Fast Data Communication Research Articles

A two-step computer vision-based framework for bolt loosening detection and its implementation on a smartphone application

Bolt loosening detection is a labor-intensive and time-consuming process for field engineers. This paper develops a two-step computer vision-based framework to quickly identify bolt loosening angle from field images captured by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In step one, a total of 1200 image samples of bolted structures were used to train faster region based convolutional neural network (Faster R-CNN) for bolt detection from UAV captured images. In step two, computer vision-based technologies, including Gaussian filter, perspective transform, and Hough transform (HT), were performed to quantify bolt loosening angle. The developed framework was then integrated into web server and an iOS application (app) was designed to enable fast data communication between field workplace (UAV captured images) and web server (bolt loosening angle quantification), so that field engineers can quickly view the inspection results on their phone screens. The proposed framework and designed smartphone app greatly help field engineers to improve the accuracy and efficiency for onsite inspection and maintenance of bolted structures.

Internet of Things in Space: A Review of Opportunities and Challenges from Satellite-Aided Computing to Digitally-Enhanced Space Living.

Recent scientific and technological advancements driven by the Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), distributed computing and data communication technologies have opened up a vast range of opportunities in many scientific fields—spanning from fast, reliable and efficient data communication to large-scale cloud/edge computing and intelligent big data analytics. Technological innovations and developments in these areas have also enabled many opportunities in the space industry. The successful Mars landing of NASA’s Perseverance rover on 18 February 2021 represents another giant leap for humankind in space exploration. Emerging research and developments of connectivity and computing technologies in IoT for space/non-terrestrial environments is expected to yield significant benefits in the near future. This survey paper presents a broad overview of the area and provides a look-ahead of the opportunities made possible by IoT and space-based technologies. We first survey the current developments of IoT and space industry, and identify key challenges and opportunities in these areas. We then review the state-of-the-art and discuss future opportunities for IoT developments, deployment and integration to support future endeavors in space exploration.

A Survey from Real-Time to Near Real-Time Applications in Fog Computing Environments

In this article, we present a comprehensive survey on time-sensitive applications implemented in fog computing environments. The goal is to research what applications are being implemented in fog computing architectures and how the temporal requirements of these applications are being addressed. We also carried out a comprehensive analysis of the articles surveyed and separate them into categories, according to a pattern found in them. Our research is important for the area of real-time systems since the concept of systems that respond in real time has presented various understandings and concepts. This variability of concept has been due to the growing requirements for fast data communication and processing. Therefore, we present different concepts of real-time and near real-time systems found in the literature and currently accepted by the academic-scientific community. Finally, we conduct an analytical discussion of the characteristics and proposal of articles.

Design of novel models for optical communication with ultra-high non-linearity, birefringence and low loss profile

This study proposes two tellurite-based PCFs whose are OSOC-PCF (Octa-Spiral with Octagonal Cladding PCF) and DSHC-PCF (Dodeca-Spiral with Hexagonal Cladding PCF) designs with higher nonlinearity and higher birefringence. Result comparisons of proposed PCFs are mentioned and demonstrated in this research study. By applying the finite element method with the assistance of COMSOL Multiphysics, we have investigated and simulated guiding properties like nonlinear coefficient, birefringence, dispersion, bending effect, confinement loss, power fraction, effective material loss. Comparing both designs, the highest nonlinearity is gained by OSOC-PCF reaches up to 7333 W−1 Km−1 around 1.55 μm of wavelength and obtained birefringence of 5.85 × 10−2 wherein, a slight confinement loss occurs. The alluded PCFs possess an upstanding structure that associates operating an easy fabrication process. The convenience of propounded PCFs has plenty of purposes in polarization maintenance, optical communication, faster data communication, and super-continuum generation.

