Fasting Serum Total Cholesterol Research Articles

Measurement of Arginase Activity in Sera of Iraqi Acromegaly Patients with Diabetes

The goal of this study was to measure arginase enzyme activity in diabetic acromegaly Iraqi patients and compare it to a control group. This study included 80 participants, whose ages ranged from 25 to 65, and was conducted on forty diabetic acromegaly Iraqi patients attending the national diabetes center of Mustansiriyah University in Baghdad and forty healthy individuals (as a control group). The results showed a highly significant reduction in arginase activity and High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), Urea levels were reduced not significantly, whereas a highly significant increase in levels of Growth Hormone (GH), Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), Fasting Serum glucose (FSG), Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and Very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C)) compared to control. A significant positive correlation was revealed between arginase activity and FSG levels in diabetic acromegaly patients. In conclusion, diabetic acromegaly patients had a significant decreased in serum arginase activity with no significant decrease urea levels, which indicates that their bodies store more nitrogen compounds to be utilized in constructing processes.

Epidemiology and Prevalence of Dyslipidemia Among Adult Population of Tehran: The Tehran Cohort Study.

Dyslipidemia is among the leading risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), with an increasing global burden, especially in developing countries. We investigated the prevalence of dyslipidemia and abnormal lipid profiles in Tehran. We used data from 8072 individuals aged≥35 from the Tehran Cohort Study (TeCS) recruitment phase. Fasting serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride were measured. Dyslipidemia was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, and high LDL/HDL was defined as a ratio>2.5. The age-sex standardized prevalence rates were calculated based on the 2016 national census. Furthermore, the geographical distribution of dyslipidemia and lipid abnormalities was investigated across Tehran's zip code districts. The age-sex standardized prevalence was 82.7% (95% CI: 80.1%, 85.0%) for dyslipidemia, 36.9% (95% CI: 33.8%, 40.1%) for hypertriglyceridemia, 22.5% (95% CI: 19.9%, 25.4%) for hypercholesterolemia, 29.0% (95% CI: 26.1%, 32.1%) for high LDL-C, 55.9% (95% CI: 52.6%, 59.2%) for low HDL-C, and 54.1% (95% CI: 50.9%, 57.3%) for high LDL/HDL ratio in the Tehran adult population. The prevalence of dyslipidemia, low HDL-C, and high LDL/HDL ratio was higher in the northern regions, hypercholesterolemia was higher in the southern half, and high LDL-C was more prevalent in the middle-northern and southern areas of Tehran. We found a high prevalence of dyslipidemia, mainly high LDL/HDL in the Tehran adult population. This dyslipidemia profiling provides important information for public health policy to improve preventive interventions and reduce dyslipidemiarelated morbidity and mortality in the future.

APS calculator: a data-driven tool for setting outcome-based analytical performance specifications for measurement uncertainty using specific clinical requirements and population data.

According to ISO 15189:2022, analytical performance specifications (APS) should relate to intended clinical use and impact on patient care. Therefore, we aimed to develop a web application for laboratory professionals to calculate APS based on a simulation of the impact of measurement uncertainty (MU) on the outcome using the chosen decision limits, agreement thresholds, and data of the population of interest. We developed the "APS Calculator" allowing users to upload and select data of concern, specify decision limits and agreement thresholds, and conduct simulations to determine APS for MU. The simulation involved categorizing original measurand concentrations, generating measured (simulated) results by introducing different degrees of MU, and recategorizing measured concentrations based on clinical decision limits and acceptable clinical misclassification rates. The agreements between original and simulated result categories were assessed, and values that met or exceeded user-specified agreement thresholds that set goals for the between-category agreement were considered acceptable. The application generates contour plots of agreement rates and corresponding MU values. We tested the application using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, with decision limits from relevant guidelines. We determined APS for MU of six measurands (blood total hemoglobin, plasma fasting glucose, serum total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and total folate) to demonstrate the potential of the application to generate APS. The developed data-driven web application offers a flexible tool for laboratory professionals to calculate APS for MU using their chosen decision limits and agreement thresholds, and the data of the population of interest.

Prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia in outpatient children aged 9-11 years.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the importance of universal screening for dyslipidemia in children aged 9-11 years. An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2021 to June 2022. A total of 532 children (279 girls and 253 boys) aged 9-11 years were enroled, and non-fasting blood samples were obtained to measure total cholesterol (TC) levels in the blood. The mean serum TC was 136.4±28.1mg/dl. Thirty-two children (6%) of the screened participants had abnormal TC levels; those were tested subsequently by fasting serum TC, and 19 children were confirmed as dyslipidemic (3.5%). The prevalence of borderline blood cholesterol levels (TC between 170 and 199mg/dl) was 2.6% CI 95% (2.2-3.2), and the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia (TC ≥200mg/dl) was 0.9% CI 95% (0.5-1.4). A positive correlation was found between body mass index and blood cholesterol level. (r = 0.55, P =0.002). Universal non-fasting TC screening in children aged 9-11 years old is effective in detecting hypercholesterolaemia. Since the authors found that the positive family history as the sole basis for selective examination in children is insufficient.

Alteration in expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells could be considered for estimating the severity of coronary artery stenosis

Background and aims: Atherosclerosis is one of the main reasons why people die from cardiovascular disease. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis may have been aided by the deregulation of cellular and molecular events in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This study aimed to investigate the alteration of the expression of matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) in PBMCs of subjects who underwent angiography. Methods: Following a thorough clinical examination and anthropometric assessments, 90 individuals were divided into two groups: 56 coronary artery disease (CAD) participants (subjects with coronary artery stenosis≥50%) and 34 non-CAD participants (subjects with coronary artery stenosis≤30%). Then, this study evaluated fasting serum glucose (FSG), total cholesterol (Chol), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG). Next, the severity of coronary artery stenosis was recorded. Additionally, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to assess the gene expression of MMP-9. MMP-9 protein level was also assessed using western blot techniques. The overexpression of MMP-9 and elevated level of FSG were positively associated with coronary artery stenosis. Results: Our results revealed that MMP-9 was upregulated both at the level of transcription and translation. Moreover, the upregulation of MMP-9 had a significant positive correlation with the severity of coronary artery stenosis. Conclusion: Significant correlation between the overexpression of MMP-9 and coronary artery stenosis confirms our hypothesis that the upregulation of MMP-9 in PBMCs has an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis before monocyte recruitment and its subsequent processes.

Skeletal muscle integrin expression in non-obese men with varying degrees of insulin sensitivity.

The remodeling of skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) components is related to the degree of insulin resistance (IR). Membrane receptors such as integrins provide two-way signaling ("inside-out" and "outside-in" signaling) between ECM components of skeletal muscle (e.g., collagen, laminin, fibronectin) and intracellular signaling pathways. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between the expression of integrins in skeletal muscle and insulin sensitivity (IS) in young, healthy, non-obese volunteers. We studied 36 healthy non-obese male participants. Subjects were divided into three subgroups on the basis of the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp: upper IS tertile, medium IS tertile, and lower IS tertile. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were performed before each clamp. Next, analysis of integrin mRNA expression was performed. Waist circumference, percent body fat, fasting serum insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol were higher in the lower IS tertile subgroup compared to the other two subgroups (p < 0.05). The lower IS tertile showed increased expression of ITGA5, ITGA6, ITGA7, SPARC (p < 0.05) in comparison with the upper IS tertile and ITGA6 (p < 0.05) compared to the medium IS tertile. ITGA2, ITGA3, ITGA5, ITGA6, ITGA7, SPARC correlated inversely with IS (p < 0.05). Skeletal muscle integrin are associated with low IS in healthy nonobese men. Our data suggest that factors associated with ECM in muscle may be involved in modulation of insulin action even at the early stages of the development of IR.

The role of mindfulness training in sustaining weight reduction: retrospective cohort analysis.

