Faster Horses Research Articles

Fasting horses perioperatively decreases manure production and increases time to manure output postoperatively: a controlled randomized trial.

To compare 3 perioperative feeding regimens and their effect on anesthetic complications, manure output, and colic proportion in healthy horses. 45 horses presenting for elective orthopedic procedures were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: not fasted (NF; continuous access to hay perioperatively), fasted muzzled (FM; 10-hour preoperative fast with slow refeeding postoperatively and muzzle placement), or fasted not muzzled (FNM; same as FM without muzzle placement). Anesthetic protocol was standardized. Outcomes compared between groups included anesthesia time, arterial oxygenation, duration of hypotension, perioperative manure output, time to first passage of manure postoperatively, pain scores, and colic proportion. Comparisons were made with a mixed model and Fisher exact test with statistical significance considered at P ≤ .05. No differences were seen in pain scores, oxygenation, hypotension, or colic between groups. Groups FM and FNM had a significantly greater mean reduction in postoperative manure weight (-81% and -70%; P = .003) and number of manure piles (-63% and -55%; P = .005) compared to group NF (-39% and -22%; P < .001; weight and piles, respectively). Mean ± SD minutes to passage of manure postoperatively was significantly shorter in group NF (238 ± 13 minutes) than groups FM (502 ± 174 minutes; P < .001) and FNM (444 ± 171 minutes; P = .003). Horses with continuous access to hay prior to and following recovery from anesthesia passed more manure and passed manure sooner after surgery than their fasted counterparts without detrimental effect on anesthetic parameters and postoperative complications. Continuous access to hay perioperatively supports manure production in healthy horses without increase in anesthetic complications.

Does Pediatric Radiology Need Faster Horses? Rethinking Strategies to Workforce and Workflow

Does Pediatric Radiology Need Faster Horses? Rethinking Strategies to Workforce and Workflow

MOĞOLLARIN RUS KNEZLİKLERİ İLE DOĞU VE ORTA AVRUPA TOPRAKLARINI İSTİLASI (1236-1242)

Yüzyıllar boyunca Orta Avrupa, çeşitli halkların (Cermen, Vizigot vb.) istilasına uğramış, bundan büyük zararlar almıştır. Ancak Avrupa’ya esas zararı Asya steplerinden süratli atları ve güçlü teşkilatçı yapıları ile üzerlerine gelen kavimlerin şiddetli istilaları vermiştir. Attila önderliğindeki Hunlar, bunu ilk başlatan kavim olmuş, Galya ve İtalya’ya kadar inmişlerdir. Bu esnada önlerine katıp göçe zorladıkları kavimler, Avrupa’nın demografik yapısında önemli ölçüde değişikliklere neden olmuştur. İkinci büyük istilayı ise Çoçi’nin oğlu Batu ve meşhur Moğol komutan Sübetey’in liderliğindeki Moğollar gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Karadeniz’in kuzeyinden çizdikleri bir rota ile önce Kıpçakları ve Bulgarları, ardından Rusları boyundurukları altına almışlar, en sonunda Macaristan’ı istila etmişlerdir. Çalışmamızda Orta Avrupa’nın Moğollar tarafından istilası, bu süreci hazırlayan olaylar kronolojik bir şekilde ele alınacak ve istilanın genel bir değerlendirmesi yapılacaktır.

How Fast Can Our Horses Go? Measuring the Quality of Positioning Technologies

Whether Henry Ford or someone else gave us this famous quote, ‘If I had asked people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses’, we may agree that it implies there is a limit to what we can expect from the performance of an existing solution. Science and technology always try to push the boundaries and ‘improve’; improving the quality of our lives or improving the quality of technologies. We, as researchers in the area of navigation, are no exception; we want to improve the quality of navigation services. And there are many ways to do so, and challenges and limitations to those attempts. Some researchers look to improve the accuracy, the reliability, the integrity through different approaches. Some try to reduce or model noise, some try to minimise human error, and some use novel techniques and algorithms for better prediction. Of course, when ‘our horses cannot go any faster’ and there is not much space for improvement for a certain technology or service, researchers may come up with a completely new solution, such as an automobile. Almost all new technologies go through the same exploration period; at the beginning, we want to see how and if it works so we try simple tasks, but then we become more ambitious (or greedier!) and so we introduce it to more difficult challenges until it hits the breaking point. At this point, curious researchers and inventors try to push the boundaries and make the technology better, and if improvement is not possible, they build (invent) a new solution. But what is the ‘quality’ that many of us want to improve? How the quality of a technology or service can be measured in the first place?