Reliable path identifying protocol in VANET

Objective: The objective of this work is to enhance Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for better communication through reliable routing scheme. Methods: In this paper, a reliable path selection algorithm is proposed to find the Most Reliable Path (MRP) between the source and destination vehicles. Reliable Path Ad-hoc On demand Distance Vector (RPAODV) is proposed for efficient route discovery in Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET). The algorithm divide network into manageable group and it maintains Cluster Member (CM) updates handling, Cluster Head (CH) re-selection, Cluster merging. The efficient routing decisions would lead to better communication in VANET. It is made by assigning dynamic and static information appropriately to the variables in process. The dataset used is both static and dynamic which is efficient in when compared with existing protocols. Findings: The finding of most reliable path in the network of VANET is carried out by the proposed reliable path selection algorithm. The algorithm divides the network as various parts that comprise the information of clustering. The clustering is the mechanism of grouping of nodes into clusters. Clusters possess members and head. The cluster head would be the point of initiation of communication and any node can be re-selected as cluster head. The members of clusters would be updated as per changes in clustering mechanism. The uniqueness of the proposed algorithm revealed through easy identification of vehicles to form a cluster, cluster members maintenance, and fast data communication over the network. The proposed RPAODV adds the extra fields for RouteREQuest (RREQ) and RouteREPly (RREP) messages (CH and CM information). It also works out for static and dynamic topology in good manner by the implementation of modified AODV algorithm. The scalability is also taken care by enhancing topology variant. The performance of the algorithm is measured and analyzed with the existing protocols and posted in graphs. Novelty: The simulation results show that the proposed work outperforms 60% than the existing schemes works Cluster-based VANET-oriented Evolving Graph( CVoEG), Leapfrog-Anti-Colony Optimization(LP-ACO) in terms of route reliability (0.11s high), packet delivery ratio (20% high), end to end delay (0.5 saverage), and throughput (10 kbps high). Keywords: VANET; Routing Protocol; RPAODV; Clustering; Reliable Routing; and Cluster message

Wideband monopole antenna with dual band rejection characteristics

Abstract A wideband printed monopole antenna with two rejection bands is proposed in this article. The antenna provides a wideband from 5.4 GHz to 17.2 GHz with two rejection bands covering 6.9 to 7.4 GHz and 8.3 to 9.2 GHz with two peak notch frequencies of 7.2 GHz and 8.6 GHz respectively. Tested peak gain at two peak notch frequencies of 7.2 GHz and 8.6 GHz are 2.5 dBi and −1.5 dBi respectively. These two rejection bands are effectively used to avoid undesired intrusion from the C band and the X band. The lower rejection band has been realized by cutting an open ring circular slot on the metal patch whereas U like slot has been inserted on the ground plane just beneath the feed line to achieve the upper rejection band. Simulated and tested S 11 parameter, gain, radiation efficiency, E-H radiation patterns, and surface currents of the antenna are presented here. The antenna uses small dimensions and it is very simple to design. The proposed antenna confirms that it is useful for short-range and fast data communication systems.

Authentication scheme for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles based Internet of Vehicles networks

New and advanced technologies have introduced amazing areas like the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). These two technologies are emerged to facilitate the ground users by providing more fast and convenient data communication services. Due to the open nature of these networks, security and user privacy is always a serious concern. Different types of security attacks have been noticed in these networks like jamming attacks, global positioning system jamming, signal jamming, and data jamming. The existing solutions have been designed to resolve and tackle security issues such as authenticity, insurance of data integrity, provision of correct message authentication, and removal of redundant authentication. However, existing schemes have some limitations in terms of computational costs and efficiency and do not provide security at all levels. This paper proposes an Efficient Authentication Scheme for Safety Applications for Internet of Vehicles (EASSAIV) for message authentication. The proposed scheme can gather, process, and verify the information delivered to roadside units, UAVs, or to the vehicles and authenticate the received messages. Proposed scheme achieved better performance as compared to state of the art scheme in terms of safety, packet loss, delay and computational cost.

Fully Integrated Data Communication Framework by Using Visualization Augmented Reality for Internet of Things Networks.

The new and integrated area called Internet of Things (IoT) has gained popularity due to its smart, objects, services and affordability. These networks are based on data communication, augmented reality (AR), and wired and wireless infrastructures. The basic objective of these network is data communication, environment monitoring, tracking, and sensing by using smart devices and sensor nodes. The dAR is one of the attractive and advanced areas that is integrated in IoT networks in smart homes and smart industries to convert the objects into 3D to visualize information and provide interactive reality-based control. With attraction, this idea has suffered with complex and heavy processes, computation complexities, network communication degradation, and network delay. This article presents a detailed overview of these technologies and proposes a more convenient and fast data communication model by using edge computing and Fifth-Generation platforms. The article also introduces a Visualization Augmented Reality framework for IoT (VAR-IoT) networks fully integrated by communication, sensing, and actuating features with a better interface to control the objects. The proposed network model is evaluated in simulation in terms of applications response time and network delay and it observes the better performance of the proposed framework.

