Fasting State Research Articles

The impact of a low-calorie, reduced-fat diet on liver attenuation imaging: a randomized clinical trial.

To investigate whether a low-calorie, reduced-fat diet affects liver attenuation imaging (ATI) measurements. A total of 320 participants were enrolled in this prospective study. They were randomly assigned to four groups: a fasting group, a postprandial 0.5-hour examination group, a postprandial 2-hour examination group, and a postprandial 4-hour examination group. All participants first underwent liver ATI examination in a fasting state. Those in the postprandial groups then consumed a low-calorie, reduced-fat diet before undergoing a second ATI examination at 0.5h, 2h, or 4h after the meal. The ATI values were compared among the groups. The differences between postprandial and fasting ATI values were also analyzed for the postprandial groups. Additionally, the consistency of the grading diagnosis of hepatic steatosis between the postprandial and fasting states was evaluated in the postprandial groups. The ATI values for the 0.5h postprandial group, 2h postprandial group, and 4h postprandial group were not significantly different from those of the fasting group (P = 0.576, 0.471, and 0.992, respectively). No significant differences were noted in the ATI values recorded during the postprandial and fasting states within each of the postprandial groups (P = 0.573, 0.076, and 0.805, respectively). The kappa values for diagnostic consistency between the postprandial and fasting states across the three divergent criteria were 0.833-0.951, 0.812-0.855, and 0.737-0.862, respectively. A low-calorie, reduced-fat diet does not significantly affect liver ATI measurements or the grading of hepatic steatosis. However, the lack of representation of older adults and populations with higher BMIs in this study may limit its generalizability, with the lack of external validation as a limitation. These issues should be tested and confirmed in further studies. (ChiCTR2200062314, August 2022).

A maternal sweet diet is associated with the gut dysbiosis in the first trimester of pregnancy

BackgroundThe composition of maternal gut phylum in each trimester of pregnancy has been associated with fetal development, separately. Diet is a main effective factor on the gut composition of phylum. However, associations between dietary glycemic index (GI), load (GL) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) not studied with the gut population of phylum in mothers at the first trimester of pregnancy.Materials and methodsNinety healthy pregnant women aged 18–40 yrs, in the first trimester, were participated. Stool samples were gathered in a fasting state. Population of dominant phylum was determined after DNA extraction based on the 16SrRNA expression, as a housekeeping gene. Dietary intake was collected by a validated food frequency questionnaire and dietary indices were computed.ResultsThe Proteobacteria population was significantly higher in the gut of pregnant mothers than the other phylum (p < 0.001). Participants in the highest level of dietary GI had lower Bacteroidetes (p < 0.001) and Actinobacteria (p = 0.04) in their gut compared to the lowest level. Participants in the lowest level of dietary GL had higher Bacteroidetes (p < 0.001) and lower proteobacteria (p = 0.04) in their gut than the highest level. Dietary selenium showed a significant negative effect on the Firmicutes (p = 0.04) and Proteobacteria (p = 0.04), however positively affected the Actinobacteria (p = 0.01) population. Dietary zinc and manganese showed a negative effect on the Firmicutes population (p = 0.01 and p = 0.003). Zinc and vitamin E showed a negative effect on the Proteobacteria population (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03).ConclusionsA maternal diet with high GI and GL have been associated with the gut dysbiosis, however dietary intake of selenium, zinc, manganese and vitamin E act in favor of the intestinal eubiosis in the first trimester of pregnancy.

The association between gestational diabetes and fear of childbirth: a longitudinal register study

BackgroundGestational diabetes mellitus is a common condition known to be associated with pregnancy complications, larger fetus size and depression, and may therefore lead to increased concerns linked to childbirth. We sought to determine whether gestational diabetes mellitus is linked to fear of childbirth, and whether the possible association is mediated by depressive symptoms.MethodsThis study includes women who gave birth at the Kuopio University Hospital between 2019–2022 and had reported their level of fear of childbirth after gestational week 28 (n = 3293). Two outcome measures of fear of childbirth were used: self-rated intensity on a visual analogue scale, and obstetrician-confirmed diagnosis. Gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed based on plasma glucose concentrations in fasting state (≥ 5.3 mmol/l) and after a 75 g glucose load (one hour: ≥ 10.0 mmol/l, two hours: ≥ 8.6 mmol/l). The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess depressive symptoms in the third trimester. We performed logistic and linear regression analyses while adjusting for possible confounding factors and examined the controlled direct effect by including depressive symptoms in the model.ResultsGestational diabetes mellitus was associated with increased risk of fear of childbirth diagnosis (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.11─1.73) and higher levels of fear of childbirth (B = 0.31, 95% CI 0.09─0.53), but the associations were attenuated and no longer significant after further adjustments for body mass index and health behaviors (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 0.91─1.5; B = 0.11, 95% CI -0.13─0.35). Inclusion of depressive symptoms in the model attenuated the non-significant estimates further.ConclusionsThe observed association between fear of childbirth and gestational diabetes mellitus in previous studies may result from the lack of adjustments for confounding factors.

