Fasting Triglyceride Concentrations Research Articles

Triglyceride glucose index as a predictor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: insights from a longitudinal analysis in non-obese individuals

BackgroundA substantial portion of non-obese population is afflicted with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). The Triglyceride Glucose (TyG) index, a quantifier of insulin resistance magnitude, is determined by the product of fasting plasma glucose and triglyceride concentrations. The relationship between the TyG index and NAFLD within this cohort remains ambiguous.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis utilizing datasets acquired from the Dryad digital repository. Non-obese participants (BMI < 25 kg/m2) were enrolled at the Wenzhou Medical Center of Wenzhou People’s Hospital between January 2010 and December 2014. Demographic information and biochemical parameters were systematically compiled, and the diagnosis of NAFLD was established through ultrasonographic evidence.ResultsThis study cohort included 16,172 non-obese participants with a 5-year follow-up, among whom 2,322 (14.36%) developed NAFLD. The disparity between TyG index quartiles in the accumulative incidence of new-onset NAFLD was distinct, with an increasing risk of new-onset NAFLD as the TyG index increased. Participants in highest quartile exhibited the maximum risk of NAFLD. In the fully adjusted model 3, the hazard ratios for NAFLD in Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 2.15 (1.62, 2.87), 2.89 (2.20, 3.80) and 4.58 (3.48, 6.02), respectively. Meanwhile, the TyG index and NAFLD risk showed a highly significant overall correlation (p < 0.0001) and nonlinearity (p < 0.0001) according to the limited cubic splines. In subgroup analysis, a significant interaction was noted between new-onset NAFLD and SBP (<140 mmHg vs. ≥140 mmHg; P for interaction = 0.0114). The SBP < 140 mmHg subgroup demonstrated an enhanced TyG index influence on NAFLD risk (HR = 2.83, 95% CI: 2.48–3.23, p < 0.0001).ConclusionThe TyG index serves as a straightforward instrument for assessing NAFLD risk in non-obese individuals, enabling prompt identification and management in this population segment.

Protective effect of melatonin against metabolic disorders and neuropsychiatric injuries in type 2 diabetes mellitus mice

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and progressive cognitive dysfunction, and our clinical investigation revealed that the plasma concentration of melatonin (Mlt) decreased and was closely related to cognition in T2DM patients. However, although many studies have suggested that Mlt has a certain protective effect on glucose and lipid metabolism disorders and neuropsychiatric injury, the underlying mechanism of Mlt against T2DM-related metabolic and cognitive impairments remains unclear. PurposeThe aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of Mlt on metabolic disorders and Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like neuropsychiatric injuries in T2DM mice and to explore the possible underlying molecular mechanism involved. MethodsA T2DM mouse model was established by a combination of a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ, 100 mg/kg, i.p.), and Mlt (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) was intragastrically administered for six consecutive weeks. The serum levels of glycolipid metabolism indicators were measured, behavioral performance was tested, and the protein expression of key molecules involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, circadian rhythms, and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus was detected. Moreover, the fluorescence intensities of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1), amyloid β-protein (Aβ) and phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) in the hippocampus were also observed. ResultsTreatment with Mlt not only improved T2DM-related metabolic disorders, as indicated by increased serum concentrations of fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc), insulin (INS), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG), improved glucose tolerance and liver and pancreas function but also alleviated AD-like neuropsychiatric injuries in a HFD/STZ-induced mouse model, as indicated by decreased immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST), increased preference indices of novel objects or novel arms in the novel object recognition test (NOR) and Y-maze test (Y-maze), and improved platform positioning capability in the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Moreover, treatment with Mlt also improved the hyperactivation of astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampus of mice, accompanied by reduced expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), Aβ, and p-Tau and increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Synapsin I, Synaptotagmin I, melatonin receptor 1B (MT1B), brain muscle arnt-like protein 1 (Bmal1), circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock), period 2 (Per2), and cryptochrome 2 (Cry2). ConclusionMlt alleviated T2DM-related metabolic disorders and AD-like neuropsychiatric injuries in a HFD/STZ-induced mouse model, possibly through a mechanism involving the regulation of glial activation and associated neuroinflammation and the balancing of synaptic plasticity and circadian rhythms in the hippocampus.