Simulation of QPSK-based acoustic telemetry through drillstring

Faster data communication speed is required for better real-time drilling control. The fastest communication method currently in use is acoustic telemetry, with a maximum level of 20 bps. The communication speed is limited because the decay time of the chirp signal is about 1/20 second. In order to overcome the communication limitation due to the chirp signal interval, the QPSK modulation method was applied. This method of transferring data with a phase difference of the carrier frequency is a robust communication method commonly used in digital wireless communication. In this study, the FDTD (finite-difference time-domain) method was applied and the drilling noise taken at drilling sites was added to simulate the actual drilling site environment. According to the study results, the BER (bit error rate) should be less than 0.1 in order to recover data from signals received at the surface. The center frequency of the chirp communication method is about 650 Hz, and at this frequency, the attenuation of the sound wave energy according to the drilling depth is relatively high. To overcome the signal attenuation, it is necessary to install a signal repeater approximately every 1 km. In this study, by lowering the QPSK carrier frequency to 83.5 Hz, it was possible to communicate without a repeater up to a drilling depth of 3 km. In this case, the maximum communication speed possible is 167.5 bps, which is favored for faster and accurate real-time drilling control. In order to enable this communication, measures are required to overcome high level of drilling noise in the low frequency region. A design plan is needed to install acoustic attenuators in the ground receiver and increase the capacity of the signal exciter amplifier and battery in the transmitter section near the drill bit.

Volcano Routing: A Multi-Pipe High-Throughput Routing Protocol with Hole Avoidance for Multi-Beam Directional Mesh Networks

The emergence of multi-beam directional antennas (MBDAs) has paved the way for fast and high-throughput data communications by providing concurrent multi-directional transmissions. However, the existing routing protocols are not capable of utilizing the advantages of MBDAs. In this paper, we have developed a new routing scheme, called volcano routing, which can exploit the concurrent packet dispatching capability of MBDAs for high-throughput data delivery. Its topology resembles the flow of volcano lava and several routing “pipes” are used, which can detour around the network “holes” or blocked areas. The routing process consists of two phases: 1) Main path search phase: There is a main path at the core of each pipe. Multiple optimal main paths are formed that have a high potential of adding side nodes to enable multi-beam communications. A hierarchical scoring system and the performance metrics are used to evaluate the quality of the main paths. 2) Volcano establishment phase: The top-quality main paths are selected, and side paths are formed around each main path to establish the volcano pipes. A multi-beam traffic scheduling and dispatching policy is also proposed to achieve better performance. Our results show that the volcano routing scheme can exploit the advantages of MBDAs for achieving high data rates.

Visible Light Communication and Augmented Reality for Underground Positioning System

Visible Light Communication (VLC) technology allows wireless data transmission piggybacked by illumination. Highly accurate and reliable systems based on VLC, as Indoor Positioning System (IPS) have been already developed by academics and specialized companies. Underground Positioning System (UPS) addressed here is embedded into the protection equipment, compulsory to be used underground, being therefore important to workers in potential dangerous spaces since fast data communication and real-time data interpretation is therefore possible. This paper presents the VLC technology implemented in mining underground specific environment for an accurate positioning and fast data communication for underground navigation with the main aim of developing a real time warning and alarming system based on Augmented Reality (AR) and Neural Networks (NNs) principles.

Modeling of Coupled Cell Output Structures for the Klystrons

High-frequency, high-power klystrons proved to be significant for application in compact particle accelerators, high-resolution radars, and fast data communication systems. As most of the linear beam devices, the performance of the klystron deteriorates progressively with an increasing operating frequency due to the reduction of individual RF cavity impedances. Coupled cell structures can alleviate such degradation by extending the beam–wave interaction region. The accurate simulation of the klystron with the coupled cell structure relies on the resources and the time-consuming particle-in-cell (PIC) codes. To speed up the klystron design process, the coupled-mode theory was carefully reviewed and extended to facilitate the calculation of the complex spectra of the arbitrarily coupled cavity system and its interaction with the bunched electron beam. These new methods were implemented in the large signal klystron simulation code KlyC. The design and optimization of the Ku -band, low-voltage klystron is explained as a demonstration of the new technique’s effectiveness. The KlyC simulations have been thoroughly benchmarked with the CST PIC code and both codes showed a good (within 1%) agreement, while KlyC is significantly (about 100 times) faster.