The transition from slow to fast wind as observed in composition observations

The solar wind is typically categorized as fast and slow based on the measured speed ( The separation between these two regimes is often set between 400 and without a rigorous definition. Observations with above this threshold are considered ``fast'' and are typically considered to come from polar regions; that is, coronal holes. Observations with below this threshold speed are considered ``slow'' wind and typically considered to originate outside of coronal holes. Observations of the solar wind's kinetic signatures, chemical makeup, charge state properties, and Alfvénicity suggest that such a two-state model may be insufficiently nuanced to capture the relationship between the solar wind and its solar sources. As heavy ion composition ratios are unchanged once the solar wind leaves the Sun, they serve as a key tool for connecting in situ observations to their solar sources. Helium ( is the most abundant solar wind ion heavier than hydrogen ( Long-duration observations from the Wind Solar Wind Experiment (SWE) Faraday cups show that the solar wind helium abundance has two distinct gradients at speeds above and below sim400 . This is a key motivator for identifying the separation between fast and slow wind at such a speed. We test this two-state fast--slow solar wind paradigm with heavy ion abundances ( and characterize how the transition between fast and slow wind states impacts heavy ion in the solar wind. We study the variation in the gradients of the helium and heavy ion abundances as a function of the solar wind speed and characterize how the gradient of each abundance changes in fast and slow wind. We calculate as the proton or hydrogen bulk speed. The work uses Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) heavy ion observations collected by the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) from 1998 to 2011. We compare the helium abundance observed by ACE/SWICS to the helium abundance observed by Wind /SWE to show that the results are consistent with prior work. We show that (1) the speed at which heavy ion abundances indicate a change between fast and slow solar wind as a function of speed is slower than the speed indicated by the helium abundance; (2) this speed is independent of heavy ion mass and charge state; (3) the abundance at which heavy ions indicate the transition between fast and slow wind is consistent with prior observations of fast wind abundances; (4) and there may be a mass or charge-state dependent fractionation process present in fast wind heavy ion abundances. We infer that (1) identifying slow solar wind as having a speed of lesssim may mix solar wind from polar and equatorial sources; (2) may be impacted by the acceleration necessary for the solar wind to reach the asymptotic fast, non-transient values observed at ; and (3) heavy ions are fractionated in the fast wind by a yet-to-be-determined mechanism.

Differences in Fasting Total Cholesterol Levels in Serum and Plasma Edta Samples Using Biosystem Ba200

Examination of total cholesterol levels in serum samples is more often used as an examination material, but serum samples often encounter difficulties due to insufficient blood volume or the condition of the serum being lysed due to poor sampling. Many studies have been conducted to look at total cholesterol levels using the anticoagulants EDTA, Sodium Citrate, and Sodium Oxalate to look at differences in total cholesterol levels, but not many studies have looked at tests of differences in total cholesterol test results during fasting with serum and EDTA. This study aims to determine differences in total cholesterol levels in the fasting state of EDTA serum and plasma samples using the BA200 biosystem. The type of research used was cross sectional, which was carried out at the Hematology Laboratory of the Palembang Muhammadiyah Institute of Health Sciences and Technology and the Palembang Health Laboratory Center. A sample of 30 people was taken purposively, female, and fasting for 10 hours. Based on the results of examining total cholesterol levels in a fasting state using the Biosystem BA200, the average result for serum samples was 4.8 mmol/L and the average for plasma samples was 4.7 mmol/L. Analysis was carried out using an independent sample T-test and the result was p = 0.00, the hypothesis was accepted. This research can conclude that there is a difference between the results of examining total cholesterol levels in fasting serum and EDTA plasma samples using the BA200 biosystem.