Analysis of weight loss, metabolism, and anti-reflux effect of sleeve gastrectomy combined with fundoplication as treatment of obesity complicated by gastroesophageal reflux disease

Objective: To explore the weight-loss, metabolism, and anti-reflux effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy combined with fundoplication (SGFD) as treatment of obesity complicated by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with the aim of identifying the best treatment for such patients. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. Relevant clinical data of 140 patients with obesity (body mass index≥30 kg/m2) complicated by GERD (confirmed by preoperative GerdQ score, gastroscope, upper gastrointestinal radiography, 24-hour pH monitoring of esophagus, and high-resolution esophageal manometry) who had undergone bariatric surgery in the Minimally Invasive Surgery, Hernia and Abdominal Surgery Department of the People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from January 2019 to February 2023 were collected. The participants were allocated to the following groups according to surgical procedure performed: sleeve gastrectomy group (SG group, 92 cases) versus SGFD (SGFD group, 48 cases). SGFD, a new type of anti-reflux weight loss surgery that achieves both anti-reflux and weight loss effects by a procedure involving "cutting first and then folding", was developed by our team. In this study, our main aim was to compare and analyze differences in outcomes between the SG and SGFD groups in terms of weight loss and improvements in metabolism and reflux 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Results: The 140 patients comprised 50 men and 90 women of average age 36.0±9.6 years and preoperative body mass index (BMI) (38.5±6.5) kg/m2. The average preoperative GERD score was 10.2±1.6. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the SGFD and SG groups (all P>0.05). There were also no significant differences in postoperative hospital stay, intraoperative blood loss, or postoperative complications between the two groups (all P>0.05). However, the operation time was longer in the SGFD than SG group (137.5±10.5 minutes vs. 105.3±12.6 minutes, t=-15.131, P<0.001). Compared with preoperative values, fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, body mass, BMI, and GERD score were all lower 3 months postoperatively (all P<0.05). Six months postoperatively, triglyceride, uric acid, and DeMeester score were lower in the SGFD than SG group; however, the lower esophageal sphincter resting pressure was higher in the SGFD group (all P<0.05). There were no significant differences in weight loss indexes (body mass, BMI, percentage of excess body mass loss) or metabolic indexes (fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, and uric acid concentrations) between the SG and SGFD groups 3 and 6 months postoperatively (all P>0.05). However, anti-reflux indexes (GerdQ score, DeMeester score, and lower esophageal sphincter resting pressure) were all significantly better in the SGFD than SG group 6 months postoperatively (all P<0.05). Conclusion: Obese patients with GERD get good weight loss, metabolism improvement and anti-reflux effect after SGFD. SGFD is a safe and feasible surgical method, and its anti-reflux effect is better than SG at the 6th month after operation, so it is feasible.

Triglyceride-Glucose Index Associated with Future Renal Function Decline in the General Population.

The triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index), calculated as the logarithmic product of fasting triglyceride and glucose concentrations, is recognized as a simple marker of insulin resistance. However, the association between the TyG index and future decline of renal function remains unclear in the general population. To investigate whether the TyG index was associated with future decline of renal function in the general population who had not progressed to chronic kidney disease stage G2. Retrospective longitudinal observational cohort study. Individuals who received a population-based health checkup at JA Ehime Kouseiren Checkup Center from 2010 to 2019 (n = 134,007). Individuals without data of baseline fasting triglyceride or glucose levels, or baseline and follow-up data of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), or those with baseline eGFR < 60mL/min/1.73 m2 were excluded. Future renal function decline, defined as a ≥ 25% decrease in eGFR from baseline. Of 10,758 participants, 8,076 were classified into the low TyG index group (TyG index < 8.76, 1st to 3rd quartiles) and 2,682 into the high TyG index group (TyG index ≥ 8.76, 4th quartile). The mean follow-up period was 37.8 ± 23.6months. The incidence rates of renal function decline were 0.31 and 0.69 per 100 person-years in the low and high TyG index groups, respectively. In multivariate Cox proportional hazard models, high TyG index was significantly associated with future renal function decline (hazard ratio 2.25, 95% CI 1.40-3.60). This association was consistent across subgroups stratified by age, sex, body mass index, baseline eGFR, and diagnosed hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia. In the general population, high TyG index was associated with future renal function decline. The TyG index may be useful in identifying individuals at high risk for future renal function decline in the setting of health checkups.