Psychological stress has an established bi-directional relationship with obesity. Mindfulness techniques reduce stress and improve eating behaviours, but their long-term impact remains untested. CALMPOD (Compassionate Approach to Living Mindfully for Prevention of Disease) is a psychoeducational mindfulness-based course evidenced to improve eating patterns across a 6-month period, possibly by reducing stress. However, no long-term evaluation of impact exists. This study retrospectively evaluates 2-year outcomes of CALMPOD on patient engagement, weight and metabolic markers. All adults with a body mass index >35 kg/m2 attending an UK obesity service during 2016-2020 were offered CALMPOD. Those who refused CALMPOD were offered standard lifestyle advice. Routine clinic data over 2 years, including age, gender, 6-monthly appointment attendance, weight, haemoglobin A1C and total cholesterol, were pooled and analysed to evaluate CALMPOD. Of 289 patients, 163 participated in the CALMPOD course and 126 did not. No baseline demographic differences existed between the participating and non-participating groups. The CALMPOD group had improved attendance across all 6-monthly appointments compared with the non-CALMPOD group (P < 0.05). Mean body weight reduction at 2 years was 5.6 kg (s.d. 11.2, P < 0.001) for the CALMPOD group compared with 3.9 kg (s.d. 10.5, P < 0.001) for the non-CALMPOD group. No differences in haemoglobin A1C and fasting serum total cholesterol were identified between the groups. The retrospective evaluation of CALMPOD suggests potential for mindfulness and compassion-based group educational techniques to improve longer-term patient and clinical outcomes. Prospective large-scale studies are needed to evaluate the impact of stress on obesity and the true impact of CALMPOD.

Visceral Obesity and Lipid Profiles in Chinese Adults with Normal and High Body Mass Index.

Background: This study examined the prevalence of visceral obesity in Chinese adults across different body mass index (BMI) groups and their associated lipid profiles and demographic risk factors. Methods: A total of 1653 Chinese adults were recruited for the study. Abdominal quantitative computed tomography (CT) imaging was performed to derive the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) at the lumbar vertebrae (L2–L3) levels. Visceral obesity was defined using established cutoff values. Fasting serum total cholesterol, total glucose, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein were measured. Results: Visceral obesity was prevalent in 35% of men and 22% of women with normal BMI (18.5–24 kg/m2) and 86% of men and 78% of women with high BMI (≥24 kg/m2). In both sexes, participants with normal BMI and visceral obesity had higher levels of TC, TG and LDL and lower HDL compared to those with normal VAT. The risk factors for visceral obesity in women with normal BMI were an age ≥50 years and BMI ≥22.3 kg/m2 and in men included a BMI ≥22.5 kg/m2. Conclusion: Visceral obesity was observed in the participants with normal BMI and was associated with an adverse lipid profile. The BMI cutoff points were lower than the normally accepted values.

Blood Lipid Responses to Diets Enriched with Cottonseed Oil Compared with Olive Oil in Adults with High Cholesterol in a Randomized Trial