A Preliminary Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Δ-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol Extract Versus Oromucosal Spray in Healthy Men and Women.

Aim: Few studies have directly compared the bioavailability of different cannabinoid formulations. Our goal was to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters and relative bioavailability of two Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol:cannabidiol (THC:CBD) formulations: orally administered THC:CBD extract and oromucosally administered nabiximols. Methods: This pilot crossover study counterbalanced (1) 1 mL of orally administered THC:CBD extract (10 mg/mL each of THC and CBD in grapeseed oil) and (2) oromucosally administered nabiximols (four sprays of 2.7 mg THC and 2.5 mg CBD per spray, for a total dose of 10.8 mg THC and 10 mg CBD). Blood samples were obtained pre-dose and at 16 post-dose timepoints over 24 h. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for THC, 11-hydroxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), and CBD. Results: Twelve occasional cannabis users (6 male, 6 female) were tested under fasting conditions. Cmax for THC and CBD was significantly higher with significantly shorter half-lives for THC:CBD extract versus nabiximols. Cmax for nabiximols was significantly higher in males compared with females. Under both treatment conditions, THC and CBD were undetectable by 24 h post-dose, and 11-OH-THC was markedly reduced from its peak. No serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions: Little is known about the comparative pharmacokinetics of commercially available cannabis products. This pilot study shows that the extract formulation achieved higher THC and CBD concentrations within a shorter time frame than nabiximols. These findings may have implications for clinical populations using these formulations therapeutically. Future studies should examine multiple doses in the context of therapeutic outcomes to characterize the relative clinical utility of these formulations.

Autophagic activity in the midgut cells of three arachnids responds selectively to different modes of overwintering in caves.

Autophagy is a highly conserved metabolic process that regulates cellular homeostasis and energy supply by degrading dysfunctional and excess cell constituents and reserve materials into products that are reused in metabolic and biosynthetic pathways. Macroautophagy is the best studied form of autophagy in invertebrates. Starvation is a common stress factor triggering autophagy in overwintering animals. In arachnids, the midgut diverticula cells perform many vital metabolic functions and are therefore critically involved in the response to starvation. Here we studied macroautophagy in three species which apply different modes for overwintering in caves: the harvestmen Gyas annulatus in diapause, Amilenus aurantiacus with ongoing ontogenesis under fasting conditions, and the spider Meta menardi, which feeds opportunistically even in winter. The main goal was to find eventual qualitative and quantitative differences in autophagic processes by inspecting TEM micrographs. In all three species, the rates of midgut epithelial cells with autophagic structures gradually increased during overwintering, but were significantly lower in G. annulatus in the middle and at the end of overwintering than in the other two species, owing to metabolic activity having been more suppressed. Decomposition of mitochondria and glycogen took place in autophagic structures in all three species. Moreover, spherite disintegration in A. aurantiacus and a special form of lipid disintegration through "lipid bubbly structures" in M. menardi indicate the crucial involvment of selective autophagy, while no specific autophagy was observed in G. annulatus. We conclude that autophagic activities support overwintering in different ways in the species studied.

A critique of measurement of defective insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity as a precision approach to gestational diabetes.

