Fasting Plasma Blood Research Articles

The association between dietary obesity-prevention score (DOS) and polycystic ovary syndrome: a case-control study.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent obesity-related diseases in women of reproductive age. Linkage between diet and PCOS are still controversial. Dietary obesity prevention score (DOS) is one of the new indicators of diet evaluation which have been previously linked to obesity. To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first to investigate the relationship between DOS and PCOS. In this case-control study, 100 newly diagnosed women with PCOS and 100 age-matched women without PCOS were assayed from clinics affiliated to Kashan university of medical sciences, Kashan, Iran. A validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate food intakes. DOS was calculated based on previous published guideline. Anthropometric measurements were carefully measured by a trained nutritionist. A 10-houres fasting plasma blood sample was collected for all participants. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (CHOL), High density lipoprotein (HDL), Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and C - reactive protein (CRP) were measured based on laboratory methods. The mean age and BMI of study participants was 23.6 year and 24.9kg/m2 respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, adherence to DOS score was inversely associated with CRP levels. People in the top tertile of DOS had lower CRP level compared to people in the bottom tertile (3.71 compared to 4.48mg/dl) (P = 0.04). In addition, participant in the top tertile of DOS had marginally significant higher level of FBS compared to participants in the bottom tertile (92.3 vs. 88.9mg/dl, P = 0.051). After adjustment for all confounding factors people in the highest tertile of DOS had a 46% non-significant lower odds for PCOS compared to people in the lowest tertile (95% CI: 0.23-1.25; P-trend = 0.15). In the present study, an inverse significant association was seen between adherence to DOS and inflammation. However, no significant relationship was observed between DOS and odds of having PCOS. Further longitudinal studies are suggested to investigate the association between DOS and PCOS.

Cardioprotective potential of oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, oleocanthal and their combination: unravelling complementary effects on acute myocardial infarction and metabolic syndrome

Abstract Background/Introduction Clinical studies have established the role of olive products in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular (CV) disease, but the single compounds or compound combinations responsible for the protective effects are still under investigation. Purpose We sought to explore and compare the cardioprotective potential of Oleuropein (OL), Hydroxytyrosol (HT), Oleocanthal (OC) and Oleanolic Acid (OA) and three combinational treatments after chronic oral administration in mice subjected to Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury (IRI) in the presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and verify the effect of combination in a proof-of-concept clinical study in Chronic Coronary Artery Syndrome (CCAS) patients. Methods First, we explored the IRI-limiting potential of 6-weeks daily oral treatment with OL (20.6 mg/kg), HT (5.9 mg/kg), OC (11.6 mg/kg), OA (17.4 mg/kg) or vehicle (DMSO 5%) in healthy C57Bl6 mice. At week 6, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (30 minutes/2 hours) was induced and infarct size was measured. Next, MS was established by 14 weeks of Western diet and the isolated compounds were administered for the last 6 weeks. At week 14, IRI was surgically induced, and infarct size was determined. Basic MS parameters (fasting blood glucose, plasma cholesterol, body weight and blood pressure) were recorded at baseline, weeks 8 and 14. According to the exerted benefits, three combinational treatments were designed and tested on the MS model of IRI. The underlying cardioprotective mechanism was investigated on the mixture with preponderant CV benefits (OL-HT-OC, Combo 2). ApoE-/- mice fed with Western diet for 12 weeks were treated with Combo 2 orally for the last 4 weeks and aortic atherosclerotic lesion extent was determined to detect possible antiatherosclerotic effects. After multi-organ toxicity evaluation, a Combo 2-based supplement was administered in CCAS patients for evaluation of cardiac function, inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers. Results OL, OC and OA, but not HT, significantly reduced infarct size in vivo both in healthy and MS mice. OL was the only compound to reduce hyperglycemia, while OA significantly reduced plasma cholesterol. All mixtures (Combo 1: OL-HT-OA, Combo 2: OL-HT-OC, Combo 3: OL-HT-OC-OA) were cardioprotective, but only Combo 2 prevented MS progression by limiting hyperglycemia. Combo 2 protection against IRI was attributed to apoptosis suppression (reduced Bax/BcL-xL ratio) and increased expression of the antioxidant enzymes Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase in the ischemic myocardium. Combo 2 treatment also reduced atherosclerotic lesion extent. In our proof-of-concept clinical study, Combo 2 treatment ameliorated cardiac, vascular and endothelial function in CCAS patients. Conclusions Combinational treatment with OL-HT-OC exerts potent cardioprotective, antihyperglycemic and antiatherosclerotic properties in vivo, with remarkable and clinically translatable CV benefits in high-risk patients.

Cytokine and chemokine receptor profiles in adipose tissue vasculature unravel endothelial cell responses in HIV.