BackgroundIncreasing unsaturated fat intake is beneficial for cardiovascular health, but the type of unsaturated fat to recommend remains equivocal. ObjectivesWe investigated the effects of an 8-week diet intervention that was rich in either cottonseed oil (CSO; PUFA rich) or olive oil (OO; MUFA rich) on blood lipids in hypercholesterolemic adults. MethodsForty-three men and women with hypercholesterolemia (53 ± 10 years; BMI, 27.6 ± 4.8 kg/m2) completed this randomized parallel clinical trial consisting of an 8-week partial outpatient feeding intervention. Participants were given meals and snacks accounting for ∼60% of their daily energy needs, with 30% of energy needs from either CSO (n = 21) or OO (n = 22). At pre- and postdiet intervention visits, participants consumed a high-SFA meal (35% of total energy needs; 70% of energy from fat). The primary outcomes of fasting cholesterol profiles and secondary outcomes of postprandial blood lipids and glycemic markers were assessed over a 5-hour period. ResultsThere were greater reductions from baseline to week 8 in fasting serum total cholesterol (TC; −17.0 ± 3.94 mg/dL compared with −2.18 ± 3.72 mg/dL, respectively; P = 0.008), LDL cholesterol (−19.7 ± 3.94 mg/dL compared with −5.72 ± 4.23 mg/dL, respectively; P = 0.018), non–HDL cholesterol (−20.8 mg/dL ± 4.00 compared with −6.61 ± 4.01 mg/dL, respectively; P = 0.014), and apoB (−11.8 mg/dL ± 2.37 compared with −3.10 ± 2.99 mg/dL, respectively; P = 0.05), in CSO compared with OO. There were also visit effects from baseline to week 8 for increases in HDL cholesterol (CSO, 56.5 ± 2.79 mg/dL to 60.2 ± 3.35 mg/dL, respectively; OO: 59.7 ± 2.63 mg/dL to 64.1 ± 2.24 mg/dL, respectively; P < 0.001), and decreases in the TC:HDL-cholesterol ratio (CSO, 4.30 ± 0.27 mg/dL to 3.78 ± 0.27 mg/dL, respectively; OO, 3.94 ± 0.16 mg/dL to 3.57 ± 0.11 mg/dL, respectively; P < 0.001), regardless of group assignment. In response to the high-SFA meal, there were differences in postprandial plasma glucose (P = 0.003) and triglyceride (P = 0.004) responses and a trend in nonesterified fatty acids (P = 0.11) between groups, showing protection in the postprandial state from an occasional high-SFA fat meal with CSO, but not OO, diet enrichment. ConclusionsCSO, but not OO, diet enrichment caused substantial improvements in fasting and postprandial blood lipids and postprandial glycemia in hypercholesterolemic adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04397055.

Neuroprotective Effect of Withania Somnifera Root Extract In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Induced Cognitive Impairment And Neurodegeneration In Rats

The present study was conducted to assess the effects of Withania somnifera root extract (WS) on cognitive deficit and neurodegeneration induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced in rats by feeding them high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks followed by intraperitoneal administration of low dose Streptozotocin (STZ; 35 mg/kg). After four weeks of STZ administration the levels of metabolic parameters (fasting blood glucose, serum triglycerides and serum total cholesterol) were measured to confirm the development of diabetes. WS and Pioglitazone (PZ) were administered daily for 8 weeks to the diabetic rats. At the end of the treatment, behavioural analysis was done to observe the effects of diabetes on memory by Morris water maze (MWM) test. Thereafter, animals were sacrificed; blood and brain samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Metabolic parameters (fasting blood glucose, serum triglycerides and total cholesterol) were found to be significantly elevated in diabetic rats as compared to normal control animals; treatment with WS and PZ for 8 weeks significantly lowered these levels. In MWM test, mean escape latency time (ELT) on day 4 was found to be increased and time spent in the target quadrant (TSTQ) on day 5 was reduced significantly in DC rats as compared to NC. However, TSTQ increased significantly and mean ELT was found to be decreased in the rats treated with WS at the dose of 100 and 300 mg/kg for 8 weeks as compared to DC rats. The level of Aβ1-42, a main component of amyloid plaques, was found to be increased significantly in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of DC rats as compared to NC and treatment with WS lowered the levels of Aβ1-42. Further, the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was found to be reduced significantly in diabetic rats whereas WS treated groups showed a significant increase in BDNF. The data suggests that treatment with standardized root extract of Withania somnifera normalized the elevated metabolic parameters in diabetic animals when compared with untreated diabetic animals and the results were comparable with pioglitazone. Also it was found that T2DM adversely affects memory and cause neurodegeneration. WS treatment showed neuroprotective effects and improved memory retention in diabetic animals. Thus root extract of Withania Somnifera may have neuroprotective effects for the management of T2DM induced cognitive deficit.&#x0D;

Effects Of Estrogen and Progesterone Used in Oral Contraceptive Pills: A review

Introduction Contraception is a method of avoiding unplanned pregnancy. Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have become a prominent birth control method due to their contraceptive efficacy and acceptability profile. The use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) is linked to several health advantages as well as problems. Oral contraceptive pills can alter carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, including increased in blood glucose, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein LDL and total cholesterol. However, these changes may be affected by modification in type of progesterone used in oral contraceptive formulation.Objective: the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of oral contraceptives on glucose levels and lipid profile by emphasizing many studies that show the effect of oral contraceptive pills on the metabolic parameters such as (Fasting serum glucose, HbA1c%, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglyceride level).