Precision medicine approaches to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have categorised patients according to disease pathophysiology (insulin resistance, insulin insufficiency or both), and demonstrated associations with clinical outcomes. We aimed to assess whether using enhanced processing to determine indices of insulin secretion and sensitivity is analytically robust, reproducible in a different population, and useful diagnostically and prognostically in clinical practice. A total of 1308 pregnant women with one or more risk factors for GDM who underwent a 75 g OGTT at one of nine hospital sites were recruited to this observational study. Specimens were collected for determination of glucose levels using standard and enhanced procedures, HbA1c and insulin analysis. GDM diagnosis and management followed National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance. We categorised women into pathophysiological subtypes: insulin-resistant GDM (HOMA2-S < 25th centile of the population with normal glucose tolerance [NGT]), insulin-insufficient GDM (HOMA2-B < 25th centile), both or neither. We assessed associations with pregnancy outcomes using logistic regression. Using enhanced specimen handling, 1027/1308 (78.5%) women had NGT, with 281/1308 (21.5%) being classified as having GDM. Of this group, 135/281 (48.0%) had insulin-resistant GDM, 73/281 (26.0%) had insulin-insufficient GDM and 2/281 (0.7%) had both insulin-resistant and insulin-insufficient GDM. Unexpectedly, 71 patients (25.3%) had GDM with both HOMA2-S and HOMA2-B ≥25th centile (GDM-neither). This novel subgroup appeared to be relatively insulin-sensitive in the fasting state but developed marked post-load hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, suggesting an isolated postprandial defect in insulin sensitivity that was not captured by HOMA2-B or HOMA2-S. Women within most GDM subgroups had comparable pregnancy outcomes to those of normoglycaemic women, and HOMA2-B and HOMA2-S were weak predictors of pregnancy outcomes. Maternal BMI predicted a similar number of outcomes to HOMA2-S, suggesting that there was no additional predictive value in adding HOMA2-S. Similar findings were obtained when using different indices and standard specimen handling techniques. Precision categorisation of GDM using HOMA2-S and HOMA2-B does not provide useful diagnostic or prognostic information, but did distinguish a novel subgroup of patients with GDM, characterised by an isolated postprandial defect in insulin sensitivity.

Evaluation of Olaparib Tablet Safety and Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Chinese Male Subjects.

To evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of olaparib tablet test formulation (T) and reference formulation (R) in healthy Chinese male subjects. This was a single-dose, randomized-sequence, two-way crossover study including three parts: part A: a safety exploration design in lower dose (n = 14, 100 mg), part B: a pivotal comparative pharmacokinetic (PK) trial under fast condition (n = 44, 150 mg) and part C: a pivotal comparative PK trial under food condition (n = 44, 150 mg). Blood samples were collected for 72hours and the PK parameters of Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were used to evaluate PK differences. PK analysis of the two olaparib formulations showed that the Geometric Least Squares Mean (GLSM) ratio 90% confidence intervals for pivotal fasting Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were 94.82-108.97%, 92.94-104.28%, and 92.81-103.85%, respectively, and pivotal fed Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were 82.78-100.97%, 91.59-104.67%, and 92.17-104.76%, respectively. The 90% confidence interval of the two preparations, Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞, all fall within the equivalent range of 80-125%. Both olaparib tablet formulations were well tolerated, with no serious adverse events (SAE) or adverse events (AE) causing withdrawal occurred. Two types of olaparib tablets were bioequivalent under both fasting and fed condition, and were generally well tolerated in healthy Chinese male subjects.

Fast and effective adsorption of Ce3+ by phosphate-functionalized ZIF-67-derived layered double hydroxides

In this experiment, phosphate (sodium hexametaphosphate) was used as an intercalation modifier and ZIF-67 as a precursor mixed with Al(NO3)3·9H2O Nanolayered double hydroxides P-Co-Al-LDH with hexametaphosphate group intercalation were prepared in a hydrothermal environment and characterized by SEM, FT-IR, XRD, TGA, SEM and XPS. The adsorption performance of P-Co-Al-LDH and control Co-Al-LDH on Ce3+ under different adsorption conditions was firstly investigated by optimization experiments. It was determined that the best adsorption effect of P-Co-Al-LDH was achieved at pH=6, and the fast equilibrium adsorption state was achieved within 30 min, with the adsorption amount reaching 220.98 mg/g and the adsorption efficiency reaching 72.66%. In addition, kinetic, isothermal adsorption and thermodynamic modeling explored the adsorption mechanism of Ce3 + by nanodiamond P-Co-Al-LDH mainly the complexation of functional groups in sodium hexametaphosphate with metal ions greatly improved the adsorption performance. Several regeneration experiments were carried out to evaluate the stability and reusability of the adsorbent. After three cycles of adsorption, the adsorption efficiency was still maintained at 83.26%.