Interacting and joint effects of triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) and body mass index on stroke risk and the mediating role of TyG in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a nationwide prospective cohort study

BackgroundIndividuals who are overweight or obese often develop insulin resistance, mediation of the association between body mass index (BMI) and stroke risk through the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) seems plausible but has not been investigated. This study aims to examine whether TyG mediates associations of BMI with stroke risk and the extent of interaction or joint relations of TyG and BMI with stroke outcome.MethodsThe China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, initiated in 2011, is a nationally representative, ongoing prospective cohort study involving 8 231 middle-aged and older Chinese adults without a stroke history at baseline. Exposures examined include BMI and the TyG, the latter being the logarithmized product of fasting triglyceride and glucose concentrations. The primary study outcome is stroke incidence, as determined through self-reports, with a follow-up period extending from June 1, 2011, to June 30, 2018.ResultsOf the 8 231 participants, 3 815 (46.3%) were men; mean (SD) age was 59.23 (9.32) years. During a median follow-up of 7.1 years, 585 (7.1%) participants developed stroke. The TyG was found to mediate the association between BMI and incident stroke, proportions mediated were 16.3% for BMI in the 24.0–27.9 kg/m2 group and 53.8% for BMI ≥ 28.0 kg/m2 group. No significant multiplicative and additive interactions were found between BMI and TyG on incident stroke (Additive: RERI = 1.78, 95% CI − 1.29–4.86; Multiplicative, HR = 1.40, 95% CI 0.86–2.27). HRs for individuals with BMI ≥ 28.0 kg/m2 and quartile 4 of TyG compared with those with BMI < 24.0 kg/m2 and quartile 1 of TyG were 2.05 (95% CI 1.37–3.06) for incident stroke. Combining BMI and TyG enhanced predictive performance for stroke when compared to their individual (AUCBMI+TyGvs AUCBMIvs AUCTyG, 0.602 vs 0.581 vs 0.583).ConclusionsTyG appeared to be associated with stroke risk and mediates more than 50% of the total association between BMI and stroke in middle-aged and older Chinese adults. Public health efforts aiming at the reduction of body weight might decrease the stroke risk due to insulin resistance and the burden of stroke.

The serum levels of angiopoietin-like protein 3 and 4 in type 2 diabetic patients with and without metabolic syndrome compared to the control group.

ANGPTLs (Angiopoietin-like proteins) 3 and 4 play an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes. These glycoproteins affect the modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. They inhibit lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and provoke lipolysis. This study was aimed to investigate the protein levels of ANGPTL3 and 4 in the serum of type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome in comparison to the type 2 diabetic patients without metabolic syndrome and the control group. Three groups of individuals were included in this study; Group I: 47 patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome; Group II: 25 patients with type 2 diabetes without metabolic syndrome; Group III: 40 non-diabetic healthy people without metabolic syndrome as a control group. After collection of 5 mL fasting blood samples, serum concentrations of fasting blood sugar (FBS), cholesterol (Chol), triglyceride (TG), HDL-C (High-density lipoprotein-Cholesterol) and LDL-C (Low-density lipoprotein-Cholesterol) were measured by the enzymatic method; blood pressure (BP), height and weight with stadiometers; and ANGPTL3 and 4 by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The serum levels of ANGPTL3 was significantly different among our three groups (p = .000). In patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome (Group I), ANGPTL3 and 4 levels were lower than the control group. The serum levels of the parameters evaluated in this study (except HDL-C) was lower in the group II in comparison with the group I, and this difference was significant for TG, Chol, BP and BMI between these two groups. Also, our results revealed that there was a negative correlation between FBS, TG, Chol, LDL-C and BMI with ANGPTL3 and 4. While, there was a significant positive correlation between ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL3. Altogether, our findings suggest that the decreased levels of ANGPTL3 and 4 may be a causative factor for type 2 diabetes.