Diverging metabolic effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in nutrient quality: a 12-week randomized controlled trial in subjects with abdominal obesity

ABSTRACTBackgroundDespite the established relation between energy restriction (ER) and metabolic health, the most beneficial nutrient composition of a weight-loss diet is still a subject of debate.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to examine the additional effects of nutrient quality on top of ER.MethodsA parallel-designed, 12-week 25% ER dietary intervention study was conducted (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02194504). Participants aged 40–70 years with abdominal obesity were randomized over 3 groups: a 25% ER high-nutrient-quality diet (n = 40); a 25% ER low-nutrient-quality diet (n = 40); or a habitual diet (n = 30). Both ER diets were nutritionally adequate, and the high-nutrient-quality ER diet was enriched in MUFAs, n-3 PUFAs, fiber, and plant protein and reduced in fructose. Before and after the intervention, intrahepatic lipids, body fat distribution, fasting and postprandial responses to a mixed-meal shake challenge test of cardiometabolic risk factors, lipoproteins, vascular measurements, and adipose tissue transcriptome were assessed.ResultsThe high-nutrient-quality ER diet (−8.4 ± 3.2) induced 2.1 kg more weight loss (P = 0.007) than the low-nutrient-quality ER diet (−6.3 ± 3.9), reduced fasting serum total cholesterol (P = 0.014) and plasma triglycerides (P < 0.001), promoted an antiatherogenic lipoprotein profile, and induced a more pronounced decrease in adipose tissue gene expression of energy metabolism pathways than the low-quality ER diet. Explorative analyses showed that the difference in weight loss between the two ER diets was specifically present in insulin-sensitive subjects (HOMA-IR ≤ 2.5), in whom the high-nutrient-quality diet induced 3.9 kg more weight loss than the low-nutrient-quality diet.ConclusionsA high-nutrient-quality 25% ER diet is more beneficial for cardiometabolic health than a low-nutrient-quality 25% ER diet. Overweight, insulin-sensitive subjects may benefit more from a high- than a low-nutrient-quality ER diet with respect to weight loss, due to potential attenuation of glucose-induced lipid synthesis in adipose tissue.

Effects of testosterone ointment in Japanese men with metabolic syndrome

ABSTRACT The metabolic syndrome involves a cluster of clinical features including visceral obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia. Recent studies have shown that low testosterone levels are significantly associated with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. We examined the change in insulin resistance after testosterone treatment in 23 Japanese men with metabolic syndrome and low free testosterone levels. Testosterone supplements were administered by testosterone ointment (Glowmin,Daito Pharmaceutrical, Tokyo, Japan) for 3 to 6 months. Glowmin contains 10mg of testosterone per 1g of matrix. A 2-cm line of Glowmin was applied to the submandibular skin and contained a dosage of 3mg of testosterone and this was given twice a day in the morning and evening. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting serum insulin (F-IRI), HbA1c, total cholesterol(TCHO), triglyceride(TG), HDL-C, LDL-C, free testosterone, LH, FSH, BMI and waist circumference were measured. We used homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-R) as an index of insulin resistance and investigated the change in insulin resistance and lipid profiles after testosterone treatment. After treatment, F-IRI, HOMA-R, TCHO and LDL-C were significantly decreased from 17.3±6.2μIU/ml to 11.9±4.0μIU/ml, 4.70±1.86 to 3.09±1.20, 252±23mg/dl to 216±19mg/dl and 175±25mg/dl to 139±22mg/dl, respectively. Free testosterone was significantly increased from 5.7±1.0pg/ml to 9.1±1.4pg/ml. Other parameters were not changed significantly. In conclusion, these results suggest that testosterone replacement therapy by testosterone ointment improves insulin resistance in Japanese men with metabolic syndrome and low free testosterone levels. Disclosure Work supported by industry: no.

Impairment of endometrial decidual reaction in early pregnant mice fed with high fat diet.

