Fast Ferries Research Articles

A resistance model for hydrofoil fast ferries with fully submerged foil systems

This paper introduces an algorithmic method for the design and resistance prediction of hydrofoil vessels for fast ferry applications, using only design speed and mass as input parameters. A database of resistance estimates has been created and shared online. Furthermore, a simple model is introduced for the extension of the results to off-design speeds.The efficacy of the models is demonstrated through three case studies. Firstly, the importance of accounting for the power requirement during take-off is investigated, concluding that a simple assumption of constant speed yields accurate energy estimates for routes exceeding approximately six nautical miles.Case study number two entails a comparative analysis of hydrofoil vessel resistance to that of slender catamarans across a wide range of vessel sizes and speeds. The results reveal a potential for reducing the energy requirement of passenger fast ferries by 30% to 50% through the use of hydrofoils.The paper concludes with an investigation into the influence of surface roughness on hydrofoil resistance, indicating significant deteriorating effects even at moderate roughness levels.

Ship Performances CFD Analysis of Hydrofoil-Supported High-Speed Catamaran Hull Form

Fast ferries with efficient fuel use are becoming increasingly in demand as fossil fuels become more in short supply and metropolises expand all over the globe in coastal and estuarine environments. These criteria need to be fulfilled by the Hydrofoil Supported Catamaran (HYSUCAT). A catamaran with wings between its demi hulls is known as an HYSUCAT, and it combines the positive traits of both the catamaran (manoeuvrability, big deck area) and the wing in-ground vehicle (excellent lift-to-drag ratio). In this research, a concept design Delft-372 catamaran is refitted with a high Reynolds number foil system to lower its overall resistance. The numerical solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations employing the k-w SST turbulence model is used to simulate the flow around a high-speed catamaran with a hydrofoil. According to the simulation findings, the hydrofoil-assisted catamaran was determined to be a viable alternative to the current catamaran. This is due to a significant decrease in the overall resistance of the ship, reaching up to 42%, as well as notable improvements in pitch angle, reaching up to 26%.

An efficient method for unsteady hydrofoil simulations, based on Non-Linear Dynamic Lifting Line theory

This paper presents a Non-linear Dynamic Lifting Line (NDLL)-based method for analysing hydrofoil vessels in waves. The method is validated, and its utility is demonstrated in a case study.The NDLL accounts for dynamic and 3D effects through a panellized wake and allows the evaluation of the pressure distribution on hydrofoils. Improved models are presented for wake deformation, wake composition, hydrofoil interaction, and the viscous core of vortex wake models. Furthermore, an efficient way of accounting for Green function terms through a matrix interpolation method is presented.Validation is performed by comparison with aerodynamic and hydrodynamic experiments and new 3D RANS simulations. The RANS simulations focus on geometries and operating conditions deemed representative of hydrofoiling fast ferries. Predictions of steady and dynamic lift, drag, wake velocities and cavitation inception are evaluated, and results correspond well with the benchmark data.A simulator framework is introduced, which integrates the hydrodynamic model with kinetics, kinematics, and control system models. This enables analyses of free-running vessels under active control, including assessments of resistance, motions, and the hydrofoil pressure distribution.The case study constitutes a qualitative verification of the simulator and flight control tuning methods, and reveals the possibility of negative added resistance in waves.

Bow slamming detection and classification by Machine Learning approach

Identification of slamming events during ship navigation is typically based on the fulfillment of multiple conditions evaluated on sensor data. Alternatively, Machine Learning (ML) algorithms can be trained to capture slamming events by analyzing features from measurement signals. The feasibility of using supervised ML techniques is here presented by processing data from a segmented-model of a fast ferry tested in the towing-tank. The extensive test conditions provided a suitable dataset for ML training and comparing the accuracy of results with a physics-based identification model. The slamming identification problem is addressed at two levels: simply counting of slams, and classification of slams into three different groups. A challenging aspect is related to imbalanced data, due to minority of slamming classes, calling for meaningful evaluation metrics. The considered ML models are eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Supporting Vector Machine and Decision Tree for the detection problem, along with meta-models to deal with classification. A maximum F1-score of 72.4% is reached in slamming detection, while the best weighted F1-score for classification is 84.3%, both obtained with XGBoost. Reducing the number of analyzed features, as in the case of sensor failure, still provides good performance metrics, demonstrating the versatility of the ML approach.