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome by household food insecurity status in the United States adolescent population, 2001–2020: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundHousehold food insecurity (FI) is a modifiable social determinant of health linked to chronic health outcomes. Little is known, however, about the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in pediatric population-based studies by household FI status. ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of the MetS by household FI status over the past 2 decades. MethodsThis cross-sectional study used data from the 2001–2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Participants were nonpregnant adolescents ages 12– 18 y in United States. The prevalence of MetS [elevated waist circumference and >2 of the following risk factors: elevated blood pressure, and fasting glucose, triglyceride, and/or low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations] by FI status was evaluated using chi-square and logistic regression analyses. ResultsThe estimated prevalence of MetS was 2.66% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.28%, 3.09%] in the final analytical sample (unweighted N = 12,932). A total of 3.39% (95% CI: 2.53%, 4.53%) of adolescents from FI households had MetS compared to 2.48% (95% CI: 2.11%, 2.9%) among adolescents with no household FI. Hispanic adolescents had the highest prevalence of MetS (3.73%, 95% CI: 3.05, 4.56) compared with adolescents who identified as non-Hispanic White (2.78%, 95% CI: 2.25, 3.43), non-Hispanic Black (1.58%, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.10). Adolescents with household FI (23.20%) were more likely to have MetS [odds ratio (OR): 1.38; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.88; I=0.039) compared with adolescents with no household FI, but in fully adjusted models this was not significant (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.75, 1.72). ConclusionsUsing the most current NHANES data, the estimated prevalence of MetS in adolescents in United States was slightly higher among those from FI households. However, after adjusting for potential confounders, the relationship between household FI and MetS was nonsignificant, highlighting the complexity of factors contributing to MetS in this population. Hispanic adolescents share a disproportionate burden of MetS compared with their non-Hispanic counterparts.

An acute exercise at low to moderate intensity attenuated postprandial lipemia and insulin responses

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different exercise intensities on postprandial lipemia (PHTG) and insulin resistance in healthy individuals. MethodsParticipants were 10 adult males with normal fasting triglyceride (TG) concentrations (age = 34 ± 2.8 y, body mass = 72.9 ± 2.4 kg, fasting plasma TG = 1.36 ± 0.18 mmol/l, VO2max = 43.7 ± 3.0 ml/kg/min, fasting glucose = 5.2 ± 0.2 mmol/l and fasting Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA2-IR) = 1.7 ± 0.3). In this study, each participant performed a control trial (Ctr, no exercise), and 3 exercise trials at 40 % (40%T), 60 % (60%T), and 70 % (70%T) of their VO2max. In the exercise trials, participant jogged on a treadmill for 1 h at a designated intensity. A fat-rich meal was consumed by each participant 12 h after exercise. Blood samples were taken at 0 h (before the meal), and 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, and 24 h after the meal. The plasma TG, area score under TG concentration curve over an 8 h-period (TG tAUC) after the meal, and HOMA2-IR were analyzed. ResultsOur results showed that at 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h after the meal, TG in all exercise trials were lower than Ctr (p < 0.05) but did not differ from each other. All the exercise trials were lower in TG tAUC scores than Ctr (p < 0.02), but differences were not observed among the exercise trials. In comparison to Ctr, a significant difference in HOMA2-IR in both 60 % T and 70 % T (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) was observed, but not in 40 % T. ConclusionThe results suggest that exercising at low to moderate exercise intensity for 1 h sufficiently attenuates a fat meal induced PHTG. Moderate exercise intensity also effectively mitigates insulin resistance.

Short-Term Standard Diet Consumption Prior to the Oral Fat Tolerance Test Modulates the Postprandial Triglyceride Response.

We hypothesized that the consumption of a 3-day standard diet (SD) prior to the oral fat tolerance test (OFTT), used to evaluate postprandial lipemia, may counteract the undesirable effects of individual dietary habits on the test results. The OFTT was applied to 22 healthy adults (11 females and 11 males), after their habitual diets (HDs) and following the consumption of a 3-day SD (45-60% energy from carbohydrate, 20-35% from fat, and 10-20% from protein). Plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations were measured during fasting and at the fourth hour of the OFTT. A 3-day SD significantly reduced fasting and fourth-hour TG concentrations and delta TG values by 10%, 12.8%, and 22.7%, respectively. Decreases were observed in fasting and fourth-hour TG and delta TG values following the 3-day SD compared to the HD in subjects with fasting TG concentrations between 89 and 180 mg/dL (p = 0.062, p = 0.018, and 0.047, respectively). As a result, the consumption of a 3-day standardized diet prior to the OFTT may be useful to eliminate the false positive or negative effects of individual dietary habits on test results and to correctly identify individuals who should be administered the OFTT.

