Fastest Mortality Research Articles

STRESS RESPONSES OF THREE SPECIES OF CYPRINID: COMMON CARP (Cyprinus carpio), BONYLIP BARB (Osteochilus hasselty), AND TORSORO (Tor soro) SUBJECTED TO OXYGEN DEPLETION

Fish in stressed conditions will show symptoms of a decreased physiological function. These symptoms include changes in the respiration system (gills, breathing frequency) and blood hemoglobin. Cyprinid fish are active fish that require high oxygen levels. In a minimum oxygen condition, cyprinid fish are easy to get stressed. Despite the extensive literature on cyprinid biology, comparison of declined physiological functions due to oxygen depletion in cyprinid are few and far between. The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological reactions and organ responses of three species of Cyprinidae, common carp (Cyprinus carpio), nilem carp (Osteochilus hasselti), and Torsoro carp (Tor soro) challenged to oxygen depletion. The study was conducted using 18 fishes for each species with an average body weight of 48.11 ± 4.24 g. Oxygen depletion challenge was done by placing the test fish in closed and non-aerated aquaria (40 cm x 20 cm x 20 cm). The dissolved oxygen level in each aquarium was measured every 30 minutes. Fish breathing frequency was calculated by the frequencies of mouth movement every 30 minutes. Histological examination of gills and blood was taken from healthy fish (at the beginning of treatment) and at LC50 (lethal concentration). The results showed that oxygen depletion reduced blood hemoglobin levels down to 5.1 ± 1.4 gram%, 3.3 ± 1.15 gram%, and 1.5 ± 0.71 gram% for goldfish, nilem, and torsoro, respectively. The respiratory rate varied from normal to depleted conditions. When depletion occurred, the respiratory rate increased and decreased again when the fish started to get weak. In normal conditions, the breathing frequency of goldfish was 60 beats/minute, nilem was 108 ± 20.8 beats/minute, and Tor soro was 144 ± 31.7 beats/minute. The highest respiration frequency occurred in tor soro fish in the 150th minute with a value of 216 ± 0.0 beats/minute. The fastest mortality at LC50% occurred in torsoro at 245.00 ± 17.32 minutes.

Sustainable Pest Management Using Biodegradable Apitoxin-Loaded Calcium-Alginate Microspheres

Alternatives and replacements for synthetic chemical-based plant protectants are required. In this study biopolymeric microspheres containing arthropod-derived apitoxin are explored as a possible novel environmentally friendly formulation for plant protection. Here we document the optimization process for microencapsulation of apitoxin into a stable formulation, for ready use in agricultural applications. Efficacy trials were carried out on three different beetle species at various developmental stages (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say, 1824.), Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, 1758.), Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1758.)). The encapsulated apitoxin has a steady initial and long residual effect, due to the slow release of apitoxin which is one of its main advantages over other conventional control methods. Microspheres loaded with apitoxin have a detrimental effect on insects, of which it is significantly better gastric compared to contact action (due to pH). The results showed that the highest and fastest mortality was obtained when the highest concentrations (0.6%) were applied, chosen to be economically acceptable. These important findings contribute to knowledge on the application and development of encapsulated apitoxin formulations, and their effectiveness, as an alternative eco-friendly control method in agricultural production.

Killed in action (KIA): an analysis of military personnel who died of their injuries before reaching a definitive medical treatment facility in Afghanistan (2004–2014)

IntroductionThe majority of combat deaths occur before arrival at a medical treatment facility but no previous studies have comprehensively examined this phase of care.MethodsThe UK Joint Theatre Trauma Registry was...