Visible light wireless data communication in industrial environments

Significant implementations and encouraging results have already been achieved using visible light communication (VLC) technology for different applications from indoor to free space optics (FSO) and even underwater communication. The LED light fixtures are about to be used with dual functionality - illumination and fast wireless data communication - and when the technology will become mature enough, the general costs for both will considerably decrease. However, especially due to a complex multipath channel impulse response (CIR) evaluation, there are few research in VLC applied in industrial environments. At the same time, in the non-Line of Sight (NLoS) VLC setup with mobile optical transmitter (oTx) and fixed optical receiver (oRx) considered here, both the path loss and multipath-induced dispersion significantly limits the link performance. In this paper, we investigate the CIR into indoor industrial environments. We take into consideration both Intrinsic Optical Properties in Industrial Environments (IOPIEs) and Apparent Optical Properties (AOPs) in Industrial Environments. The VLC setup complexity such as oTx and oRx position and orientation, the geometry and the nature of the indoor surfaces (diffuse or specular) and appropriate positioning of both oTx and oRx required for a suitable implementation of the VLC. The VLC system proposed is also investigate in this work based on data acquisition, simulation and analysis according the ARX mathematical model.

Tithonus: A Bitcoin Based Censorship Resilient System

Abstract Providing reliable and surreptitious communications is difficult in the presence of adaptive and resourceful state level censors. In this paper we introduce Tithonus, a framework that builds on the Bitcoin blockchain and network to provide censorship-resistant communication mechanisms. In contrast to previous approaches, we do not rely solely on the slow and expensive blockchain consensus mechanism but instead fully exploit Bitcoin’s peer-to-peer gossip protocol. We develop adaptive, fast and cost effective data communication solutions that camouflage client requests into inconspicuous Bitcoin transactions. We propose solutions to securely request and transfer content, with unobservability and censorship resistance, and free, pay-per-access and subscription based payment options. When compared to state-of-the-art Bitcoin writing solutions, Tithonus reduces the cost of transferring data to censored clients by 2 orders of magnitude and increases the goodput by 3 to 5 orders of magnitude. We show that Tithonus client initiated transactions are hard to detect, while server initiated transactions cannot be censored without creating split world problems to the Bit-coin blockchain.

High-Performance Photoinduced Memory with Ultrafast Charge Transfer Based on MoS2 /SWCNTs Network Van Der Waals Heterostructure.

Photoinduced memory devices with fast program/erase operations are crucial for modern communication technology, especially for high-throughput data storage and transfer. Although some photoinduced memories based on 2D materials have already demonstrated desirable performance, the program/erase speed is still limited to hundreds of micro-seconds. A high-speed photoinduced memory based on MoS2 /single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) network mixed-dimensional van der Waals heterostructure is demonstrated here. An intrinsic ultrafast charge transfer occurs at the heterostructure interface between MoS2 and SWCNTs (below 50fs), therefore enabling a record program/erase speed of ≈32/0.4ms, which is faster than that of the previous reports. Furthermore, benefiting from the unique device structure and material properties, while achieving high-speed program/erase operation, the device can simultaneously obtain high program/erase ratio (≈106 ), appropriate storage time (≈103 s), record-breaking detectivity (≈1016 Jones) and multibit storage capacity with a simple program/erase operation. It even has a potential application as a flexible optoelectronic device. Therefore, the designed concept here opens an avenue for high-throughput fast data communications.