To investigate the effect of obesity induced by high fat diet on decidual reaction of endometrium in mice, and the effect of high fat treatment on decidual reaction of endometrial stromal cells. Twelve 4-week-old healthy C57BL/6J female mice were randomly divided into high fat diet group and control group with 6 mice in each group. They were fed with high fat diet (22 kJ/g) or normal diet (16 kJ/g) for 12 weeks, respectively. The body weight of mice was measured every week. After feeding for 12 weeks, the body length and width of mice were measured, and the levels of fasting serum triglyceride and total cholesterol were determined. Then the mice were mated with healthy C57BL/6J male mice, and the uterine tissues were collected on the seventh day of pregnancy. The decidual cells and collagen fibers in mouse endometrium was observed by HE staining and Masson staining respectively. The expression of decidual reaction related proteins in mouse endometrium were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Mouse endometrial stromal cells (mESCs) were isolated and treated with the oleic acid and palmitic acid in vitro, and the decidual reaction was induced with estradiol and progesterone. The accumulation of lipid droplets in mESCs was observed by oil red O and Bodipy staining. The cytoskeleton of mESCs was observed by phalloidin staining. The levels of decidual reaction related genes and proteins were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blotting. After feeding for 12 weeks, the body weight of mice in the high fat group was significantly higher than that in the control group ( P<0.01), and there was no significant difference in body length between two groups ( P>0.05), but the body width of mice in the high fat group was significantly larger than that in the control group ( P<0.01), and the levels of serum triglyceride and total cholesterol were significantly higher than those in the control group (Both P<0.05). The number of embryo implantation in the high fat group was significantly less than that in the control group ( P<0.01). The differentiation of mESCs to decidual cells in high fat group was slow and abnormal. The expression levels of decidual reaction markers bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)2 and homeobox A10 (HOXA10) were lower than those in the control group, and there was significant difference in the expression level of HOXA10 ( P<0.01). The results of oil red O and Bodipy staining in mESCs showed that after high fat treatment, the accumulation of lipid droplets increased significantly, phalloidin staining showed abnormal cytoskeleton morphology. The expression levels of decidual reaction related genes dtprp, HOXA10 and proteins BMP2, HOXA10 and cyclooxygenase (COX)2 were significantly lower than those in the control group ( P<0.05). Obesity induced by high fat diet and high fat treatment can impair the decidual reaction of endometrium and endometrial stromal cells in mice.

Abstract 036: Influence Of Physical Activity Measurement On The Association Between Life’S Simple 7 And Cardiovascular Disease In Older Women

Introduction: The AHA’s Life’s Simple 7 (LS7) includes physical activity (PA) as one of the metrics for assessing cardiovascular health. Using self-reported PA can misclassify those who meet the PA component of the LS7. Using accelerometer-measured PA may improve the utility of the LS7. Our study compares associations of LS7 and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) associations using both self-reported and accelerometer-measured PA. Methods: Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) participants in the Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health Study (n=4075; mean±SD age = 79±7) with no history of CVD completed the WHI PA questionnaire (PAQ) and the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS) PAQ prior to wearing a hip-worn accelerometer for up to 7 consecutive days. LS7 components (PA, diet, body mass index, smoking, blood pressure, fasting serum total cholesterol and glucose) were scored on a scale of 0-2 using AHA guidelines, resulting in an LS7 summary score ranging from 0-14 with higher scores reflecting more favorable status. Four LS7 summary scores were created using different PA measures: the WHI PAQ, the CHAMPS PAQ, and two accelerometer measures (MVPA min/week and mean steps/day). LS7 scores were analyzed using quartiles (LS7 scores 1-7, 8, 9, 10-14) and hazard ratios (HR) for incident physician-adjudicated CVD were estimated. Results: There were 500 incident CVD events (see Table) over an average 6 years of follow-up. Multivariable HRs (95% CI) comparing women with high (10-14) vs. low (1-7) LS7 scores were: WHI PAQ= 0.81 (0.60-1.09), CHAMPS PAQ= 0.80 (0.61-1.05), accelerometer (MVPA)= 0.61 (0.47-0.79), accelerometer (steps)= 0.65 (0.45-0.94; see Table). Conclusions: PA is just one component of the LS7, yet the LS7-incident CVD associations vary considerably by PA measurement. Accelerometer-measured PA, such as daily steps, improves the accuracy of the LS7 PA component used to classify cardiovascular health and may be feasible for practitioners to implement.