Chronic systemic inflammation significantly increases myocardial infarction risk in people living with HIV (PLWH). Endothelial cell dysfunction disrupts vascular homeostasis regulation, increasing the risk of vasoconstriction, inflammation, and thrombosis, contributing to cardiovascular disease. We aimed to characterize endothelial cell (EC) chemokines, cytokine, and chemokine receptors of PLWH, hypothesizing that in our cohort, glucose intolerance contributes to their differential expression implicated in endothelial dysfunction. Using single-cell transcriptomic analysis, we phenotyped chemokine and cytokine receptor expression on arterial ECs, capillary ECs, venous ECs, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in subcutaneous adipose tissue of 59 PLWH with and without glucose intolerance. Our results show that arterial and capillary ECs express significantly higher interferon and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors than venous ECs and VSMCs. Venous ECs exhibited more interleukin (IL)1R1 and ACKR1 receptors, and VSMCs showed significant IL6R expression than arterial and capillary ECs. When stratified by group, arterial ECs from PLWH with glucose intolerance expressed significantly higher IL1R1, IL6R, CXCL12, CCL14, and ICAM2 transcripts than arterial ECs from PLWH without diabetes. Of the different vascular cell types studied, arterial ECs as a proportion of all ECs in adipose tissue were positively correlated with plasma fasting blood glucose. In contrast, venous ECs and VSMCs were positively correlated with plasma IL6. To directly assess the effect of plasma from PLWH on endothelial function, we cultured human arterial ECs (HAECs) in plasma-conditioned media from PLWH and performed bulk RNA sequencing. Plasma from PLWH stimulated ECs with the upregulation of genes that enrich for the oxidative phosphorylation and the TNF-α via NFK-β pathways. In conclusion, ECs in PLWH show heterogeneous cytokine and chemokine receptor expression, and arterial ECs were the most influenced by glucose intolerance. Further research must explicate cytokine and chemokine roles in EC dysfunction and identify biomarkers for disease progression and therapeutic response.

Abstract 44: Transcutaneous hydrogen sulfide measurement as a way to evaluate skin blood flow

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) generated in the endothelium of small arteries has been shown to contribute to vasodilation, angiogenesis, and antioxidant properties. We have developed a non-invasive way to measure H 2 S emitted by the skin (TAGS™) and have shown that the ratio of leg:arm emitted levels correlate with severity of microvascular impairment in subjects with diabetes. This study evaluated the correlation of transdermal H 2 S ratios with the current gold standard method of evaluating leg skin blood flow, transcutaneous oxygen pressures (tcpO 2 ). TAGS™ measurements were made on the forearm and lower limbs in subjects to calculate the leg:arm ratio while tcpO 2 was recorded only from legs. Other measurements included ankle brachial index (ABI), fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, plasma lipids, blood pressure, and BMI. We observed that TAGS™ ratios correlated strongly with HbA1c (p = 0.0002) and with tcpO 2 (p = 0.0009). In addition, TAGS ratios were significantly lower in subjects with diabetes (0.69 +/- 0.18) compared to healthy controls (1.13 +/- 0.40) (p = <0.0001). These results suggest lower leg:arm ratios of transdermal H 2 S measurements are indicative of impaired microvascular function and that the TAGS™ measurements may be a simpler way than tcpO 2 to detect and monitor diminished skin blood flow that leads to PAD complications.

Antidiabetic potential of sea fish mass by inhibiting di-peptidyl peptidase-IV and augmenting glucagon-like peptide-1 on high lipid diet and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Many studies have revealed that sea fish is a rich source of nutrients, especially protein and there peptide. In this study, antidiabetic activity of the fish masses of three sea-fishes ‘volavetki’ (Panna microdon, Bleeker 1849), ‘ruli’ (Coilia dussumieri, Valenciennes 1848), ‘tapra’(Opisthopterus tardoore, Cuvier 1829) and one fresh-water fish ‘murola’(Amblypharyngodon mola, Hamilton 1822),evaluated high lipid diet (HLD) and STZ induced Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus (T2DM) rats. Supplementation of sea-fish masses and antidiabetic effect was monitored by fasting plasma blood glucose and HbA1c. Also, insulin, c-peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, glucokinase, glucose-6 phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, plasma total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein and histopathology of free radical activity of pancreatic tissues were evaluated. Out of four fish masses, volavetki sea fish masses oral supplementation resulted in significant reduction of plasma blood glucose, HbA1c of T2DM rat. All other parameters in T2DM rats were returned to near normal by treatment of volavetki sea fish mass. Our findings strongly indicated that volavetki sea fish highly showed antidiabetic activity.