Bolesław Wieniawa Długoszowski – lekarz, generał, wolnomularz

This article discusses the life and activities of a Polish Army general, a doctor, diplomat and freemason, such as Boleslaw Wieniawa Dlugoszowski. After Poland regained independence, he became the personal adjutant of Marshal Jozef Pilsudski. After the outbreak of World War II, President Ignacy Moscicki appointed him as his successor, in case the office was vacated before peace was made. He is one of the most colourful figures in interwar Poland. He was known for his predilection for beautiful women, fast horses and loud fun. On the one hand, such a view of life caused unusual affection among some and undisguised aversion among others, especially among opponents of his political camp. He was also a writer, wrote poems, painted and maintained constant contact with the artistic community. For several years he was Poland’s ambassador to Rome, he was friends with many outstanding people not only in Poland, but also in the whole of Europe. After settling in the United States, he lived in New York. He was also a journalist and editor-in-chief of “Dziennik Polski” in Detroit. He died tragically in 1942, a few days before taking over the diplomatic post in Havana. He was remembered by his posterity as the author of many popular sayings, later widely quoted throughout the country.

Escaping the ‘Faster Horses’ Trap: Bridging Strategic Foresight and Design-Based Innovation

Design thinking is inherently and invariably oriented towards the future in that all design is for products, services or events that will exist in the future, and be used by people in the future. This creates an overlap between the domains of design thinking and strategic foresight. A small but significant literature has grown up in the strategic foresight field as to how design thinking may be used to improve its processes. This paper considers the other side of the relationship: how methods from the strategic foresight field may advance design thinking, improving insight into the needs and preferences of users of tomorrow, including how contextual change may suddenly and fundamentally reshape these. A side-by-side comparison of representative models from each field is presented, and it is shown how these may be assembled together to create foresight-informed design-based innovation.

Comparison of fasted basal insulin with the combined glucose-insulin test in horses and ponies with suspected insulin dysregulation

Fasting horses for measurement of basal serum insulin concentration (fasting insulin; FI) has been recommended to standardise testing for insulin dysregulation (ID), yet limited data exist comparing it to dynamic tests. This study aimed to compare FI with the combined glucose-insulin test (CGIT) in horses suspect for ID. We hypothesised that FI would have poor sensitivity for detecting ID compared to CGIT using conventional cut-offs. Records were retrieved from CGITs performed in horses fasted for approximately 8h. Serum insulin and glucose concentrations were measured before and for 150min following an IV bolus of glucose followed by insulin. Correlations between FI and CGIT values were assessed. Youden’s index analysis was used to determine the optimal cut-off for FI. Logistic regression and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to determine factors affecting the results.CGITs (n=130) from 62 horses were evaluated. Compared to CGIT, sensitivity and specificity of FI for diagnosis of ID were 14.6% and 100% at a cut-off of 20μIU/mL and 63.4% and 87.2% at a cut-off of 5.2μIU/mL, respectively. FI was significantly correlated with insulin at 45min (rs=0.66) and 75min (rs=0.72); area under the curve for insulin (AUCinsulin; rs=0.67); glucose at 45min (rs=0.53); and AUCglucose (rs=0.50). Obesity was significantly associated with increased odds of a positive CGIT and horses with a positive CGIT were significantly older (P<0.05). In conclusion, FI correlated well with CGIT results and had adequate sensitivity and specificity at lower cut-offs, despite poor sensitivity at conventional cut-off values. Further research to derive cut-off values relevant to the fasting period is warranted.