Dyslipidaemia in Schizophrenia

Background: Lipid neurochemistry is an important focus in schizophrenia research. Disorder of fatty acid metabolism within the brain tissue play an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.&#x0D; Material &amp; Methods: To evaluate the association of dyslipidaemia with Schizophrenia and compare the serum lipid profile with healthy individuals, a cross sectional analytical study was conducted between July 2011 and June 2012 in the Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka Medical College, following approval of a protocol. As per criteria, total 100 cases were included in this study and divided into two groups: Group-I (Diagnosed cases of schizophrenia) and Group-II (Healthy individuals). Written informed consent was taken from all cases. Serum lipid profile (Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL and LDL) was estimated from both groups by enzymatic determination.&#x0D; Result: Fasting serum triglyceride (p&lt;0.03), HDL cholesterol (p&lt;0.001) and LDL cholesterol (p&lt;0.001) between the groups are significantly related. In group-I mean serum HDL cholesterol is reduced, but LDL cholesterol and Triglyceride were elevated in comparison with group-II. No significant relationship was observed in fasting serum total cholesterol in between groups (p&gt;0.05). Result indicates strong association between schizophrenia and dyslipidaemia. That association would increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease in those patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy individual.&#x0D; AKMMC J 2022; 13(1) : 8-13

Abstract 10448: Combined Associations of Physical Activity and Particulate Matter with Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among 5-Year Cancer Survivors

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is considered an important cause of death among cancer survivors. While engaging in physical activity is known to reduce the risk for CVD, it exposes participants to particulate matter (PM). The combined association of physical activity and PM with subsequent CVD risk is yet unclear. Methods: The study population consisted of 18,846 cancer survivors who survived for at least 5 years after an initial cancer diagnosis from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. For PM, 4-year average levels were determined in administrative district areas and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) information was acquired from the results of national health screening examinations. The adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of CVD were calculated by multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression. Considered covariates were age, sex, household income, area of residence, smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol, and comorbidities. Results: Among patients with low PM2.5 (19.8-25.6 μg/m 3 ) exposure, ≥5 times/week of MVPA was associated with lower CVD risk (adjuster hazard ratio; aHR 0.77, 95% confidence interval; CI 0.60-0.99) compared to 0 times/week of MVPA. In contrast, ≥5 times/week of MVPA among patients with high PM2.5 (25.8-33.8 μg/m 3 ) exposure was not associated with lower CVD risk (aHR 0.98, 95% CI 0.79-1.21). Compared to patients with low PM2.5 and MVPA ≥3 times/week, low PM2.5 and MVPA ≤2 times/week (aHR 1.26, 95% CI 1.03-1.55), high PM2.5 and MVPA ≥3 times/week (aHR 1.34, 95% CI 1.07-1.67), and high PM2.5 and MVPA ≤2 times/week (aHR 1.38, 95% CI 1.12-1.70) was associated with higher CVD risk. Conclusions: Cancer survivors who conducted ≥5 times/week of MVPA benefited from lower CVD risk upon low PM2.5 exposure. High levels of PM2.5 exposure may attenuate the risk-reducing effects of MVPA on the risk of CVD.

Trends in Serum Lipid Profiles Among Korean Adolescents, 2007-2018.