An Efficient Method for Design and Powering Prediction of Fast Slender Catamarans

This paper presents a parameterized and mathematically defined hull shape that can be tuned to represent modern passenger fast ferries. Additionally, a resistance calculation model for high-speed slender round-bilge catamarans is presented.The resistance model builds on established theory, but incorporates novel contributions in the modeling of the wake hollow downstream of transom sterns and the form factors of slender catamarans. To generate systematic data on wake hollow length and form factors, 3D RANS simulations are employed, and the suggested models are evaluated by comparing them with these simulations.A validation study is conducted, indicating that the resistance model can provide accurate results for typical fast ferry catamaran hulls at design draft and reduced drafts. Furthermore, it is shown that the combination of the proposed hull geometry and resistance calculation models can yield reliable predictions for the power requirement of existing vessels. This enables accurate power prediction in cases when limited hull geometry information is available. The hull geometry model is made available through open-source code.

PLATFORM APPROACH FOR MODULARISING BATTERY ELECTRIC FAST FERRIES

AbstractThe transportation sector is responsible for a relevant share of the total emissions and offers great potentials. It is necessary to implement as many zero-emission mobility systems as possible in the shortest time. For fast ferries, which are a relevant transport manner for a large share of the global population, technical issues could be solved and the successful operation was demonstrated. Up to today high-speed ships have been fully individually designed because physical effects demand for an individual optimisation for each use-case. Specifically for battery electric ships the overall efficiency is crucial to ensure not only an ecological but also economical operation.With today's methods the design and production of such an individual designed ferry does take too long. To cover the rising demand, new approaches for mass production need to be established.In this paper we describe a method for designing a platform for ships with the example of a battery electric fast ferry. The focus is on the actual modularisation, as other aspects like requirements or results of our example case are published elsewhere and are therefore just included briefly.The method is validated on the world's first battery powered high-speed ferry.

STATUS GIZI, KEBIASAAN SARAPAN PAGI DAN KELELAHAN KERJA PADA PEKERJA KAPAL CEPAT (FAST FERRY) PT. BALI EKAJAYA

Fatigue is mental or physical fatigue that makes it difficult for a person to work comfortably and effectively. One of the factors contributing to reducing the level of work fatigue is by fulfilling worker nutrition so as to improve health. The risks of burnout include work-related stress, work-related illnesses and work-related accidents. This study aims to analyze the relationship between nutritional status, breakfast habits and work fatigue among employees of fast ferry shipping companies. This type of research used an analytic survey with a cross sectional study approach. This research was carried out at Sengig Port, West Lombok Regency, Nusa Tenggara. The sample of this research is the entire crew of the three fast boat fleets with a total of 41 samples. The research variables are nutritional status, breakfast habits and work fatigue. Nutritional status data is obtained by directly measuring body weight and height. Breakfast data was obtained by interviewing using a 24-hour recall form. Fatigue data was obtained using a fatigue questionnaire. The results showed that most of the workers used to have breakfast, almost 68.3%. Respondents who had normal nutritional status were 51.2% and workers who experienced mild fatigue were 58.5%. Statistical test results for breakfast with nutritional status obtained p = 0.01, statistical tests for breakfast with fatigue obtained p = 0.23, and statistical test results for nutritional status with fatigue obtained p = 0.37. there is a relationship between breakfast, nutritional status and fatigue in workers but there is a relationship between breakfast habits and nutritional status in fast boat company employees at Senggigi port

Quantification of ferry traffic in the Canary Islands (Spain) and its implications for collisions with cetaceans

The Canary Islands, known for their high cetacean species diversity, have witnessed a rapid expansion of fast ferry traffic during the past few years. At the same time, ship strikes have been repeatedly documented. In this paper an overview of the inter-island ferry traffic in the archipelago is given. Ferry types in use (normal, fast and high speed vessels) are described, and the transects on which they operate are identified. To quantify the extent of the inter-island ferry traffic, three parameters were determined: (1) the actual transects from the different ports on the islands; (2) the number of journeys made per week on each transect; and (3) the length of each transect. Resulting numbers indicate that normal ferries travel approx. 66,000km, fast ferries travel approx. 570,000km and high speed ferries travel approx. 845,000km between islands each year. Fast and high speed ferry traffic is concentrated in the western islands. Areas of high risk for ship strikes within the archipelago are identified by comparing the location of transects with known areas of high cetacean abundance. It is argued that the Canary Islands are a hot spot for vessel-whale collisions and that a policy to counteract this situation is urgently needed.