Dietary fiber of jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus L., Fabaceae) tuber ameliorates kidney structure and function in mice fed with high-sucrose drink

Frequent consumption of high-sugar drinks (HSD) including sugar-sweetened beverages has been associated with the development of kidney disease. Otherwise, proper intake of dietary fiber extracted from the tuber of jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus L., Fabaceae) is shown to exert counteractive effects against HSD-induced metabolic syndrome including diabetes. However, it remains unelucidated whether the incorporation of jicama fiber in the diet could exert a beneficial effect on kidney function. This study aimed to elucidate the protective effect of jicama fiber in the diet against kidney disease caused by HSD. A total of thirty adult male albino mice were randomly assigned into three groups, the control group (fed with distilled water drink and standard diet), the high-sucrose drink group (HSD; fed with 30% sucrose solution drink and standard diet), and the high-sucrose drink + JF group (HSD + JF; fed with 30% sucrose drink and a standard diet supplemented with 25% of jicama fiber). The treatments were performed for ten weeks followed by the measurements of fasting blood glucose, plasma creatinine and kidney indices including urine protein, urine specific gravity, and refractive index and the examination of histopathological alterations in the kidney. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of JF in the diet at the dose of 25% could effectively counteract the elevation of fasting blood glucose and indicators of kidney damage including plasma creatinine, urine protein, urine specific gravity, and urine refractive index caused by HSD. However, JF failed to prevent HSD-induced mass reduction of the kidney but could ameliorate histopathological alterations in the kidney. Furthermore, JF effectively prevented tubular atrophy and fibrosis in the kidney in HSD-treated mice. Therefore, supplementation of the diet with JF at the dose of 25% could be effective in protecting the kidney against HSD. Thus, proper consumption of dietary fiber of jicama tuber has the potential to reduce HSD-induced kidney disease.

Portulaca oleracea (purslane) aqueous extract reduced the adverse metabolic outcomes and favored liraglutide activities in streptozotocin-induced cardiometabolic disorders of male Wistar rats

Cardiometabolic diseases including Diabetes mellitus accounts >400 million deaths globally. Portulaca oleracea (Purslane) noted for its rich antioxidants, is a perennial herbaceous plant widely cultivated across countries. This study aimed to determine the ameliorative effect of ethanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea (EPO) on cardiometabolic diseases of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Twenty-five male Wistar rats weighing between 120 and 150 g were randomly distributed into five groups and treated respectively as; Control (CTR): normal chow + vehicle (normal saline; orally), EPO; 400 mg/kg orally, STZ; 60 mg/kg intraperitoneally + vehicle, (STZ; 60 mg/kg + EPO; 400 mg/kg orally), STZ+ EPO+ Liraglutide (LG); 0.2 mg/kg subcutaneously. After four weeks, animals were anesthetized by 1 % chloroform inhalation for 5 min (5.0 ppm) and blood was collected by cardiac puncture. Plasma, cardiac and adipose tissue homogenate were analyzed, and data expressed as mean ± SEM; p < 0.05 were accepted as significant. The diabetic rats showed decreased body weight, reduced blood glucose and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), adipose mass, insulin (p < 0.05). Portulaca oleracea resulted in reduced plasma fasting blood glucose (FBG), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α) and increased pancreatic beta cell functions (HOMA-B) compared to the diabetic rats (p < 0.05). Also, plasma AMPK, insulin and glutathione (GSH) increased in the purslane, and liraglutide treated (p < 0.05), which is a known glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist. In conclusion, purslane possess GLP-1R agonist activities and improved glucometabolic activities and this presents a great advantage in the management of cardiovascular risks associated with diabetes.

Serum NT-proBNP levels in diabetes and its association with obesity, inflammation and glycemic status

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are more prone to develop cardiovascular complications, and there is a dire need of a routine screening tool for risk assessment of heart failure (HF) in them. Aims and Objectives: The current study was conducted to estimate the levels of serum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentrations in subjects with and without T2DM and evaluate the association between NT-proBNP and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference as markers of obesity, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), plasma fasting blood sugar (FBS), plasma postprandial blood sugar (PPBS),duration of diabetes as markers of glycemic control and serum C-reactive protein (CRP),an inflammatory marker in diabetic subjects. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional non-interventional study was done with 82 non-diabetic healthy volunteers and 82 T2DM patients. Anthropometric measurements (waist circumference [WC] and body mass index [BMI]) were recorded, and blood was analyzed for serum NT-proBNP, C-reactive protein (CRP), plasma fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), and hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c). Data collected were analyzed by statistical software with P&lt;0.05 as the significance level. Results: Serum NT-proBNP level was significantly higher in diabetic group (P&lt;0.001) compared to non-diabetic group statistically. Correlation analysis in diabetic subjects showed a significant positive correlation of NT-proBNP with CRP (ρ+0.576, P&lt;0.001), duration of diabetes (ρ+0.780, P&lt;0.001), plasma FBS (ρ+0.524, P=0.003), plasma PPBS (ρ+0.673, P=0.013), and HbA1c (ρ+0.571, P=0.001) but there was no statistically significant correlation of NT-proBNP with BMI or WC values although the correlation was negative for both. Conclusion: The present study provides a novel perspective that measuring serum NT-proBNP may help in the earlier identification of impending HF in diabetic individuals assisting in prompt intervention which may be further confirmed by larger studies.