Utilization and validation of dried blood spot-based metabolomics in plasma-derived diagnostic models

Metabolomics has rapidly advanced in life sciences, enhancing our understanding of physiological conditions. Plasma stands out as a predominant sample type in metabolomics studies. Dried blood spot (DBS) has been recognized as a valuable strategy due to its unique characteristics, such as minimal invasiveness, small sample volume, and easy transport. Most large cohort studies construct the diagnostic model using plasma-based metabolomics rather than DBS. However, the comparability of metabolite measurements between DBS and plasma samples, as well as the integration of DBS-based metabolomics into established plasma-derived diagnostic models, remains unclear. We collected plasma and DBS samples from the same 12 healthy controls under fasting and non-fasting conditions and performed ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS)-based metabolomics. We identified 277 metabolites present in both plasma and DBS samples, with 229 (82.7 %) showing a strong correlation between the two sample types. Furthermore, pre-processing datasets from plasma and DBS samples before combining them effectively diminished inconsistencies between plasma- and DBS-based metabolomics without compromising the inherent classification within the data. For the clinical application, the plasma samples were obtained from the gastric cancer patients (n = 204) and the healthy controls (n = 128) to serve as the training cohorts. Additionally, DBS samples were collected from different participants of gastric cancer (n = 19) and healthy controls (n = 12) to validate the diagnostic model. Finally, DBS-based metabolomics were integrated into established plasma-derived gastric cancer diagnostic models, yielding an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.934. Overall, incorporating DBS-based metabolomics into an established plasma-derived diagnostic model holds promise, offering valuable opportunities and insights for diagnostic research and clinical practice.

Delivery of imiquimod to intestinal lymph nodes following oral administration

Intestinal lymph nodes are involved in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Tumours suppress the activation of dendritic cells (DCs) in draining lymph nodes, diminishing anti-cancer immune response. Imiquimod (IMQ) facilitates DCs activation via toll-like receptor 7, suggesting that targeted delivery of IMQ to intestinal lymph nodes can improve the treatment of CRC. This study aims to enhance the delivery of IMQ to intestinal lymph nodes by a highly lipophilic prodrug approach. Amide prodrugs were synthesised by conjugating IMQ with saturated and unsaturated medium- to long-chain fatty acids. Their potential for intestinal lymphatic transport was assessed by their affinity to chylomicrons and solubility in long-chain triglycerides. Further selection of prodrug candidates was determined by resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis in intestinal lumen and release of IMQ in the lymphatics using fasting state simulated intestinal fluid supplemented with esterases, brush border enzyme vesicles and plasma. Key pharmacokinetic parameters and biodistribution in rats were assessed for the most promising compounds, prodrugs 5 and 8. The plasma concentration–time profile of IMQ following oral administration of the prodrugs was less erratic in comparison to the administration of unmodified IMQ. The lymph-to-plasma ratios of IMQ concentration increased 1.9- and 1.7-fold using prodrugs 5 and 8 in comparison to administration of unmodified IMQ, respectively. Importantly, the average concentration of IMQ in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) was 11.2- and 7.6-fold higher than in plasma following the administration of prodrugs 5 and 8, respectively. Additionally, the non-specific wide distribution of IMQ into various organs and tissues was reduced with prodrugs. This work suggests that the highly lipophilic prodrug approach can efficiently deliver IMQ to intestinal lymphatics. In addition, this study demonstrates the feasibility of an amide prodrug approach for intestinal lymphatic targeting.

Anti-Sway Adaptive Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control Based on the Finite-Time State Observer for the Overhead Crane System

This work proposes an adaptive rapid terminal SMC (sliding mode control) approach based on the FFTSO (fast finite-time state observer) for overhead crane trajectory tracking and anti-swing control in the presence of external disturbances and parameter uncertainty. First, the system state observation under the constraint of unknown system parameters is accomplished by designing the FFTSO based on finite-time theory. Next, a parameter-adaptive fast terminal SMC is created for an overhead crane based on the model transformation. This technique can still monitor the intended trajectory and reduce payload swing even in cases when the payload mass and wire rope length are uncertain. Next, the Lyapunov theorem is used to demonstrate the stability of the overhead crane system’s positioning and anti-swing angle control mechanism. Lastly, the platform experiments confirm that the suggested closed-loop system control technique is successful.

Introducing of an Unexplored Aza-BODIPY Diradicaloids with 4-(2,6-Ditert-butyl)phenoxyl Radicals Located in 1,7-Positions of the Aza-BODIPY Core.