The Effect of Service Quality on Domestic Tourist Satisfaction at Sanur - Nusa Lembongan Sea Transportation: A Case Study at D'camel Fast Boat

Studies on tourists’ satisfaction have been an area of interest for many scholars, however, the satisfaction of tourists visiting Nusa Lembongan, Bali by fast boat has not been given attention. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the effect of the service quality of D’Camel Fast Ferry on domestic travelers’ satisfaction. Using five dimensions of service quality, which are reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangible and using simple regression technique analysis with SPSS 23 device. There were 100 respondents in this research, using Purposive Sampling as the sampling technique. The data was collected by using interviews and questionnaires. The result of the research showed that the quality service of D’Camel Fast Boat influence 50,2% of satisfaction among domestic travelers. The results showed that the service quality level is good, and the satisfaction level of domestic travelers is good. The service quality of D’Camel Fast Boat must be increased so travelers could feel satisfied with the service given.

ACTIVE CONTROL OF VERTICAL ACCELERATION WITH T-FOIL AND TRIM TAB SYSTEMS IN A FAST FERRY

This study is concerned with the active T-foil placed near the bow on the keel line of the fast ferry and two active trim tab controls placed at the stern to improve the maritime performance of a fast ferry, whilst improving the comfort and safety of passengers and crew. In the scope of the study, the vertical direction of the fast ferry under the random head waves, heave and pitch motions were taken into account. For the control of T-foil and trim Tabs, PID and LQR control methods were used. The purpose of these controllers is to reduce the acceleration of the heave and pitch motions of the fast ferry by changing the operating angles of the T-foil and trim tab wings. A random wave model was created using the Pierson-Moskowitz model, and simulations were done assuming that the fast ferry was subjected to random head waves. Finally, in order to see the effect of vertical acceleration on passengers, the rate of seasickness (MSI) change of the fast ferry in uncontrolled and controlled states was examined. Mathematical models of fast ferry, T-foil and trim tab and their simulations were carried out in MATLAB / Simulink environment. The simulation results show that T-foil and trim tab Active systems can effectively reduce vertical acceleration by improving heave and pitch motions.

Direct Measurement of Motion on Fast Ferries

This paper describes a new identification method for the fast ferry motions by using the direct measurements on the ship’s board. The inertial sensor type of the Analog Devices (ADIS) 16364 is selected as a as suitable instrument to measure accelerations and velocity of the ship motions namely heave, pitch, and roll in time domain. Furthermore, the ship motion responses are transferred as the energy spectral density in frequency domain which are identified using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. For the case study, the measurement equipment was placed on the navigation room of MV. Dumai Line 12 recording in 15 minutes within ship voyage from Bengkalis to Batam in September 2021. Finally, the natural frequencies of heave, pitch, and roll motions are identified about 0.568 rad/s, 0.117 rad/s, and 0.227 rad/s, respectively.

Waves in waterways generated by moving pressure field in Boussinesq equations using unstructured finite element model

A finite element model for depth integrated form of Boussinesq equations is presented. The equations are solved on an unstructured triangular mesh using standard Galerkin method with mixed interpolation scheme. The elemental integrals are calculated analytically and time-stepping is done using Runge–Kutta 4th order method. It is extended to simulate ship-generated waves using moving pressure fields. The unstructured formulation provides the flexibility of mesh refinement as needed, for capturing wave transformation or moving pressure field. The model is verified against experimental and numerical results for wave transformation over the Whalin shoal. The results for moving pressure field are compared against numerical results from FUNWAVE. Further, a simulation of ship navigating a curved path is presented. Finally, a real-life application and validation against field measurements is provided for waves generated by a fast ferry moving along a GPS tracked path in Tallinn Bay, Estonia.

FATIGUE RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF WELDED JOINTS OF VERY FAST FERRY ACCOUNTING FOR VEHICLE LOADS

This work deals with the fatigue reliability assessment of a welded joint in a longitudinal stiffener of trapezoidal shape in a very fast ferry. Based on the analysis of wave and cargo induced loads the ship hull structure is evaluated. The local structure is represented by a longitudinal stiffener with a trapezoidal transverse section. The critical hot-spots and the stress distributions are defined by FEM. The fatigue damage assessment of considered hot spots is analysed accounting for the combination of wave induced and car-breaking transient loadings. The formulation for the assessment of the welded steel joint is based on the S-N approach and FORM/SORM techniques are applied to evaluate the reliability against fatigue failure accounting for corrosion deterioration. The structural system composed by several hot spots is evaluated as a series system based on second order reliability bounds.