Integrated network pharmacology and pharmacological investigations to discover the active compounds of Toona sinensis pericarps against diabetic nephropathy

Ethnopharmacological relevanceToona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem. Is a deciduous woody plant native to Eastern and Southeastern Asia. Different parts of this plant have a long history of being applied as traditional medicines to treat various diseases. The fruits have been used for antidiabetic, antidiabetic nephropathy (anti-DN), antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. Aim of the studyThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of EtOAc (PEAE) and n-BuOH extracts (PNBE) from T. sinensis pericarps (TSP) on kidney injury in high-fat and high-glucose diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN mice by network pharmacology and pharmacological investigations, as well as to further discover active compounds that could ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby delaying DN progression by regulating the Nrf2/NF-κB pathway in high glucose (HG)-induced glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs). Materials and methodsThe targets of TSP 1–16 with DN were analyzed by network pharmacology. HFD/STZ-induced DN mouse models were established to evaluate the effects of PEAE and PNBE. Six groups were divided into normal, model, PEAE100, PEAE400, PNBE100, and PNBE400 groups. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, organ indices, plasma MDA, SOD, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, as well as renal tissue Nrf2, HO-1, NF-κB, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 levels were determined, along with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of kidney sections. Furthermore, GMC activity screening combined with molecular docking was utilized to discover active compounds targeting HO-1, TNF-α, and IL-6. Moreover, western blotting assays were performed to validate the mechanism of Nrf2 and NF-κB in HG-induced GMCs. ResultsNetwork pharmacology predicted that the main targets of PEAE and PNBE in the treatment of DN include IL-6, INS, TNF, ALB, GAPDH, IL-1β, TP53, EGFR, and CASP3. Additionally, major pathways include AGE-RAGE and IL-17. In vivo experiments, treatment with PEAE and PNBE effectively reduced FBG levels and organ indices, while plasma MDA, SOD, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, renal tissue Nrf2, HO-1, NF-κB, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 levels, and renal function were significantly improved. PEAE and PNBE significantly improved glomerular and tubule injury, and inhibited the development of DN by regulating the levels of oxidative stress and inflammation-related factors. In vitro experiments, compound 11 strongly activated HO-1 and inhibited TNF-α and IL-6. The molecular docking results revealed that compound 11 exhibited a high binding affinity towards the targets HO-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 (<−6 kcal/mol). Western blotting results showed compound 11 effectively regulated Nrf2 and NF-κB p65 protein levels, and significantly improved oxidative stress damage and inflammatory responses in HG-induced GMCs. ConclusionPEAE, PNBE, and their compounds, especially compound 11, may have the potential to prevent and treat DN, and are promising natural nephroprotective agents.

Нарушения углеводного обмена у пациентов с боевыми травмами

Aim. To investigate the prevalence and some aspects of the carbohydrate metabolism pathology in patients with combat limb injuries. Materials and methods. 210 patients who suffered from combat injuries of the lower and/or upper extremities from 4 to 58 days (mean 15.9±8.7 days) before admission to the hospital were enrolled in the study. All study participants were men. The mean age of the patients was 36.0±8.4 years (19–59 years). Fasting venous blood glucose concentrations were determined in all patients. Patients with hyperglycemia underwent a study of the glycemic profile and HbA1c. Stress-induced hyperglycemia, estimated mean glucose level over the past 3 months (ADAG), and glycemic gap were calculated. Insulin in fasting blood plasma was determined and the HOMA-IR insulin resistance index was calculated. Results. The incidence of hyperglycemia was 23.3%. In the general group of patients, the mean glucose concentration was 5.5±1.0 mmol/l (3.1–9.73 mmol/l). In the group of patients with hyperglycemia, the mean blood glucose level reached 6.7±0.9 mmol/l, in patients with normal glucose concentration – 5.1±0.5 mmol/l (p&lt;0.000001). The mean fasting blood glucose concentration in patients aged 40 years and older reached 5.7±1.1 mmol/l, those under 40 years old – 5.2±0.8 mmol/l (p=0.005). A significant direct correlation was registered between the fasting glucose level upon admission to the hospital and the age of the patients (r=0.26; p=0.00003). The relative risk of hyperglycemia in patients aged 40 years and older was 1.84 (confidence interval 1.005–3.37; p=0.01). The mean time elapsed since injury in patients with hyperglycemia reached 13.2±5.7 days, with normal glucose concentration – 16.7±9.2 days (p=0.02). Patients with hyperglycemia had lower levels of total protein (58.3±10.2 and 62.1±6.9 g/l, respectively; p=0.004), albumin (31.2±4.6 and 33.2±4.9 g/l; p=0.04), hemoglobin (97.7±18.9 and 105.9±16.9 g/l; p=0.004), but higher levels of C-reactive protein (61.0±55.4 and 32.9±38.1 mg/l; p=0.0001), leukocytes (10.6±4.4 and 9.3±3.4×109/l; p=0.02), count of neutrophils (7.8±4.3 and 6.4±2.9×109/l; p=0.01), proportion of neutrophils (71.6±9.6% and 67.7±7.7%; p=0.004), as well as fibrinogen concentration (5.7±1.4 and 4.8±1.2 g/l; p=0.0002) than patients with normal blood glucose levels. In patients with hyperglycemia, the mean HbA1c level was 5.3±0.6%, stress-induced hyperglycemia – 1.4±0.2 mmol/l. The median glycemic gap reached 1.51 mmol/l (Q1–Q3: 0.88–2.1 mmol/l). The median insulin concentration was 12.9 µIU/ml (Q1–Q3: 9.2–27.0 µIU/ml), the insulin resistance index was 3.3 (Q1–Q3: 2.1–8.8). The mean fasting blood glucose concentration at the last determination in patients with initial hyperglycemia reached 5.8±1.3 mmol/l. During observation, in 64.6% of the patients with hyperglycemia upon admission, glucose levels returned to normal, while in 35.4% mild hyperglycemia remained. The median time to normalization of fasting blood glucose concentration or to the last determination of this indicator was 17.5 days (Q1–Q3: 8–30 days). Conclusions. The study results indicate a frequent detection of hyperglycemia in patients with combat limb injuries. In most cases the increase in fasting glucose levels is small and in most patients this indicator returns to normal within a relatively short time. It is necessary to continue research of stress-induced hyperglycemia in the patients with combat injuries and to elucidate the pathogenetic basis of this pathology.