We have prepared and characterized two diradicaloid systems 5a and 5b that originated from the oxidation of a 1,7-(4-(2,6-di-tert-butyl)phenol)-substituted aza-BODIPY core. The aza-BODIPY diradicaloids were characterized by a large array of experimental and computational methods. The diamagnetic closed-shell state was postulated as the ground state in solution and a solid-state with the substantial thermal population originating from both open-shell diradical and open-shell triplet states observed at room temperature. Transient absorption spectroscopy indicates fast (<10 ps) excited state deactivation pathways associated with the target compounds' diradical character in solution at room temperature. Variable-temperature 1H NMR spectra indicate the solvent dependency of the diradical character in 5a and 5b. The diradicaloids could be stepwise reduced to the mixed-valence radical-anion and dianion states upon consequent single-electron reductions. Similarly, deprotonated 1,7-(4-(2,6-di-tert-butyl)phenol)-substituted aza-BODIPYs can be oxidized to the diradicaloid form. Both mixed-valence and dianionic forms exhibit an intense absorption in the NIR region. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations were used to explain the transformations in the UV-Vis-NIR spectra of all target compounds.

Changes in interlimb coordination induced by within-stride changes in treadmill speed.

During walking, interlimb coordination involves the right and left legs working together to achieve a desired movement. Previously, dynamic treadmill walking has been shown to drive asymmetric gait changes in healthy young adults through selectively changing the speed of the whole treadmill. Currently, the coordination demands of this novel walking environment are unknown and must be understood prior to assessing dynamic treadmill walking in clinical populations. We investigated the interlimb coordination requirements of dynamic treadmill walking in ten healthy young adults. We quantified interlimb coordination changes as phase shift (timing of maximum cross-correlation between limb angle trajectories of the left and right legs), center of oscillation (limb angle at midstance), and center of oscillation difference (oscillation angle difference between legs). We found that phase shift in the Fast trial (i.e., 1.0m/s treadmill speed in first 50% of gait cycle, 0.5m/s in latter 50%) was significantly more positive (i.e., the right leg oscillates ahead of the left leg in time) than in the Slow, Accelerate, and Decelerate trials (all p<0.01). The Fast trial produced significantly positive center of oscillation values on the right leg, indicating that the right leg is oscillating about a more flexed axis than the left. Center of oscillation difference was similarly more positive during the Fast trial than in the Decelerate (p<0.01) and Slow (p<0.01) trials. These results exemplify that some forms of dynamic treadmill walking change interlimb coordination to a greater extent than others. After several minutes of dynamic treadmill walking, interlimb coordination is changed relative to baseline walking in the spatial domain (Fast and Decelerate conditions) and the temporal domain (Fast and Slow). Therefore, dynamic treadmill walking is tunable in both biomechanical and interlimb coordination parameters, creating a variety of options for restoring gait symmetry in asymmetric populations.

A novel index for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Cholesterol, High density lipoprotein, and Glucose (CHG) index.

Gold standard methods of type 2 diabetes mellitus are expensive and therefore not practical for large scale studies in low-income countries. We have investigated the total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and glucose (CHG) index for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus index which is derived from fasting state. In this study we aimed to compare the accuracy of with CHG index and triglycerides (TG) and glucose levels (TyG) as surrogates of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 9,704 individuals between 35 and 65 years of age were recruited as part of the Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic disorder (MASHAD) study. They were categorized into two groups, those with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. The cut-off in groups to detection of type 2 diabetes mellitus was fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL in blood sample. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to establish the cut-off of indices to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of them. The best cut-off of CHG index for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 5.57 which was associated with a sensitivity of 70.38% and specificity of 89.82% values. This was in comparison to the TyG index. LR+ CHG index was 6.91 compared to 3.47 for the TyG index and the AUC of CHG index was 0.864 (0.857, 0.871) compared with 0.825 (0.818, 0.833) for the TyG index. This indicates that the CHG index has a higher efficiency value to diagnose of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The CHG index could be useful for the detection of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

High- and Low-carb Diet and Fasting State Modify Alternative Maximal Accumulated Oxygen Deficit.