Time of Year Has No Effect on Indicators of Insulin Resistance in Fasting Horses

Laminitis is a severe equine lameness associated with obesity and obese‐related conditions, such as insulin resistance. Extremely painful, laminitis typically manifests in horses in the spring and/or summer. It is unclear if insulin resistance is the mechanism that initiates the seasonal onset of laminitis or even if insulin resistance is altered seasonally in horses. To determine if insulin resistance varies throughout the year in horses, blood was collected via the jugular vein, from overnight fasted horses (n=35), from four different breeds with varying known risks for obesity‐related conditions and laminitis, (stock horses, n=11; draft/draft crosses horses, n=7; Saddlebreds, n=7; and Welsh ponies, n=10) every 60 days for a year (September 2015–July 2016). Fasting insulin resistance was determined by plasma glucose to insulin ratio (GIR=[fasting plasma glucose]/[fasting plasma insulin]) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI=1/(log[fasting plasma glucose]+log[fasting plasma insulin])), with lower levels of each indicating increased insulin resistance. Neither time of year (MANOVA, F5,23=0.911, p=0.491; F5,23=1.28, p=0.307) nor breed (F5,27=0.417, p=0.091; F5,27=2.43, p=0.087) had an effect on GIR and QUICKI. Therefore, no difference in insulin resistance was detected in fasting horses throughout the year. GIR and QUICKI are commonly used in clinical settings; however, it is possible that these indicators may not accurately reflect the insulin status in horses, due to the fasted states required by these measurements. Other metrics of insulin sensitivity may need to be implemented to determine if insulin resistance is a precursor to the onset of seasonal laminitis.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the Biomedical Scholars program at Beloit College.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Shipbuilding Innovation: Enabling Technologies and Economic Imperatives

Commercial shipbuilding in the 21st century is dominated by large suppliers, constructing series' of ships in highly efficient shipyards. The industry would be unrecognizable to shipbuilders from a century ago and this raises the question as to when the modern form developed. Much development has been incremental but there have also been seminal triggers, both technical and economic, that have led to major shifts in the nature of the industry. This paper traces these shifts from the building of SS Great Britain to the current day. The modern industry saw its beginnings in the United States in World War II (wwii), follows a build strategy that was developed in Japan (under U.S. guidance) and a pattern of shipyard design that originated in Europe in the early 1960s. The most significant influences have included developments in iron and steel manufacturing processes, the expansion of the British Empire in the second half of the 19th century, the Liberty Ship program in WWII, Japan's "great reverse" post-WWII, and the "Bretton Woods" conference that initiated the process of globalization in the second half of the 20th century. The greatest steps forward have arisen out of economic imperatives and been assisted by influence from other industry sectors. The most important influences were those from government contractors in the introduction of welding into shipbuilding in WWII and in the influence of the aircraft manufacturing industry in Japanese shipbuilding post-WWII. The greatest barriers to innovation have arisen from conservatism. 1. Introduction In an article in the New York Times of October 28,1921, Henry Ford coined his famous phrase: "History is bunk." He was paraphrasing an earlier article in the Crawfordsville Review of June 6, 1916, where he had said: "History is more or less bunk" and the three additional words make all the difference in understanding this famous quotation. What Henry Ford did not mean was that we cannot learn the lessons of history. What he did mean was that we cannot reliably predict the future by extrapolating the past and this leads to a very optimistic view of the power of innovation in industry. What innovations might be around the corner that will change everything? Henry Ford is also often quoted in support of this view as saying, relating to the period before his innovations that made the motor car an affordable mode of transport for the masses in the United States: "If I had asked people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses." In reality, Henry Ford is nowhere recorded as actually having said this, but it is a popular misquotation because it illustrates the principle perfectly (Vlaskovits 2011).

Betting on the fastest horse: Using computer simulation to design a combination HIV intervention for future projects in Maharashtra, India.

ObjectiveTo inform the design of a combination intervention strategy targeting HIV-infected unhealthy alcohol users in Maharashtra, India, that could be tested in future randomized control trials.MethodsUsing probabilistic compartmental simulation modeling we compared intervention strategies targeting HIV-infected unhealthy alcohol users on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Maharashtra, India. We tested interventions targeting four behaviors (unhealthy alcohol consumption, risky sexual behavior, depression and antiretroviral adherence), in three formats (individual, group based, community) and two durations (shorter versus longer). A total of 5,386 possible intervention combinations were tested across the population for a 20-year time horizon and intervention bundles were narrowed down based on incremental cost-effectiveness analysis using a two-step probabilistic uncertainty analysis approach.ResultsTaking into account uncertainty in transmission variables and intervention cost and effectiveness values, we were able to reduce the number of possible intervention combinations to be used in a randomized control trial from over 5,000 to less than 5. The most robust intervention bundle identified was a combination of three interventions: long individual alcohol counseling; weekly Short Message Service (SMS) adherence counseling; and brief sex risk group counseling.ConclusionsIn addition to guiding policy design, simulation modeling of HIV transmission can be used as a preparatory step to trial design, offering a method for intervention pre-selection at a reduced cost.