Concentration of Asprosin Associated with Poor Control of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Diyala Province

A newly secreted adipokine called asprosin is brought on by fasting as well as encourages hepatic glucose release. Its loss of function through immunologic or genetic methods has a significant effect on lowering glucose and insulin as a result of decreased hepatic glucose release. This study aimed to measure the level of asprosin in a group of poor control hyperglycemic patients and compare its level with the control group and find its correlation with obesity and lipid profile. Asprosin level in serum was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique for 110 Iraqi patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM), as well as 70 individual healthy controls. Percentage of glycated hemoglobin (HbAIc), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration were calculated using Roche cobas integra 400 plus. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus reported increased levels of asprosin in their blood when compared with controls (p &lt; 0.001). A significant positive correlation was seen between asprosin and FBG in patient’s (P&lt; 0.05). Non-significant correlation was seen between asprosin and body mass index (BMI) or lipid profile. In conclusion, according to the asprosin level in serum, there was a highly significant difference between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and control group. BMI and lipid abnormalities were not correlated to asprosin level in the serum of patients.

Pea Fiber Lowers Fasting and Postprandial Blood Triglyceride Concentrations in Humans ,

The effect of a pea cell wall fiber preparation with a high content of soluble fiber on fasting and postprandial blood lipids was investigated in young healthy subjects. Inclusion of 33 g pea fiber product/10 MJ (20 g dietary fiber) in a low fiber diet was tested in five men and six women (mean age 23 y) in a strictly controlled randomized cross-over intervention study over 2 wk separated by a 2-wk period of habitual diet consumption. No significant differences in fasting concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol or HDL cholesterol were observed, whereas total and VLDL triglyceride concentrations were lower when subjects consumed the pea fiber diet compared with the low fiber diet (P < 0.05). Postprandial response to pea fiber was studied in eight men. Addition of 12 g pea fiber product/ 10 MJ to a breakfast meal and 15 g/10 MJ to the following lunch meal resulted in significantly lower total triglyceride (P = 0.01), chylomicron triglyceride (P = 0.03) and insulin (P = 0.003) concentrations after the lunch meal compared with results following the same meal without pea fiber. No differences were observed in glycemic response. In conclusion, this source of dietary fiber lowered fasting and postprandial triglyceride concentrations but did not change fasting cholesterol concentrations.

Correlation between Lipid Accumulation Product with Fasting Blood Glucose and CRP in Obese Females

Obesity is an excessive fat accumulation due to an imbalance between energy intake and consumption. Central obesity, represented by an increase in Waist Circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio, is a predictor for obesity-related metabolic disorders and has replaced BMI to determine the clinical diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Lipid accumulation product calculated from WC and fasting triglyceride concentration is presumed to be an alternative to measure excessive lipid accumulation and a marker to predict diabetes or cardiovascular risk. Lipid accumulation product is related to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome and is preferable to BMI to identify diseases. It has been established that obesity and increased visceral adipocytes contribute to increased levels of some inflammatory proteins such as CRP. This study aimed to determine the correlation between LAP with FBG and CRP in obese females. This cross-sectional study involved female with obesity aged 35-50 years at Diponegoro National Hospital, Semarang, carried out from February to May 2021. Lipid accumulation product was calculated using LAP=(WC[cm]–58)í—(TG[mmol/L]), TG and FBG levels were measured with the colorimetric enzymatic method, and CRP levels were analyzed with an immunoturbidimetric method using the chemical analyzer. The correlation between variables was analyzed using Pearson and Spearman correlation tests (p &lt;0.05). CRP and FBG average levels were 3.546±2.6554 mg/dL and 83.1±11.363 mg/dL, respectively. There was a weak positive correlation between LAP with FBG (p=0.033; r=0.262) and LAP with CRP (p=0.04; r=0.251). Therefore, lipid accumulation products might influence FBG and CRP levels in the obese population