ON THE STABILITY OF FAST FERRY IN DAMAGE SCENARIOS

The ro-ro ships are characterized by a large garage compartment extending from stern to bow. Damage conditions, heavy weather and large floodable spaces could create serious accidents, with the loss of life and goods at sea, both for conventional ferries and fast ferries. The occurred accidents showed the need of a more accurate approach to the damaged ship stability in waves, also in head sea and following sea conditions, because of the great movements of water on the car deck. With this aim a tool for analysing the ship response in wave with damaged compartments has been developed and applied on a typical fast ferry. The ship dynamic is simulated in time domain, including non-linear effects, taking into account critical scenarios on the damaged ship. The applications regard ship grounding, assuming head sea, modelled by regular wave. In addition to that, also the particularly critical condition of a transversal wind heeling moment has been applied to compute non symmetrical behaviour. Moreover the stability problems arising from the presence of trapped water in the garage compartment are investigated assuming the same environmental scenarios.

System Based Ship Design for Fast Ferry

Design is a complex process where creativity and analytical skills are needed for success. At present, the development of design methods has moved towards field practice rather than theory. The main objective of this research is to determine the design of fast ferry to transport passengers from Sorong to other coastal areas in West Papua. The method used in this fast ferry design is the System Based Ship Design (SBSD) method which uses a strategy to reduce the number of loops to find the best concept by giving greater emphasis to the analysis of functions. The design study begins with a mission statement and establishes the main function requirements. Then find the area and volume needed on each deck that is determined by using life size experiment and model test experiment to determine the initial main dimensions. Then, alternatives to be evaluated against the relevant framework conditions. The results of this study is catamaran fast ferry design with a load capacity of 100 passengers and has a speed of 40 knots. It has main dimensions of length of 40,387 m, breadth of 11.02 meters, and draft of 1.5 meters. It is propelled by water jet propulsion and aluminium material applied.

On the Possible Introduction of Mini Gas Turbine Cycles Onboard Ships for Heat and Power Generation

The recent coming in force of MARPOL 2020 restrictions on shipping pollutant emissions highlights a growing interest in current times towards cleaner means of transport. One way to achieve more sustainable vessels is represented by updating onboard engines to suit current regulations and needs: Gas Turbines are not a novelty in the field and, despite the few applications in commercial shipping so far, this technology is again under evaluation for different reasons. Indeed, it is still a preferred choice in navy, where swift maneuvering is a key factor; it is employed by fast ferries and hydrofoils for its high power/weight ratio; it has been recently applied to LNG carriers to burn boil-off gas in a more efficient way and several studies in literature suggest its possible introduction on large Cruise Ships. Since there seems to be a lack of research concerning small size units, the present work attempts to evaluate the possible usages of Mini Gas Turbine Cycles in the range of 1 to 10 MW of electric output for heat and power generation onboard commercial vessels dedicated to passenger transport. For this purpose, a statistical analysis on existing operating vessels up to 2020 was made, to eplore main engine sizes; a literature review was carried out to find representative onboard heat demands. Once the main vessel electrical and thermal requirements were evaluated, Mini Cogenerative plants based on Gas Turbines were designed within the identified boundaries and compared with state-of-the-art Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines on estimated global performance, dimensions and weights.

Assessing anthropogenic risk to sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) for reintroduction into San Francisco Bay.

Southern sea otters have been actively managed for their conservation and recovery since listing on the federal Endangered Species Act in 1977. Still, they remain constrained to a geographically small area on the central coast of California relative to their former coast-wide range, with population numbers far below those of the estimated optimal sustainable population size. Species managers have discussed reintroducing southern sea otters into parts of their historic range to facilitate sustained population growth and geographic range expansion. San Francisco Bay (SFB), historically home to several thousand sea otters, is one location identified as a candidate release site for these reintroductions. The return of sea otters to SFB could bring benefits to local ecosystem restoration and tourism, in addition to spurring sea otter population growth to meet recovery goals. However, this is a highly urbanized estuary, so sea otters could also be exposed to serious anthropogenic threats that would challenge a successful reintroduction. In light of these potential detriments we performed a spatially-explicit risk assessment to analyze the suitability of SFB for southern sea otter reintroduction. We looked at threats to sea otters specific to SFB, including: the impacts of vessel traffic from commercial shipping, high-speed ferries, and recreational vessels; environmental contaminants of methylmercury and polychlorinated biphenyls; major oil spills; and commercial fishing. Factors that influenced the relative threat imposed by each stressor included the spatio-temporal extent and intensity of the stressor and its mitigation potential. Our analysis revealed the complex spatial and temporal variation in risk distribution across the SFB. The type and magnitude of anthropogenic risk was not uniformly distributed across the study area. For example, the central SFB housed the greatest cumulative risk, where a high degree of vessel traffic and other stressors occurred in conjunction. The individual stressors that contributed to this risk score varied across different parts of the study area as well. Whereas vessel traffic, particularly of fast ferries, was a high scoring risk factor in in the north and central bay, in the south bay it was environmental contaminants that caused greater risk potential. To help identify areas within the study area that managers might want to target for release efforts, the spatially-explicit risk map revealed pockets of SFB that could provide both suitable habitat and relatively low overall risk. However in some cases these were adjacent or in close proximity to identified high-risk portions of habitat in SFB. This predictive suitability and risk assessment can be used by managers to consider the spatial distribution of potential threats, and risk abatement that may be necessary for sea otters to re-occupy their historic home range in SFB.