The Effect of Fasting Duration on Baseline Blood Glucose Concentration, Blood Insulin Concentration, Glucose/Insulin Ratio, Oral Sugar Test, and Insulin Response Test Results in Horses.

ObjectivesPublished descriptions of the oral sugar test (OST) and insulin response test (IRT) have been inconsistent when specifying the protocol for fasting horses before testing. The purpose of our study was to examine the effect of fasting duration on blood glucose concentration, blood insulin concentration, glucose/insulin ratio, OST, and IRT results in horses.AnimalsTen healthy adult horses.ProceduresBoth OST and IRT were performed on horses without fasting and after fasting for 3, 6, and 12 hours. Thus, 8 tests were performed per horse in a randomized order. Blood collected at the initial time point of the OST was analysed for both blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations so that baseline concentrations and the glucose/insulin ratio could be determined. Unless fasted, horses had free‐choice access to grass hay.ResultsThere was no effect of fasting and fasting duration on blood glucose concentration, serum insulin concentration, glucose/insulin ratio, or the OST. Response to insulin in the IRT was decreased in fasted horses. The effect increased with fasting duration, with the least response to insulin administration after a 12‐hour fast.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThese data indicate that insulin sensitivity is not a fixed trait in horses. Fasting a horse is not recommended for a glucose/insulin ratio or IRT, and fasting a horse for 3 hours is recommended for the OST.

Fast horses

Those who know me well appreciate my passion for fast horses—those with spirit and stamina, as well as speed. And thus I devote my final words as editor-in-chief of the Science journals to the incredible team of thoroughbreds who accomplished more in a short time than I ever thought was possible. The changes that have come to the publishing enterprise at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS, the publisher of Science journals) have touched all facets of what we do and how we deliver it to our readers.

Race Horse Men: How Slavery and Freedom Were Made at the Racetrack by Katherine C. Mooney (review)

Race Horse Men: How Slavery and Freedom Were Made at the Racetrack. By Katherine C. Mooney. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014. Pp. 321. Cloth, $35.00.)Reviewed by Kenneth CohenIn Race Horse Men, Katherine C. Mooney does exactly what her subtitle says: She explains slavery and were at the racetrack. This is no small feat. As Amy Bass and others noted in a June 2014 roundtable in the Journal of American History, most histories of American sport analyze it as a reflection of economic and social developments rather than as an arena of cultural and political production where people made things like slavery and freedom.Yet Mooney shows how racehorse owners and the black horsemen who labored for them did just that. Using a rich array of sources, including unprecedented work in the personal correspondence of a dozen leading owners and underused examples of visual evidence, in addition to the periodical literature that typically dominates studies of racing, Mooney shows how both white owners and black workers envisioned and then tried to craft the worlds they wanted through thoroughbred racing. For owners, racing promised to reaffirm established hierarchies by giving wealthy men an exclusive stage on which their horses and staff represented them before an adoring public (38). However, successful horsemen who turned their own acclaim from owners and the public into improved circumstances saw racing as a vehicle to succeed in becoming a master themselves (64).Mooney argues that, for the better part of the nineteenth centuiy, these two visions co-existed more easily than one might expect. Indeed, the book's early chapters convincingly explain how slave trainers, grooms, and jockeys gained uncommon degrees of autonomy and even respect from whites who comfortably permitted such authority precisely because they retained the power to sell or demote those horsemen. The popularity of fast horses handled by well-dressed, well-treated, and even well-paid slaves worked to obscure the brutality of slavery and recognized the viability of their conception of the United States as a slaveholders' (95).The compatibility of owners' and horsemen's visions faltered only after the Civil War, a conflict Mooney suggests the predominantly Wliiggish racehorse-owning fraternity tried to avoid at all costs. At first, the 1870s and 1880s merely saw an injection of northern capital and ownership into racing, as the new industrial elite used the sport to unite North and South behind their management of white and black labor alike. Just as predecessors had imagined a slaveholding republic at the track, now turfmen hoped that the track could help form a similarly powerful vision of freedom that would preserve their economic and political control in the face of emancipation and labor unrest (163). But the introduction of segregation, coupled with grand displays of wealth and influence by successful black jockeys, undermined the old arrangement. horsemen's success could not be safely channeled into the support of white supremacy any longer, and the stoiy ends with white owners- supported by white horsemen-gradually pushing black men out of all but the bottom-most jobs in the thoroughbred world (225).Some of this stoiy is not new. Most of the fabled races, owners, and black horsemen Mooney recalls were first brought back to life in journalist Edward Hotaling's books The Great Black Jockeys (1999) and Wink (2005). But Mooney valuably complicates Hotaling's oversimplified and overly optimistic spin on black men in the horse business. Her archival sources shed greater light on the owners, most notably detailing their retention of power over horsemen, and how they explicitly engaged with certain jockey clubs, races, and breeding clients in order to build political alliances that served their interests in industrial development for almost a century-from Heniy Clay's American System to the election of William McKinley. …

