone marrow of the rabbit following intravenous injections of saponin. Two types of steatonecrotic lesions were seen: in the femur giant-cell granulomas surrounding necrotic fat cells and in the sternum, small foci of fat necrosis containing calcified deposits. In both cases the lesions were of ischemic origin and secondary to the destruction of the microcirculation of the bone marrow by saponin. These studies suggest that necrosis of the bone marrow fat cells can contribute to the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis. They also suggest that adipose tissue responds differently to ischemia depending on topography. In hematopoietic marrow necrosis of fat cells is followed by calcium deposits, whereas in fatty marrow necrosis leads to resorptive giant cell reaction.

Ceroidosis of Snapping Turtles—I

Ceroidosis occured in snapping turtle(Trionyx sinensis)fed on rotten silk-warm pupae and fish meat continuously in Oita in summer, 1975. They showed the dark-yellowish coloration of the adipose tissue all over the body.Six diseased turtles were examined histopathologically and histochemically.In the adipose tissue of the mild cases, angitis and necrosis of a part of fat cells around the inflammed capillaries were observed.Lipopigment, indentified as ceroid, was deposited inside each necrotized fat cells.In the adipose tissue of the advanced cases, angitis and necrosis of fat cells around the inflammed vessels, ceroid accumulation inside and among each necrotized fat cells were found in more extensive areas and in larger quantities. A great number of macrophages were present around the inflammed vessels and most of them devoured ceroid.It seems that the dark-yellowish coloration of the adipose tissue is due to above-mentioned changes.A small number of ceroid-laden macrophages appeared in all the visceral organs. Degenerating striated muscle fibers appeared in the extensive muscula tures.The authors consider that above-mentioned changes closely resemble the yellow fat disease in mammals and aves.