EFFECTS OF PETROL CONTAMINATED DIET AND WATER ONGLUCOSE, LIVER GLYCOGEN, PLASMA LACTATE AND LIPID PROFILE IN MALE WISTAR RATS

Exposure to petrol have been shown to cause detrimental health effects. Literature is sparse on whether exposure to petrol causes metabolic disorders. This study investigated the effects of petrol contaminated diet andwater on blood glucose, liver glycogen, plasma lactate, triglycerides and lipid profile in male Wistar rats. The study was divided into two phases. Phase one study consisted of 15 male Wistar rats divided into three groups (n = 5/group). Groups 1-3 were given distilled water, petrol-contaminated diet (20 mL petrol/200 g rodent chow PCD), and petrol-contaminated water (0.5 mL/kg PCW) orally and respectively for .two weeks. In the phase two study, 15 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n = 5/group), animals in groups 1-3 received distilled water, petrol contaminated diet, and petrol-contaminated water orally and respectively for four weeks.At the end of the experiment, fasting blood glucose, liver glycogen, plasma lactate, triglycerides and lipid profie were measured.The results of this study showed that the administration of petrol contaminated diet and water caused significant increase in plasma lactate levels, triglycerides (TG),total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)and a significant reduction in liver glycogen and high density lipoprotein( HDL) in male Wistar rats. In conclusion, the study revealed that, exposure of rats to petrol contaminated diet and water caused changes in lipid profile, altered glucose and lipid metabolism in male Wistar rats. Exposure to petrol should therefore be restricted or avoided.

Associations of ECG Signs of Ischemic and Non-Specific Signs of Metabolic Changes in the Myocardium With Unfavorable Cardiovascular Prognosis in a 7-Year Prospective Follow-Up of Young People Under 45 Years.

To study ischemic and/or nonspecific ECG signs of metabolic changes in the myocardium and to determine their relationship with unfavorable cardiovascular prognosis in a 7-year prospective observation of young people under 45 years of age. A cross-sectional population survey of a random sample aged 25-44 years (n=1363) was conducted in Novosibirsk. The survey program used the standardized epidemiological Rose questionnaire. Biochemical tests were used to measure blood concentrations of total cholesterol (C), triglycerides (TG), low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, HDL-C), and fasting blood plasma glucose. Systolic and diastolic BP (SBP, DBP), the presence of arterial hypertension (AH), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and smoking status were assessed. ECG was recorded at rest in 12 standard leads followed by interpretation according to the Minnesota Code. The presence of ischemic and/or nonspecific ECG signs of metabolic changes in the myocardium was determined. Subjects with ECG signs of ischemic changes in the myocardium were selected for long-term follow-up and additional examination by cardiologists. Then the whole cohort was monitored for 7 years, and cardiovascular events were recorded, including using data from the WHO Myocardial Infarction Registry in Novosibirsk. For statistical analysis of the results, cardiovascular events were combined into a composite endpoint. During 7 years, 40 people (27 men and 13 women) had an unfavorable cardiovascular prognosis. Multivariate regression analysis showed that a 7-year unfavorable cardiovascular prognosis in people younger than 45 years was associated with signs of ischemic myocardial alterations identified on the background ECG (OR 5.319, 95% CI: 1.543-18.342, p=0.008) and nonspecific ECG signs of metabolic changes in the myocardium (OR 2.978, 95% CI: 1.216-7.216, p=0.017) regardless of age, gender, the presence of arterial hypertension (AH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). In young people under 45 years of age, not only ECG signs of ischemic changes in the myocardium, but also nonspecific ECG signs of metabolic changes in the myocardium are associated with an unfavorable cardiovascular prognosis, directly and independently on age and gender, in a long-term, 7-year period.