Effects of Culture Media on Viability of Beauveria Bassiana and Its Pathogenicity Against Coffee Bean Borer (Hyphotenemus Hampei)

Coffee bean borer (Hypothenemus hampei) attacks coffee when it is still in the plantation until it is in the storage that reduce the quality of coffee. To avoid the negative impact of chemical insecticides, biological control is carried out by using entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana. The aims of this research were to study the effects of culture media on viability of B. bassiana and its pathogenicity in controlling H. hampei. Laboratory experiment was arranged in Completely Random Design (CRD). This research used 8 (eight) treatments namely KO: Distilled water, Kk: Lamda Sihalothrin 25 EC (Chemical Insecticide), B1: 10 g/L B. bassiana cultured in rice bran media, B2: 20 g/L B. bassiana cultured in rice bran media, B3: 30 g/L B. bassiana cultured in rice bran media, B4: 10 g/L B. bassiana cultured in corn media, B5: 20 g/L B. bassiana cultured in corn media and B6: 30 g/L B. bassiana cultured in corn media. Each treatment was applied on coffee beans infested with 20 H. hampei and repeated 4 (four) times. The results showed that rice bran media produced the highest number of spores with highest viability. The application of B. bassiana could killed H. hampei. The concentration of 30 g/L of B. bassiana cultured in rice bran media resulted in the fastest mortality (Mortality time and Lethal Time 50%) of H. hampei.

PATHOGENICITY TEST OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF Beauveria bassiana CULTURED ON RICE BRAN AND CORN MEDIA AGAINST COFFEE FRUITS BORER (Hyphotenemus hampei)

Coffee is a commodity with high value for export. Coffee bean borer (Hypothenemus hampei) is the main pest causing the decline in coffee production. Farmers still rely on chemical insecticides to control this pest. To reduce the negative impact of insecticides, entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana is applied. The research aimed to investigating the level of pathogenicity of B. bassiana in controlling H. hampei, and investigating the concentration with the highest level of pathogenicity of B. Bassiana against H. hampei. Laboratory research was arranged in one factor Completely Random Design (CRD). This research used 8 (eight) treatments namely KO: Aquades, Kk: Lamda Sihalothrin 25 EC (Chemical Insecticide), B1: 10 g / L B. bassiana cultivated in rice bran media, B2: 20 g / L B. bassiana cultivated in rice bran media, B3: 30 g / L B. bassiana cultivated in rice bran media, B4: 10 g / L B. bassiana grown on corn media, B5: 20 gL B. bassiana grown on corn and B6: 30 g / L B. bassiana grown on corn media. Each treatment used coffee beans infested with 20 H. hampei and repeated 4 (four) times. The result of the research showed that B. bassiana was able to kill H. hampei. The concentration that was able to cause the fastest mortality with a high level of pathogenicity based on the pathogenicity test of B. bassiana on H. hampei (percentage of mortality, total mortality time, and feeding capacity) was 30 g/L of B. bassiana cultivated in rice bran media.Key words: Beauveria bassiana, Hypothenemus hampei, chemical insecticide, coffee bean

AKTIVITAS FORMULASI PESTISIDA NABATI PADA SIPUT SETENGAH TELANJANG Parmarion martensi (GASTROPODA: ARIOPHANTIDAE)

This study aims to determine the activity of plant-based pesticide formulations on martyred Parmarion semi-naked snails. The study conducted at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Flores, Sam Ratulangi Street, Ende Regency. The research was conducted from February to August 2019 using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two stages of treatment. The first stage was testing the contact poison activity in 5 treatments namely P0 = Control, P1 = Dilution 1: 5, P2 = Dilution 1:10, P3 = Dilution 1:15, P4 = Pure extract. The second step is to test the stomach poison with five treatments namely R0 = Control, R1 = No immersion, R2 = Soak 10 minutes, R3 = Soak 20 minutes, R4 = Soak 30 minutes. All treatments are repeated five times so that they will get 25 units of experiments in every treatment. The results showed the concentration of vegetable pesticide extracts in contact poisons and stomach poisons the highest average mortality for contact poisons were found in P4 therapy with the highest mortality value of 68.00% and experienced the fastest death above 50.00% at 50.80 hours with single speed time is 0.55 hours. While the stomach poison in the R4 treatment is 66.66% with the time, the fastest mortality is above 50.00%, which is 55.40 hours with a speed of 0.57 hours per individual.