Casual Serum Triglyceride Concentrations and New-Onset Chronic Kidney Disease in the General Japanese Population: The Iki City Epidemiological Study of Atherosclerosis and Chronic Kidney Disease Study

Introduction: Non-fasting triglyceride (TG) concentrations are useful for predicting various diseases, but most epidemiological studies investigated the association between fasting TG concentrations and chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to examine the association between casual (fasting or non-fasting) serum TG concentrations and new-onset CKD in the general Japanese population. Methods: We conducted a population-based, retrospective cohort study using annual health checkup data of residents of Iki City, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. Between 2008 and 2019, participants without CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or proteinuria) at baseline were included. Casual serum TG concentrations were classified by sex as tertile 1 (men: <0.95 mmol/L; women: <0.86 mmol/L), tertile 2 (0.95–1.49 mmol/L; 0.86–1.25 mmol/L), and tertile 3 (≥1.50 mmol/L; ≥1.26 mmol/L). The outcome was incident CKD. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results: 4,946 participants (2,236 [45%] men and 2,710 [55%] women; 3,666 [74%] fasting and 1,182 [24%] non-fasting) were included in the present analysis. During an average follow-up of 5.2 years, 934 participants (434 men and 509 women) developed CKD. In men, the incidence rate (per 1,000 person-years) of CKD increased with an elevation in TG concentrations (tertile 1: 29.4, tertile 2: 42.2, and tertile 3: 43.3). This association was significant, even after adjustment for other risk factors of age, current smoking habits, current alcohol intake, exercise habits, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyper-low-density-lipoprotein cholesterolemia, and use of lipid-lowering therapy (p = 0.003 for trend). In contrast, in women, TG concentrations were not associated with incident CKD (p = 0.547 for trend). Conclusion: Casual serum TG concentrations are significantly associated with new-onset CKD in Japanese men in the general population.

Effect of dyslipidemia, obesity, and atopic status on exhaled and alveolar nitric oxide in asthmatic children.

Dyslipidemia and obesity contribute to a pro-inflammatory state. Eosinophilic airway inflammation can be indirectly measured by fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) produced in the airways of asthmatic subjects. To compare exhaled nitric oxide (NO) and alveolar NO in asthmatic children with and without dyslipidemia. Asthmatic children (5-18 years old) had fasting serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations, and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations measured. FeNO was measured at constant flow rates of 20, 50, 100, and 300 ml/s by the chemiluminescence method. NO concentrations in tissue of the upper airways (CawNO) and the total flux of NO in the conducting airways (JawNO) were determined through FeNO at 20, 100, and 300 ml/s using a mathematical model. The atopic status was assessed using the skin prick test for aero-allergens. One hundred forty-one asthmatic children were enrolled with a mean (standard deviation) age of 11.82 (3.38) years. Sixty-four (45.4%) children had dyslipidemia and 20 (14.2%) were obese. Children with low HDL-C concentrations had significantly higher CawNO and JawNO than those with normal HDL-C concentrations (both p = 0.03). Asthmatic children with obesity had higher CRP concentrations than those with a normal weight (p < 0.001). Atopic children had a significantly higher FeNO, CawNO, and JawNO than non-atopic children (all p < 0.05). This study suggests an effect of HDL-C on CawNO and JawNO in asthmatic children. An intervention that normalizes HDL-C concentrations may be beneficial for airway inflammation in asthmatic children.

Growth hormone treatment does not augment the anti-diabetic effects of liraglutide in UCD-T2DM rats.