Focalization, Ethics, and Cosmopolitanism in James Welch’s Fools Crow

Focalization, Ethics, and Cosmopolitanism in James Welch’s Fools Crow James J. Donahue (bio) 1. Introduction Building on the work of philosopher Kwame Anthony Appiah, literary theorist Arnold Krupat (Red Matters) defines a cosmopolitan ethnocriticism as one that engages with a variety of methodological tools in order to explore the complicated tensions in literary works. Although aware of the pitfalls of what some critics might charge is another form of cultural appropriation,1 Krupat claims that the responsible critic is one who entertains a variety of approaches, one who works to include diverse methodologies, rather than relying on any single approach to cultural artifacts. In that vein, the following essay engages in a cosmopolitan ethnocriticism by providing a bridge between narratology and ethics in the exploration of inter-cultural communication. Specifically, I will examine a new means of focalization that I argue is employed in James Welch’s 1986 novel Fools Crow. By first establishing how focalization is connected to culture, I will demonstrate how Welch focalizes the narrative through the Blackfeet and the Anglo-Americans, in order to ultimately merge them into what I will call a cosmopolitan focalization.2 This focalization, I will then show, has significant ethical implications with respect to narrative representations of inter-cultural communication. In short, I posit that the structure of Welch’s narrative reinforces that narrative’s portrayal of successful and unsuccessful [End Page 54] methods of inter-cultural exchange. And I believe that further study of narrative form in ethnic American literature will benefit the study of literature while helping to refine the tools of narratological inquiry. A work of historical romance that fictionalizes the Blackfeet just prior to the Massacre of the Marias in 1870, Fools Crow has been celebrated by many critics as a window into a culture now lost. For Patricia DiMond, “Fools Crow reveals the other side of the story of the development of America, presenting a critical, more balanced perspective of history that serves to deconstruct the Euro-American’s concept of Indian barbarianism and reveal typical misconceptions and startling truths” (70). Similarly, Bette Weidman notes that, “There is a Pikuni social order to which Fools Crow is reconciled and that is universalized in the world of the novel” (91). The working assumption for both literary critics is that Fools Crow reflects a Blackfeet worldview in its narrative. Nora Barry, however, comes a bit closer to a full understanding of the operation of the narrative when she claims that, “Welch tells this history, for the most part, from the Blackfeet point of view” (3). I would like to build on her small clause “for the most part” in my explorations of the narrative composition of Fools Crow. For while most of the story is narrated by an apparently omniscient nonfocalized narrator who tells the story from the perspective of the Blackfeet—and in so doing uses Blackfeet words and place names, and accepts the truth value of the Blackfeet religious system and the reality of the spirit world—there are sections of the text that are narrated by a seemingly very different (though also omniscient and nonfocalized) narrator. Though small and clearly in the minority, these sections—ignored by many who write on Fools Crow—reflect the complexities of the cultural and ethical work of the narrative. Specifically, to borrow from Emmanuel Levinas, Fools Crow demonstrates that “ethics is an optics” (23); that is, we come to understand the ethical importance of the narrative by means of the narrative’s focalization, or how things are seen and understood. 2. Terminology Earlier critics addressing narrative strategies in Fools Crow appear to be working under the assumption that the narrative employs what Gerard Genette would call a nonfocalized narrator, or a narrator with zero focalization.3 Commonly, such narrators are unbounded in their scope or vision. [End Page 55] At first glance, this may appear to be true for the narrator of Fools Crow, who can relate the events taking place at various Blackfeet camps and move effortlessly between the actions of several characters who at various moments become the major actors of the story (such as Fools Crow, Yellow Kidney, and Fast Horse, to name a few...