This investigation aimed to assess whether the alternative method of estimating the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAODalt) can detect changes in energy system contribution in different substrate availabilities. Following a graded exercise test to determine maximal oxygen uptake intensity (iVO2max), 26 recreational runners performed a time to exhaustion effort (TTE) as baseline at 110% iVO2max. The same TTE was performed in fasting state, then, a muscle glycogen depletion protocol was executed. Subsequently, participants received a low-carbohydrate diet and beverages containing high (H-CHO, 10.8±2.1 g·kg- 1), moderate (M-CHO, 5.6±1.1 g·kg- 1), or zero (Z-CHO, 0.24±0.05 g·kg- 1) carbohydrates. Another TTE was performed 24 h later. Each energy system contribution was assessed. Generalized linear mixed models were used for statistical analysis (p<0.05). H-CHO increased relative anaerobic capacity (slope effect [baseline -intervention]x[H-CHO - M-CHO]) due to the relative lactic contribution maintenance (slope effect [baseline - intervention]x[H-CHO - Z-CHO] or [H-CHO - M-CHO]) and increase in relative alactic contribution (6.3±3.5 kJ·min- 1). The aerobic contribution was lower (- 8.7±4.0 kJ·min- 1), decreasing performance (- 34±16 s) for H-CHO. M-CHO and Z-CHO maintained anaerobic capacity due to increase in alactic contribution (slope effect [fasting - intervention]x[M-CHO - H-CHO]; and Z-CHO was 7.3±3.4 kJ·min- 1 higher than baseline). Fasting increased relative alactic (2.9±1.7 kJ·min- 1) but decreased aerobic contribution (- 3.3±2.3 kJ·min- 1), impairing performance (- 17±12 s). In conclusion, MAODalt can detect changes in energy system supply in different nutritional states. Therefore, participant's nutritional state must be considered prior to conducting the test.

Using a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Age-Related Variations in Anthropometric Indices and their Association with Cardiometabolic Health in Adult Men

Background. Age-related changes in anthropometric indices and their association with cardiometabolic health markers are crucial for understanding health risks in adult men. Objectives. The study aimed to assess age-related variations in anthropometric indices and their correlation with health markers, highlighting potential cardiometabolic health risks in adult men. Materials and methods. A total of 200 men, aged 26 to 50 years, from Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR), India, were sampled using a multistage random sampling technique and divided into 5 age groups, each including 40 individuals. This study examined variations in body measurements such as the hip circumference (HC), waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), and neck circumference (NC) across different age groups, as well as their relationship to health markers like HbA1c and lipid profile. Anthropometric measurements were taken in a standardized environment, and blood samples were taken under fasting conditions for lipid profile and HbA1c measurement. With SPSS software, descriptive statistics, a one-way ANOVA, and the Pearson correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data. Results. Significant age-related differences were found in NC and WC, with NC increasing from 39.61 ± 2.53 cm to 41.20 ± 2.63 cm and WC rising from 89.68 ± 12.08 cm to 98.80 ± 9.90 cm, indicating a trend toward central obesity. BMI and HC showed no considerable variation across age groups. A one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in NC (F = 3.586, p = 0.008) and WC (F = 6.020, p = 0.005). Pearson’s correlations indicated that NC, BMI, and WC were positively correlated with triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL levels (p &lt; 0.05), while no notable correlations were observed for HbA1c. Conclusions. The study underscores the existence of significant age-related increases in NC and WC, suggesting heightened risks of abdominal obesity and cardiometabolic health issues in older men. Monitoring these anthropometric indices is vital for the early detection of health risks in adult males.

Gastrointestinal hormones and subjective ratings of appetite after low-carbohydrate vs low-fat low-energy diets in females with lipedema – A randomized controlled trial

Ketosis seems to attenuate, or prevent, the rise in both ghrelin concentrations and subjective hunger ratings that follow weight loss. However, most of the previous studies have employed very-low energy diets (VLED) and are therefore limited in terms of generalizability. To compare changes in ghrelin plasma concentrations after a low-carbohydrate (LCD) versus an isocaloric low-fat low energy diet (LED) in females with lipedema. Secondary objectives were to determine potential differences between diets in changes in satiety hormones, and subjective ratings of appetite. Females with obesity and lipedema were randomized to either an LCD (75g carbohydrates) or low-fat diet (180g carbohydrates) for 8 weeks. Plasma concentrations of ghrelin, peptide YY, cholecystokinin (CCK), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and subjective ratings of appetite were measured in the fasting and postprandial states, pre and post intervention. 55 females (30 in LCD) were included (age 47.9±11.3 years, BMI 36.8±5.1kg/m2). Both LCD and low-fat groups lost weight (10.3%, P<0.001 and 7.3%, P<0.001, respectively), but the LCD lost significantly more. No within or between groups differences were found for ghrelin in the fasting state. A reduction in postprandial (tAUC) ghrelin was seen only in the LCD group (P=0.002), and this change was significantly different from the low-fat group (P=0.046). The LCD group also reported an increase in postprandial (both iAUC and tAUC) fullness ratings (P=0.035 and P=0.005, respectively), but this was not significantly different from the low-fat group (P=0.703 and P=0.365, respectively), despite the latter experiencing no change (P=0.127 and P=0.152, respectively). Conversely, only the low-fat group reported increased hunger in fasting (P=0.046), but changes were not significantly different from the LCD group (P=0.711). A decrease in postprandial (both tAUC and iAUC) CCK was observed in both LCD and low-fat diet groups (P≤0.005 for all). Despite no changes in fasting ghrelin concentrations in either of the diet groups, a reduction in postprandial ghrelin and increased fullness was seen in the LCD group. These favorable changes in appetite in the LCD group might have contributed to the greater weight loss observed in this group. NCT04632810, Effect of Ketosis on Pain and Quality of Life in Patients With Lipedema (Lipodiet).