Effects of certain insecticides on the predator Orius insidiosus and its prey Thrips palmi

Thrips palmi is a major pest of several economically important food crops. The mirid Orius insidiosus is an important predator of T. palmi in Trinidad and several other Caribbean islands. Its biocontrol effectiveness is hampered by frequent insecticide applications. Contact and leaf residual bioassays were conducted on both T. palmi and O. insidiosus with eleven commonly applied insecticides to determine the least and most toxic insecticide(s) to O. insidiosus and T. palmi, respectively. This information forms part of an Integrated Pest Management programme for T. palmi. Cypermethrin+ profenaphos and chlorfenapyr were observed to be the most toxic while imidacloprid was the least toxic to O. insidiosus adults. Fipronil, diafenthiuron and λ-cyhalothrin were the most toxic to T. palmi. Orius insidiosus survived for the longest period when exposed to chlorfenapyr but not significantly longer when exposed to acetamiprid, α-cypermethrin, or dimethoate. Alpha (α)-cypermethrin caused the fastest mortality in T. palmi while diafenthiuron took significantly longer to cause 50% mortality compared to α-cypermethrin and abamectin. The calculated Selectivity Ratios indicated that only fipronil, λ-cyhalothrin, acetamiprid, diafenthurion and imidacloprid favoured the predator. Leaf residue bioassays indicated that abamectin had the lowest LT50 for both O. insidiosus and T. palmi emphasizing the fact that abamectin degraded fastest and the residues left after application had the least effect on the predator/prey. Fipronil, λ-cyhalothrin, acetamiprid, diafenthurion, imidacloprid and abamectin might be incorporated into an IPM programme using O. insidiosus as a predator of T. palmi

Spontaneous white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in mud crab (Scylla serrata Forskal 1775) fattening pens farm of south east coast of India

The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most serious diseases in the shrimp and crab farm. This virus disseminates very quickly and causes high mortality in culture pond, accompanied by great economic losses. Recently, high mortality of WSSV-infected mud crabs collected from M.G.R. Thittu, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, south east coast of India during 2015 and 2016. A total of 283 samples collected from pens fattening ponds were tested for the presence of WSSV. Of these, a prevalence of 32.5% WSSV-infected mud crabs showed. Hence, the present study was carried to understand the reason for the mortality. Our examinations of crab mortality confirmed the possible infestation of white spot syndrome virus. The classical symptoms of white spot virus infections like white spots in the inner carapace and histopathological changes on gills like eosinophilic inclusion bodies and basophilic Cowdry type “A” inclusion bodies have been observed. Also, our examinations confirmed the infestation through molecular diagnosis and TEM visualization of hypertrophied cells with massive viral particles in the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected gills. In the experimental work, the fastest mortality was observed in the ingestion then in the waterborne mode of infection. The waterborne mode caused the 40% mortality on 90th days. The ingestion mode caused the 100% mortality on 90th days.

Evaluación de extractos botánicos contra el nematodo Meloidogyne incognita en frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris).

With the aim of determining the nematicidal effect over Meloidogyne incognita in beans, (variety “Centa Cuzcatleco”), we evaluated the watery extracts of garlic (Allium sativum), marygold (Tagetes sp), papaya tree (Carica papaya tree), and “barrenillo” grass (Cynodon dactylon), during the period of 1993-1994. Tests were conducted at the laboratory and the greenhouse, with the use of a completely random design, with six treatments and eight repetitions. The research was conducted at the Center of Agricultural and Forestry Technology (CENTA): In the greenhouse the seedlings were inoculated with 4.000 eggs and J2 of M. incognita, and then treated with the aforementioned plant extracts. In addition, we used the nematicide Phenamiphos and an absolute check (plain water) in the laboratory, the juvenile stages of the nematodes were exposed to direct contact with each one of the substances, and afterwards they were rinsed in water to measure its recuperation. Sixty days after sowing, we measured the variables: final height, fresh and dry weight of foliage, fresh weight of roots, final nematode population, gall index, and reproduction rate. The best extract for controlling M. incognita at the greenhouse was papaya tree (smallest gall index), even though Phenamiphos was the overall best treatment. The extracts of garlic and papaya tree, in dosis of 35 g per plant , provoked toxicity in the plant. At the laboratory, the extracts which produced a higher mortality rate of juvenile nematodes were garlic, marygold and papaya tree. The fastest mortality