The Cambridge companion to horseracing

People have been racing horses for thousands of years, all over the world. Yet horseracing is often presented as an English creation that was exported, unaltered, to the colonies. This Companion investigates the intersection of racing and literature, art, history and finance, casting the sport as the product of cross-class, cosmopolitan and international influences. Chapters on racing history and the origins of the thoroughbred demonstrate how the gift of a fast horse could forge alliances between nations, and the extent to which international power dynamics can be traced back to racetracks and breeding sheds. Leading scholars and journalists draw on original research and firsthand experience to create portraits of the racetracks of Newmarket, Kentucky, the Curragh, and Hunter Valley, exposing readers to new racing frontiers in China and Dubai as well. A unique resource for fans and scholars alike, reopening essential questions regarding the legacy and importance of horseracing today.

Hades’ Famous Foals and the Prehistory of Homeric Horse Formulas

Hades’ Famous Foals and the Prehistory of Homeric Horse Formulas Ryan Platte (bio) The adjective κλυτόπωλος (of famous foals) appears five times in early Greek poetry, thrice in the Iliad as an epithet of Hades, once in the fragmentary Hesiodic Catalogue in reference to the hero Ion, and later in a very brief fragment from Pindar where it refers to Poseidon.1 The Iliadic corpus, however, provides us the best forum for understanding the word’s usage in oral poetry and opens a special window into the generation of Homeric horse formulas generally.2 In what follows I will show that κλυτόπωλος and a wide array of Homeric expressions used to describe horses should be viewed as part of a unified network of historically and linguistically connected oral formulas. All of the formulas in this network will be shown to relate to ὠκέες ἵπποι (swift horses), one of the oldest and best attested formulas preserved in Greek from Indo-European poetry’s ancient past. I will argue that the origin of κλυτόπωλος is linked to a wide range of formulas that all convey the idea of “good horses” and that recognizing the position of κλυτόπωλος within this formulaic network helps us to chart the diachronic evolution of this network as a whole. This analysis will, I hope, prove especially useful since existing scholarship does not approach the epithet from the perspective of oral verse mechanics or consider its relationship to other Homeric formulas, but instead focuses exclusively on the mythological and religious significance of the term’s application to Hades, which is difficult to discern.3 Since I will argue that the Hadean epithet is an extension of a broad formula network, I will ultimately need to address the concerns of such scholarship and explain why such an extension to Hades makes sense, but my first and primary task is to investigate this and related terms’ function within the mechanics of oral verse. An exposition and analysis of this network must begin with the most basic of Homer’s equine formulas, the aforementioned ὠκέες ἵπποι (swift horses), the unique features of which provide a key to identifying related expressions. This formula itself is applied to horses quite frequently in the Iliad, but does not, of course, occur in only one shape, but rather in a range of grammatical forms. The following chart tallies the occurrences of the formula in its various forms in the Iliad (the phrase very rarely occurs outside of this text): Formula Il. ὠκέες ἵπποι / 10 ὠκέες … ἵπποι / 1 ὠκέας ἵππους / 18 ἵππους / ὠκέας 2 ἵππων ὠκειάων / 2 ἵππων … ὠκειάων / 1 At first glance this formula is relatively ordinary. Its declensional distribution, for example, is the most common: the accusative is most prolific, followed by the nominative, and then the genitive.4 In this case the dative and vocative are unknown.5 It also happens to be of very common shape and position. The two most common inflections of ὠκέες ἵπποι happen to be of the shape – ◡ ◡ – – and occur always at verse end, a very common formulaic shape and position. This formula does not occur outside of the plural. This is the most common and important equine formula in Homer, but there are several others that serve much the same semantic function even if they differ in precise diction. Through comparison of some of these formulas to ὠκέες ἵπποι we are able to identify a common underlying phonetic structure. Observe the following two formulas that are semantically related to the ὠκέες ἵπποι formula but that occur grammatically in the dual number rather than in the more common plural:6 Formula Il. ταχέ’ ἵππω 2 χαλκόποδ’ ἵππω 2 The formula, ταχέ’ ἵππω (fast horses), is essentially synonymous with ὠκέες ἵπποι, and χαλκόποδ’ ἵππω (bronze-footed horses), although not technically synonymous, does describe the horses’ feet.7 Their feet are the instrument of their speed, so there is a semantic overlap at the metonymic level. The most interesting element of these substitutions for the current argument is their phonic similarity to each other as well as the ὠκέες ἵπποι formula. In their first word, all the expressions contain an unvoiced velar stop, either of the unaspirated kappa variety, of ὠκύς, or that of its aspirated counterpart, khi, as in ταχέ’. The word χαλκόποδε even exhibits two unvoiced velars, one in echo of the other. Although ὠκέες ἵπποι itself does not appear in the dual, these alternative dual formulas bear a resemblance to...