The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) slows gastric emptying, increases satiety and enhances insulin secretion. GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as liraglutide, are used therapeutically in humans to improve glycaemic control and delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In UCD-T2DM rats, a model of polygenic obesity and insulin resistance, we have previously reported that daily liraglutide administration delayed diabetes onset by >4months. Growth hormone (GH) may exert anti-diabetic effects, including increasing β-cell mass and insulin secretion, while disrupting GH signalling in mice reduces both the size and number of pancreatic islets. We therefore hypothesized that GH supplementation would augment liraglutide's anti-diabetic effects. Male UCD-T2DM rats were treated daily with GH (0.3mg/kg) and/or liraglutide (0.2mg/kg) from 2months of age. Control (vehicle) and food-restricted (with food intake matched to liraglutide-treated rats) groups were also studied. The effects of treatment on diabetes onset and weight gain were assessed, as well as measures of glucose tolerance, lipids and islet morphology. Liraglutide treatment significantly reduced food intake and body weight and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, relative to controls. After 4.5months, none of the liraglutide-treated rats had developed T2DM (overall p=.019). Liraglutide-treated rats also displayed lower fasting triglyceride (TG) concentrations and lower hepatic TG content, compared to control rats. Islet morphology was improved in liraglutide-treated rats, with significantly increased pancreatic insulin content (p < .05 vs. controls). Although GH treatment tended to increase body weight (and gastrocnemius muscle weight), there were no obvious effects on diabetes onset or other diabetes-related outcomes. GH supplementation did not augment the anti-diabetic effects of liraglutide.

Investigating the Protective Effects of a Rhenium (V) Compound with Uracil-Derived Ligands on Liver Damage Associated with Prediabetes in Diet-Induced Prediabetic Rats

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with prediabetes and can be treated by using a combination of metformin and dietary modification. However, people often fail to adhere to dietary modifications and become more dependent on pharmaceutical intervention, and this affects the effectiveness of the drug. In this study, we investigated the effects of rhenium (V) compound with uracil-derived ligands on liver health in diet-induced prediabetic rats in both the presence and absence of dietary modification. Prediabetic male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with the rhenium (V) compound for 12 weeks in both the presence and absence of dietary modification while monitoring fasting blood glucose levels. Antioxidant enzyme activity, inflammation markers and liver enzymes were measured together with liver glycogen and plasma triglycerides after sacrificing. The administration of rhenium (V) compound to prediabetic rats in both the presence and absence of dietary modification resulted in reduced concentrations of fasting blood glucose and triglycerides. There was also reduced liver glycogen, oxidative stress and liver enzymes while increasing antioxidant enzymes. Altogether, the rhenium (V) compound ameliorated liver injury and prevented hepatotoxicity.

The Mitigatory Effect of Shen-Qi Compound on the Diabetic Thoracic Aortic Complications through Inhibiting the Inflammatory Microenvironment by miR-223-3p/RBP-J/IRF8 Axis.

Background Disruption of the vascular immunological inflammatory microenvironment is linked to metabolic memory impairment. Even though it has been proven that the Shen-Qi compound (SQC) can efficiently halt metabolic memory and preserve vascular endothelial cells, extensive studies need to be done to investigate if it can also change the vascular immune-inflammatory microenvironment by regulating the immune system. This will help figure out the role of stopping metabolic memory. Methods After 4 weeks on a high-fat diet (HFD), GK rats were used to create a model for diabetic thoracic aortic problems. The effect and mechanisms of SQC on diabetic thoracic aortic complications were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), biochemical analysis, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL), reverse transcription, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunofluorescence (IF), western blot, and luciferase reporter assays. Results SQC treatment ameliorates the HFD-induced pathological symptoms as well as the HFD-induced increased concentrations of fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and decreased concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Besides, SQC counteracted the HFD-induced average fluorescence intensity of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), as well as the concentrations of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), while rescuing the HFD-induced concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) and nitric oxide synthetase (NOS). Also, SQC decreases apoptosis and oxidative stress in rats with diabetic thoracic aortic complications. In addition, SQC facilitated the polarization of macrophages, stimulated the activation of dendritic cells, and regulated the inflammatory milieu in rats with diabetic thoracic aortic complications. Furthermore, SQC also modulated the miR-223-3p/RBP-J/IRF8 axis in the macrophages of rats with diabetic thoracic aortic complications. Conclusion SQC ameliorated diabetic thoracic aortic complications through the regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory microenvironment mediating by the miR-223-3p/RBP-J/IRF8 axis.

Oral fat tolerance testing identifies abnormal pancreatic β-cell function and insulin resistance in individuals with normal glucose tolerance.