ROUX-en-Y gastric bypass surgery improves metabolic syndrome-related erectile dysfunction in mice via the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway.

Although many clinical studies have shown that ROUX-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery significantly improves metabolic syndrome-related erectile dysfunction (MED), the role and mechanism are unclear. In this study we used a mouse model to explore how RYGB improves MED induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). We established a mouse model of metabolic syndrome by feeding an HFD for 16weeks. The mice were randomly assigned to the standard chow diet (SCD), HFD, or RYGB groups. Body weight, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, and total plasma cholesterol were analyzed. Erectile responses were evaluated by determining the mean systolic blood pressure and the intracavernosal pressure (ICP). Penile histologic examination (Masson's trichrome and immunohistochemical stain) and Western blot were performed. Compared with the SCD group, the ICP in the sham group was significantly lower, and the ICP of the RYGB was significantly increased. Masson's trichrome and immunohistochemical staining showed that the content of endothelium and smooth muscle in the corpus cavernosum of mice with MED was significantly reduced. Western blot analysis showed a significant decrease in α-smooth muscle actin and a significant increase in osteopontin in penile tissue in the sham group, which was improved by RYGB surgery. Furthermore, RYGB significantly increased IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/eNOS phosphorylation. In this study we explored the mechanism of bariatric surgery to improve erectile dysfunction associated with metabolic syndrome and provided a theoretical basis for clinical research. First, we did not investigate the mechanism by which RYGB affects the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway. Second, the effect of the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway on the function of corpus cavernosum endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells remains to be investigated in cellular studies. This study demonstrated that RYGB may not only improve metabolic parameters but also restore erectile function in MED patients. The mechanism of the therapeutic effect of RYGB may be reactivation of the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway.

Biochemical Evaluation of Hypoglycemic Effect of Stingless Bee Pollen in High Fat Diet Fed-Low Dose STZ Induced Experimental Type 2 Diabetes in Rats

The present study was aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic properties of stingless bee pollen in HFD fed-low dose STZ induced experimental type 2 diabetes in rats. Healthy, male wistar rats weighing between 160-180g were used in the present study. The rats were divided into four groups of six animals each. Group I served as control rats fed with normal pellet diet. Group II fed with a high fat diet for two weeks and intraperitoneally injected with a low dose of STZ (35mg/kg. b.w.) to induce experimental type 2 diabetes. Group III were induced with diabetes and treated with stingless bee pollen (100 mg/kg b.w/rat/day) for oral administration, respectively. Group VI was diabetic rats treated with metformin (50mg/kg.b.w.), a standard drug used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Body weight, food and fluid consumption were recorded periodically. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were starved overnight and OGTT was performed. After 30 days of experimental period, the animals were overnight fasted, anesthetized and scarified by cervical decapitation. Blood was collected with and without anticoagulants for the separation of plasma and serum, respectively. The biochemical analysis performed includes fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, plasma insulin, C-peptide and urine sugar. Insulin resistance, β-cell function and insulin sensitivity were also manipulated from HOMA-IR, HOMA β-cell function and QUICK-I index. The results of the present study clearly indicate that the stingless bee pollen significantly decreased the levels of fasting blood glucose and HbA1c. Stingless bee pollen improves the plasma insulin and C-peptide levels. From the arithmetic data, stingless bee pollen reduces the insulin resistance and enhances β-cell function and insulin sensitivity. The antidiabetic efficacy was more pronounced in rats treated with stingless bee pollen. The results obtained clearly evidenced that the stingless bee pollen significant antidiabetic properties used in the present study.&#x0D; Keyword: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, High fat diet, stingless bee pollen, Antidiabetic properties

Clinical, genetic profile and therapy evaluation of 11 Chinese pediatric patients with Fanconi-Bickel syndrome

BackgroundFanconi-Bickel syndrome (FBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by impaired glucose and galactose utilization as well as proximal renal tubular dysfunction.MethodsClinical, biochemical, genetic, treatment, and follow-up data for 11 pediatric patients with FBS were retrospectively analysed.ResultsHepatomegaly (10/11), short stature (10/11) and hypophosphataemic rickets (7/11) were the most common initial symptoms. At diagnosis, all patients had decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG), plasma bicarbonate (HCO3−) and serum phosphorus, as well as elevated liver transaminases, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and proximal renal tubular dysfunction. Two infant patients were misdiagnosed with transient neonatal diabetes mellitus. After therapy with uncooked cornstarch and conventional rickets treatment, remission of hepatomegaly was observed in all patients, with significant improvements in pre-prandial blood glucose, liver transaminases, triglyceride, plasma HCO3− and AKP (p < 0.05). At the last follow-up, 5/7 patients with elevated AKP had nephrocalcinosis. The mean height standard deviation score (Ht SDS) of eight patients with regular treatment increased from − 4.1 to -3.5 (p = 0.02). Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) was administered to 4/9 patients, but their Ht SDS did not improve significantly (p = 0.13). Fourteen variants of the SLC2A2 gene were identified, with six being novel, among which one was recurrent: c.1217T > G (p.L406R) (allele frequency: 4/22, 18%). Patients with biallelic missense variants showed milder metabolic acidosis than those with null variants. Two of five patients from nonconsanguineous families with rare homozygous variations showed 5.3 Mb and 36.6 Mb of homozygosity surrounding the variants, respectively; a region of homozygosity (ROH) involving the entire chromosome 3 covering the SLC2A2 gene, suggesting uniparental disomy 3, was detected in one patient.ConclusionsEarly diagnosis of FBS is difficult due to the heterogeneity of initial symptoms. Although short stature is a major issue of treatment for FBS, rhGH is not recommended in FBS patients who have normal GH stimulation tests. Patients with biallelic null variants may require alkali supplementation since urine bicarbonate loss is genetically related. ROH is a mechanism for rare homozygous variants of FBS in nonconsanguineous families.