Dermal and Systemic Pharmacokinetics of Oral DFD-29 (minocycline hydrochloride modified release capsules, 40 mg) vs Oral Doxycycline 40 mg in Healthy Subjects

Dermal and Systemic Pharmacokinetics of Oral DFD-29 (minocycline hydrochloride modified release capsules, 40 mg) vs Oral Doxycycline 40 mg in Healthy Subjects Adelaide A. Hebert, MD,1 Srinivas Sidgiddi, MD2 1UTHealth Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX; 2Journey Medical Corporation, Scottsdale, AZ Introduction: A modified-release, low-dose formulation (DFD-29) of minocycline hydrochloride (HCl) is under investigation for the treatment of rosacea. This Phase 1 study compared the dermal and systemic pharmacokinetics of DFD-29 (minocycline HCl, 40 mg) and doxycycline 40 mg in healthy, adult subjects. Methods: This randomized, open-label, single-center, parallel-group study evaluated the systemic and dermal pharmacokinetics of once-daily administration of oral DFD-29 40 mg capsules or oral doxycycline 40 mg for 21 days in healthy adult volunteers. On Day 1, subjects received the assigned study drug under fasting conditions. Blood was sampled before drug administration, every 30 minutes for 4 hours, hourly for 4 hours, and 12 and 24 hours post dose. Dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) was sampled using three open-flow microperfusion probes before dosing, hourly for 8 hours, and at 11-12, 15-16, and 23-24 hours post dose. After discharge, subjects continued to take assigned study drug once daily through Day 21, when they returned to the center and underwent the same procedures as on Day 1. Safety was evaluated by monitoring adverse events (AEs), vital signs, and laboratory tests. Results: A total of 24 subjects were randomized and completed the study. On Day 1, mean plasma Cmax levels with DFD-29 (382.8 ng/mL) and doxycycline (405.9 ng/mL) were comparable (Pr &gt; 0.716). By Day 21, mean plasma Cmax had nearly doubled with doxycycline but remained constant with DFD-29 (701.9 vs 337.7 ng/mL; Pr &gt; 0.037). Mean plasma AUC was also significantly greater with doxycycline than with DFD-29 at Day 21 (6074.8 ng.hr/mL vs 3957.6 ng.hr/mL, Pr &gt; 0.013). In contrast, mean dermal Cmax concentrations were numerically higher with DFD-29 (40 mg) than doxycycline at Day 1 (109.7 vs 81.5 ng/mL; Pr &gt; 0.117) and Day 21 (125.7 vs 114.7 ng/mL; Pr &gt; 0.681). The mean dermal AUC at Day 1 also was greater with DFD-29 than with doxycycline (1412.29 ng.hr/mL Vs 1088.55 ng.hr/mL, Pr &gt; 0.213), and at Day 21 it was similar in the two groups (1604.77 ng.hr/mL for DFD-29 and 1573.63 ng.hr/mL for doxycycline, Pr &gt; 0.954). Both DFD-29 and doxycycline 40 mg were well tolerated by the healthy volunteers. Conclusion: Minocycline from DFD-29 with its modified-release formulation provides higher dermal concentration than doxycycline from Day 1 onwards at a similar dose. The higher concentration from Day 1 at the site of action is expected to translate into a clinically meaningful impact in the treatment of patients with rosacea. This study and abstract are funded by Journey Medical Corporation.