Insulin sensitivity and β-cell function are affected by lipid metabolism disorders, even before the onset of type 2 diabetes. People are in the postprandial state most of the time. Therefore, identifying postprandial hyperlipemia is important. This study aimed to assess patients with abnormalities in lipid metabolism, but with normal glucose tolerance, using oral fat tolerance testing (OFTT) to identify defects in insulin sensitivity and β-cell function. We included 248 volunteers with normal glucose tolerance who underwent OFTT. They were divided into three groups in accordance with their fasting and 4-h postprandial triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Their lipid concentrations during OFTT were compared. The disposition index (DI) was applied to estimate β-cell function, and the Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISIM ) was used to assess insulin sensitivity. We used multiple linear regression analysis to estimate the relationships of fasting and postprandial TG concentrations with β-cell function and insulin sensitivity . The changes in TG concentrations during OFTT were more marked than those in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol or total cholesterol concentrations. As lipid metabolism deteriorated, the ISIM and the DI gradually decreased. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that fasting and 4-h postprandial TG concentrations affected LnISIM and LnDI. In individuals with normal glucose tolerance, β-cell function and insulin sensitivity gradually decrease with a deterioration in the lipid profile. Not only fasting TG, but also postprandial TG concentrations are independent risk factors for impaired β-cell function and insulin resistance.

Polysaccharide from Hemerocallis citrina Borani by subcritical water: Bioactivity, purification, characterization, and anti-diabetic effects in T2DM rats

Hemerocallis citrina Borani (daylily) has various health benefits. However, the structural characterization and hypoglycemic effects of its polysaccharide remain unclear. Here, we first report for the first time, the effects of subcritical water extraction temperature on bioactivity of Hemerocallis citrina Borani polysaccharide (HCBP). HCBP extracted at 160 °C had better scavenging ability of free-radical and pancreatic lipase inhibition. This study aimed to investigate the structural characterization and anti-diabetic effects of aforementioned HCBP. HCBP was separated into three fractions using a DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow. HCBP-1 was the major component with lower molecular weight, HCBP-2 was the least abundant component, HCBP-3 was the component with higher uronic acid and molecular weight. HCBP treatment significantly decreased the concentrations of fasting blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein, as well as improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. HCBP also protected the kidneys and pancreatic organs by histopathology and immunohistochemical analyses in T2DM rats. In addition, HCBP significantly increased the antioxidant enzymes activities and decreased the level of malonaldehyde to alleviated the oxidative stress injury. The results indicate HCBP extracted by subcritical water is promising functional food ingredients and could be used in T2DM treatment.

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Metabolic Syndrome in a Rural Population in Brazil

ObjectivesThere are still few articles in the scientific literature that assess the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in representative rural populations. Thus, the aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence of MS and to evaluate the association with sociodemographic, work and lifestyle factors in a rural population in southeastern Brazil. MethodsCross-sectional observational epidemiological study conducted in a rural municipality in Brazil. The study population were 790 adult family farmers. The characterization of MS considers five parameters: abdominal circumference, systemic blood pressure levels and serum concentrations of fasting glucose, triglycerides and HDL, according to two different definitions: NCEP-ATP III and IDF. Tests of association between the independent variable and the outcome were performed using Pearson’s chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test when applicable. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed using the enter method. ResultsThe prevalence of MS was 15.4% and 17.2% according to the NCEP and IDF criteria, respectively. In the bivariate analysis, sex (p = 0.014), age group (p < 0.005), schooling (p = 0.007) and time working as a farmer (p < 0.001) were associated with MS (NCEP). According to the IDF criteria, sex (p = 0.024), age group (p < 0.001), education (p = 0.004), working time as a farmer (p < 0.001) and alcohol consumption (p- 0.017). In binary logistic regression, the increase in age groups showed an OR gradient, demonstrating that advancing age is characterized as a risk factor for MS (p < 0.001) in both diagnostic criteria. The other variables had no statistical difference in the multivariate analysis. ConclusionsIn conclusion, a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found in Brazilian farmers, mainly associated with advancing age in this population. The early diagnosis of MS could represent an important advance in terms of protection and prevention of the health of rural populations, as it is a multifaceted disease with several complications. Furthermore, high-cost and complex parameters are not necessary to diagnose MS, being a useful parameter for use in populations whose access to the health system is difficult. Funding SourcesResearch Program of the Unified Health System (PPSUS), through the notice FAPES/CNPq/Decit-SCTIE-MS/SESA No. 05/2015 – PPSUS.