A veterinary review of endurance riding as an international competitive sport

The popularity of competitive endurance riding is growing worldwide and this has led to considerable changes in the discipline (e.g., fitter and faster horses and different types of injuries), which create challenges to all involved in the sport, including veterinarians. During endurance competitions, horses are closely monitored by veterinarians throughout the ride, with the aim of removing from the competition animals whose welfare appears to be endangered. This close monitoring provides veterinarians with an insight into problems during competitions. However, there is a relatively small amount of clinically relevant, evidence-based data published on endurance horses, and this article reviews the evolution of the discipline, the published information on epidemiological data on endurance rides, the problems veterinarians face at competitions, and highlights those areas where research is warranted.

EFFECTS OF FASTING AND INTRALUMINAL CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT ON ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE EQUINE SMALL INTESTINE

The equine small intestine is challenging to evaluate ultrasonographically. In humans, hydrosonography has been used to improve ultrasonographic images of the small intestine. We hypothesized that fasting horses for 24 h would enhance the ability to image the small intestine transabdominally by separating intestinal loops and reducing intraluminal gas, and that the administration of intragastric contrast agent would further improve that ability. Ten healthy horses were examined ultrasonographically under three treatment conditions: (a) regular diet, (b) after a 24-h fast, and (c) fasted plus intragastric administration of water and mineral oil. During each phase of the study, 30-s video clips were obtained from four predetermined abdominal windows, and were examined to determine diagnostic quality. Fasting improved the ability to obtain high-quality images of the small intestine significantly. The addition of contrast agent resulted in qualitative improvement in image quality, but differences did not result in statistically significant improvement.

Where Are the Faculty?

If I had asked the people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses. —Henry Ford (Goodreads, 2010) Dstance, distributed, and online education programs and courses are growing in numbers ...

Evaluation of Factors Contributing to Daily Within-Horse Variation of Plasma Alpha-Tocopherol Concentration

The current study was conducted to evaluate daily within-horse variation of plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration (TOC) (Experiment 1 [EXPT1]) and to determine the effect of a single meal on plasma TOC (Experiment 2 [EXPT2]). In EXPT1, venous jugular blood samples were collected from four pregnant (6–7 months of gestation), light horse mares (8.8 ± 2.9 years of age, mean ± SD; range, 5–11 years of age) between 7:30 AM and 8:30 AM, followed by eight hourly samples, and analyzed for plasma TOC. All horses were fed 5 kg dry matter (DM) grass hay 18 hours before sample collection and received no additional feed during the sampling period. Mean within-horse coefficient of variation for TOC was 3.5% ± 0.01%. In EXPT2, seven mature light horses, four mares and three geldings (4.9 ± 4.4 years of age, mean ± SD; range, 2–14 years of age), were randomly assigned to one of two treatments (fasted [FST; n = 7] or fed [FD; n = 7]), followed by reversal of treatments 24 hours later. At 7:30 AM, FD horses were fed 2.1 kg DM grain-mix concentrate (187 IU vitamin E/kg DM) plus 3.3 kg DM mixed-grass hay, whereas FST horses received no feed. Neither group received any feed for 18 hours before 7:30 AM. Venous jugular blood samples were collected at 10:30 AM from all horses and analyzed for plasma TOC. The mean (±SD) within-horse paired-treatment difference was not significant (0.05 ± 0.12 μg/mL). The results suggest that variation in within-horse plasma TOC is relatively small over an 8-hour period in fasting horses and is unaffected 3 hours after a hay grain meal.