Analysis of Optical Backbone Fiber and Trace Report of Break Fiber by Using Optical Time Domain Reflectometer

Abstract Now a day all the telecommunication industries are using fibers for faster data communication and long distance communication. Fibers use light as the information and it is carried over long distances. Optical fiber has large advantages over a copper and co-axial cable because of its lower attenuation and interference. Optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) is also one of the important devices using in telecommunication industries to characterize an optical fiber. This article deals with the study of long distance backbone single mode fiber and their features are discussed with the use of an OTDR. The results of this article focused on the losses and breaks of the fiber with the events. The Single mode OTDR is used to find the events, losses and breaks of the backbone fiber between the two locations. This work will give a way to study the nature of optical fibers and understand the practical application of optical fiber communication.

Reliable and Faster Data Communication in MANET and VANET Based on Localization and Clustering Techniques

The concept of VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc Network) is derived from the idea of MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network), where each vehicle is considered as a mobile node. Localization technique based on the clustering methods is an important issue for both MANET and VANET. To find out the position of a node and also provide the link stability in the ad hoc network is a present research area from the researcher view. Now-a-days a large spectrum of work has already been done in clustering techniques in ad hoc network, especially in VANET. The clustering technique is very much useful for reliable and faster data communication in both the forms of networks. The objective of this paper is to provide an idea about the localization concept related to clustering method based on both GPS and GPS free situations in real world scenario.

Evalution of a RoF system using TSSB based SCM for multiplexing WCDMA based RF channels

In the advancing era of technology the need of fast, reliable and affordable data communication links are the threads weaving this huge world wide web. The biggest challenge for communication engineers is to handle a bulky traffic effectively so that the result is low cost communication. Till the second generation evolution of communication system the network was mostly RF based but with the evolution towards 3G the use of optical spectrum was also inherited. But, the after 3G technologies i.e. 4G onwards the communication network has adopted the optical networks along with the existing RF network to deliver fast and economical communication services with the efficient use of RoF (Radio over Fiber) systems. Through this paper we have studied the performance evaluation of as RoF (Radio of Fiber) system if we used WCDMA-RF signals to be sent over an optical fiber using a TSSB SCM technique. The results obtained shows the effects of various types of interferences on ENR (Energy per bit calculated under the effect of total interference to noise ratio) of the dedicated channel for traffic transmission in WCDMA-RoF systems.

On Efficient Minimization Techniques of Logical Constituents and Sequential Data Transmission for Digital IC

Objectives: In this paper, a systematic analysis is done on existing logical architecture of on-chip data transmission for a digital integrated circuit like System-on-a-Chip (SoC), Network on Chip (NoC), etc. for fast data communications. Analysis: For systematic comparisons, buses are categorized in different topology based on logical architectures and in the different protocol depending on their communication mechanism. The paper illustrates the operation of the arbiter mechanism. The paper present a systematic analysis of the topology and protocols based on sequential data transmission methods, the priority of accession mode, flexibility and compatibility and performance analysis for the cases of different logic structures and clock frequencies. Finding: Multiple buses are suitable to connect maximum number blocks to avoid the overloading effect on a single bus. The Matrix bus seems to be the best solution for attaining high-speed block data communication, but not energy efficient where as share bus is the most energy efficient bus but not suitable for high-speed operation. Several existing On-Chip Communication Architecture (OCBCA) in the literature and compare them according to their structure, advantages, limitations and application criteria to achieve full performance by minimized logical constituent and the different functional blocks using different communication channels and interconnections. Novelty: Comparison among the all existing on-chip interconnection topology, protocols and minimization techniques of logical constituents.

Nano-Dielectric Resonator Antenna Reflectarray/Transmittarray for Terahertz Applications

Nanoantennas have introduced wide bandwidth for fast data communications. The material properties of good conducting metals introduce plasmonic behavior at Terahertz frequencies. The material property of good conducting metals using Drude Lorentz model has been investigated. The radiation characteristics of nano-dielectric resonator antenna (NDRA) reflectarray at 633 nm have been investigated. A parametric study for the nano DRA unit cell dimensions and material has been introduced. A NDR with silver ground plane have been designed and analyzed. A nano-transmitarray unit-cell has been introduced for the analysis. A comparison between the radiation characteristics of 17×17 and 21×21 NDRA transmitarray has been given. A compromise between the nano-transmitarray size, maximum gain, and operating bandwidth is applied to Terahertz applications. The finite integral technique is used to carry a full wave analysis to design a NDRA reflectarray and a NDRA transmitarray.