Effects of war-related stress on the cardiovascular system, metabolism and the rate of ageing in women

Chronic war-related stress (WRS) due to disruption of adaptation mechanisms can affect physiological processes in the body, in particular, metabolism, neuroendocrine regulation, and the state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. WRS can also cause changes in the body's rate of ageing. Purpose of the Study: To investigate the effects of WRS on the cardiovascular system, metabolism and the rate of ageing in women. The study included 91 women aged from 30 to 74 years who experienced chronic WRS and 79 women examined before the Russian-Ukrainian war (control group). The biological age (BA) was determined according to the indicators of hemodynamics, heart rate variability and metabolism (cardiometabolic age) using a formula that was obtained by multiple stepwise regression. The indicators were selected, which correlate as much as possible with age and little among themselves. During the war, no statistically significant changes in heart rate, or systolic and diastolic blood pressure were observed, but a significant reduction in overall HRV in the supine position was obtained. Additionally, indices of parasympathetic nervous system activity are significantly lower during the war. In women, examined during the war, there is a statistically significant higher concentration of blood plasma glucose at fasting and 2-hour post-standard oral glucose tolerance test, they also exhibit higher plasma insulin concentration and a higher HOMA-IR index. An increased frequency of prediabetic disorders was observed. So, in the group of women examined before the war, an elevated fasting blood plasma glucose level was found in 6 %, while during the war it was observed in 19 %. Impaired glucose tolerance before the war was present in 10 % of women, and during the war, it increased to 25 %. To assess the effect of WRS on the rate of ageing, the BA of women before and during war was calculated. The formula for calculating BA was obtained on a group of healthy women before the war, and the ageing rate was calculated as the difference between BA and chronological age (CA). The average BA in the group of women before the war was 56.5±1.4 years, and in the group during the war – 64.7 ± 1.1 years. The difference between BA and CA is (0.02 ± 0.79) years in the women before the war and (10.8 ± 1.36) years during the war (p &lt; 0.05). Chronic WRS leads to the disruption of the cardiovascular system's functioning and simultaneously triggers an imbalance in the autonomic nervous control in women. These changes indicate a state of heightened stress. Women exposed to chronic WRS experience unfavourable alterations in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, increasing the risk of diabetes mellitus development. Chronic WRS accelerates the rate of cardiometabolic ageing in women. _________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: cardiovascular system; metabolism; biological age; war-related stress; woman

An umbrella review and meta-analysis of meta-analyses of the impact of Ramadan fasting on the metabolic syndrome components

Abstract Context Ramadan is a holy month of fasting, spiritual reflection, and worship for Muslims worldwide. However, the Ramadan fast – which involves abstaining from all food and drink, sunrise to sunset for 29 days–30 days annually – may also influence physical health outcomes, especially relating to the risk of metabolic syndrome. Objective The literature from the top of the pyramid of evidence was gathered and synthesized for this comprehensive umbrella review and meta-analysis of meta-analyses in order to provide an overall conclusion on the impact of Ramadan fasting with regard to metabolic syndrome components. Data Extraction Eleven systematic reviews and meta-analyses were included in the current umbrella review. Nine components, including waist circumference, body weight), high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure), and fasting blood plasma glucose were analyzed. Data Analysis The random-effects meta-analysis results revealed standard mean differences as follows: waist circumference –0.30 (95% confidence interval [CI] –0.33 to –0.27), body weight –0.34 (95% CI –0.39 to –0.29), high-density lipoprotein 0.20 (95% CI 0.10 to 0.30), low-density lipoprotein –0.10 (95% CI –0.13 to –0.07), total cholesterol –0.15 (95% CI –0.21 to –0.09), triglycerides –0.16 (95% CI –0.24 to –0.08), systolic blood pressure –0.20 (95% CI –0.23 to –0.17), diastolic blood pressure –0.20 (95% CI –0.22 to –0.18), fasting blood plasma glucose –0.10 (95% CI –0.12 to –0.08). Conclusion Ramadan fasting appears to benefit body weight, lipid profile, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose levels. Therefore, engaging in fasting during Ramadan may contribute to weight reduction, decreased cardiovascular disease risk, improved blood pressure, and enhanced glycemic control. Nevertheless, the methodological quality of the included reviews ranged from low to critically low, necessitating cautious interpretation of conclusions drawn from these data. Systematic Review Registration Open Science Framework Identifier: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/9WVJZ.