PurposeAn adverse lipid profile in adolescence often persists into adulthood, resulting in cardiovascular disease. We aimed to investigate the trends in the prevalence of adverse lipid profiles among Korean adolescents from 2007 to 2018.Patients and MethodsThe data were obtained from 9044 adolescents aged 10–19 years who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) from 2007 to 2018. Fasting serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) levels were analyzed.ResultsSignificantly increasing trends in age-standardized prevalence of hypercholesterolemia [from 5.6% to 9.4% in boys (P = 0.004); from 8.1% to 12.4% in girls (P = 0.01)] and hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia [from 4.3% to 8.0% in boys (P = 0.003); from 6.6% to 9.7% in girls (P = 0.035)] were noted in both sexes. In contrast, the prevalence of hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia decreased significantly from 20.0% to 12.5% in boys (<0.001) and from 12.4% to 6.9% in girls (P < 0.001). There were no significant changes in the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and hyper-non-HDL-cholesterolemia in both sexes. Accordingly, the overall prevalence of dyslipidemia showed only a modest decline in boys (from 31.8% to 28.7%) and a stable trend in girls (from 28.9% to 28.2%).ConclusionThe prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia increased and that of hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia decreased among Korean adolescents over the recent 12 years. Further studies are needed to explain these trends and possible associations with lifestyle factors.

Effects of an 8-week aerobic exercise program on plasma markers for cholesterol absorption and synthesis in older overweight and obese men

BackgroundIncreased physical activity is inversely related to the risk to develop cardiovascular disease (CVD). In a recent systematic review, it was reported that CVD patients had an increased cholesterol absorption and a decreased synthesis as compared with control participants. As increased physical activity levels reduce CVD risk, we hypothesized that exercise training will reduce cholesterol absorption and increase endogenous cholesterol synthesis in older overweight and obese men.MethodsA randomized, controlled, crossover trial was performed. Seventeen apparently healthy older overweight and obese men were randomized to start with an aerobic exercise or no-exercise control period for 8 weeks, separated by 12 weeks washout. Fasting serum total cholesterol (TC) and non-cholesterol sterol concentrations were measured at baseline, and after 4 and 8 weeks.ResultsThe aerobic exercise program did not affect serum TC concentrations. In addition, exercise did not affect TC-standardized serum concentrations of sitosterol and cholestanol that are markers for cholesterol absorption. However, a trend for reduced TC-standardized campesterol concentrations, which is another validated marker for cholesterol absorption, was observed as compared with control. Lathosterol concentrations, reflecting cholesterol synthesis, did not differ between both periods.ConclusionsAerobic exercise training for 8 weeks did not lower serum TC concentrations in older overweight and obese men, but a trend towards a decrease in the cholesterol absorption marker campesterol was found. The cholesterol synthesis marker lathosterol did not change.Trial registrationposted on www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03272061 on 7 September 2017.

Impact of low-fat and full-fat dairy foods on fasting lipid profile and blood pressure: exploratory endpoints of a randomized controlled trial

Dietary guidelines traditionally recommend low-fat dairy because dairy's high saturated fat content is thought to promote cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, emerging evidence indicates that dairy fat may not negatively impact CVD risk factors when consumed in foods with a complex matrix. The aim was to compare the effects of diets limited in dairy or rich in either low-fat or full-fat dairy on CVD risk factors. In this randomized controlled trial, 72 participants with metabolic syndrome completed a 4-wk run-in period, limiting their dairy intake to ≤3 servings/wk of nonfat milk. Participants were then randomly assigned to 1 of 3 diets, either continuing the limited-dairy diet or switching to a diet containing 3.3 servings/d of either low-fat or full-fat milk, yogurt, and cheese for 12 wk. Exploratory outcome measures included changes in the fasting lipid profile and blood pressure. In the per-protocol analysis (n=66), there was no intervention effect on fasting serum total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol; triglycerides; free fatty acids; or cholesterol content in 38 isolated plasma lipoprotein fractions (P>0.1 for all variables in repeated-measures ANOVA). There was also no intervention effect on diastolic blood pressure, but a significant intervention effect for systolic blood pressure (P=0.048), with a trend for a decrease in the low-fat dairy diet (-1.6±8.6 mm Hg) compared with the limited-dairy diet (+2.5±8.2 mm Hg) in post hoc testing. Intent-to-treat results were consistent for all endpoints, with the exception that systolic blood pressure became nonsignificant (P=0.08). In men and women with metabolic syndrome, a diet rich in full-fat dairy had no effects on fasting lipid profile or blood pressure compared with diets limited in dairy or rich in low-fat dairy. Therefore, dairy fat, when consumed as part of complex whole foods, does not adversely impact these classic CVD risk factors. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02663544.