Antidiabetic efficacy of sea fish oil in ameliorating hyperglycaemia by enhancing FFAR1, GLP-1 and inhibiting DPP-4 signalling in the pancreatic tissues of high lipid diet and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats

Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are n-3 fatty acids that are highly available in sea-fishes. Many studies have revealed that n-3 fatty acids play antidiabetic activity. In this study antidiabetic activity of the three sea fishes oils, ‘volavetki’ (Panna microdon, Bleeker 1849), ‘ruli’ (Coilia dussumieri, Valenciennes 1848), and ‘tapra’ (Opisthopterus tardoore, Cuvier 1829), as well as three fresh-water fishes oils, ‘bata’ (Labeo bata, Hamilton 1822), ‘folui’ (Opisthopterus tardoore, Cuvier 1829), and ‘mourala’ (Amblypharyngodon mola, Hamilton 1822) evaluated high lipid diet (HLD) and STZ-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. The GC-MS analysis revealed high n-3 fatty acid content in volavetki oil. Supplementation of sea-fish oils and antidiabetic effect was monitored by fasting plasma blood glucose and HbA1c. Also, insulin, c-peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, free fatty acid receptor 1, glucokinase, glucose-6 phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, malondialdehyde, plasma total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, c-reactive protein, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, and histopathology of pancreatic tissues were evaluated. Out of six fish oils, oral supplementation with volavetki oil resulted in significant reduction of plasma blood glucose, HbA1c of T2DM rat. All other parameters in T2DM rats were returned to near normally by treatment of volavetki oil. These findings strongly indicate that volavetki oil possess antidiabetic activity.

Sex-specific effects of a high fat diet on aortic inflammation and dysfunction

Obesity and vascular dysfunction are independent and sexually dimorphic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. A high fat diet (HFD) is often used to model obesity in mice, but the sex-specific effects of this diet on aortic inflammation and function are unclear. Therefore, we characterized the aortic immune cell profile and function in 6-week-old male and female C57BL/6 mice fed a normal chow diet (NCD) or HFD for 10 weeks. Metabolic parameters were measured weekly and fortnightly. At end point, aortic immune cell populations and endothelial function were characterized using flow cytometry and wire myography. HFD-male mice had higher bodyweight, blood cholesterol, fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin levels than NCD mice (P < 0.05). HFD did not alter systolic blood pressure (SBP), glycated hemoglobin or blood triglycerides in either sex. HFD-females had delayed increases in bodyweight with a transient increase in fasting blood glucose at week 8 (P < 0.05). Flow cytometry revealed fewer proinflammatory aortic monocytes in females fed a HFD compared to NCD. HFD did not affect aortic leukocyte populations in males. Conversely, HFD impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, but only in males. Overall, this highlights biological sex as a key factor determining vascular disease severity in HFD-fed mice.

Glucoregulatory effect of butyrate is associated with elevated circulating VEGF and reduced cardiac lactate in high fructose fed rats

BackgroundHigh fructose diet has been linked with impaired body metabolism and cardiovascular diseases. Sodium butyrate (NaB) was documented to improve glucoregulation and cardiometabolic problems associated with high fructose diet (HFrD) but the mechanisms behind it are unclear. As a result, the purpose of this study was to look into the effects of NaB on VEGF and cardiac lactate in HFrD-induced dysmetabolism. MethodsTwenty male Wistar rats of weight 130–140 g were assigned randomly after a week of acclimation into four groups: Control diet (CTR), High fructose drink (HFrD); 10 % (w/v), NaB (200 mg/kg bw), and HFrD + NaB (200 mg/kg bw). The animals were induced to be unconscious with 50 mg/kg of pentobarbital sodium intraperitoneally, blood samples were taken via cardiac puncture and cardiac tissue homogenates were obtained for Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and plasma insulin, cardiac glycogen, plasma and cardiac glycogen synthase, plasma and cardiac nitric oxide as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). ResultHFrD resulted in statistical elevation body and cardiac weight, plasma glucose, plasma insulin, cardiac lactate, glycogen and decreased nitric oxide level (NO) when compared with the control group. Administration of NaB reduced cardiac weight, blood glucose, plasma insulin, cardiac lactate while nitric oxide and glycogen increased (P < 0.05). NaB increased plasma glycogen synthase in normal rats, plasma and cardiac circulating VEGF in HFrD administered rats (P < 0.05) while no change was produced in plasma and cardiac glycogen synthase level of HFrD treated rats. ConclusionSodium butyrate improves glucoregulation by reducing cardiac lactate and increasing circulating VEGF in HFrD-treated rats.