DENİZ ULAŞIMINDAN KAYNAKLANAN GÜRÜLTÜ KİRLİLİĞİNİN BELİRLENMESİ: BURSA GÜZELYALI ÖRNEĞİ

Transportation noises are among the important noise sources in urban areas. Sea transportation is one of the important reasons for preferring it because it has many advantages such as providing trade and interaction between countries through existing sea connections, being more economical and faster than other transportation routes. This study was carried out in order to determine the noise pollution caused by the sea vehicles belonging to the Bursa Sea Buses (IDO) Bursa operation located in Guzelyali, Mudanya district of Bursa province. The highest noise value measured for the fast ferry was 72 dBA and the lowest noise value was 61.6 dBA. The highest noise value measured for the sea bus was recorded as 73.8 dBA and the lowest noise value as 60.1 dBA. According to the Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise (RAMEN), noise emitted from transportation vehicles on waterways is expected to not exceed 65 dBA in the daytime and 60 dBA in the evening. However, it was determined that the noise values measured in the study exceeded the limit values given in the RAMEN most of the time.

Fatigue crack growth of new FML composites for light ship buildings under predominant mode II loading condition

The use of light but strong materials is largely studied in various area of the shipbuilding, this because the need of reducing the weight, and especially the weight of all the structures above the main deck assume primary importance for the stability. Traditionally in fast boats like fast ferries, hydrofoils, patrol boats, the typical materials are Aluminum alloy or composites, both those materials have advantages and disadvantages, but the new development of technologies made possible to combine them, in order to have a new material, combining the advantages of both, in terms of fatigue resistance, firefighting characteristics. In this paper, predominant mode II fatigue delamination tests of fiber metal laminates made of alternating layers of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheets and unidirectional E-Glass/epoxy laminates are presented. Several experimental tests are carried out employing the End Notched Flexure fixture and a progressive damage model is used to simulate the damage accumulation in the aluminum-composite interface, in the localized area in front of the crack tip, where micro-cracking or void formation reduce the delamination strength during fatigue tests. In particular, the numerical model is based on the cohesive zone approach and on the analytical definition of a damage parameter, directly related to the fatigue crack growth rate da/dN. The numerical model, implemented in ANSYS environment, uses a fracture mechanics-based criterion in order to determine the damage propagation. In particular, the study has allowed to determine the damage model constants that are used for numerical verification of the experimental results.

Commuter Exposure to Black Carbon, Fine Particulate Matter and Particle Number Concentration in Ferry and at the Pier in Istanbul

This paper presents measurements and analyses of the concentrations of black carbon (BC), particle number concentration (PNC), and PM2.5 (≤2.5 μm) while commuting by ferries in Istanbul. In this context, exposures to the mentioned pollutants were estimated for car ferry, fast ferry, and at the piers, and for two travel routes, for a total of 89 trips. BC, PNC, and PM2.5 measurements were simultaneously performed in a ferry and at the piers, and the correlation between pollutant concentrations, meteorological parameters, and environmental factors were analyzed. The mean concentrations for all pollutants in car ferry were lower than the average concentrations in fast ferry. The concentration ratios of fast ferry to car ferry for BC, PNC, and PM2.5 were 6.4, 1.2, and 1.3, respectively. High variability in the concentrations was observed at the piers and in ferry during berthing. The highest mean concentrations (±standard deviation) of BC (14.3 ± 10.1 µg m−3) and PNC (42,005 ± 30,899 pt cm−3) were measured at Yalova pier. The highest mean concentration (±standard deviation) of PM2.5 (26.1 ± 11.5) was measured at Bostancı pier. It was observed that the main external sources of BC, PNC, and PM2.5 at the piers were road transport, residential heating, and shipping activity. There were no significant correlations between BC, PNC, and PM2.5 in fast ferry, while BC was positively correlated with PNC (r = 0.61, p < 0.01) and PM2.5 (r = 0.76, p < 0.01) in car ferry. At the piers, significant relations between pollutants and meteorological variables were observed. It was noticed that there was no significant difference between summer and winter in ferry and at the pier concentrations of BC, PNC, and PM2.5 except for Yenikapı pier and Bakırköy pier. The highest total exposure to PNC and PM2.5 was in car ferry mode, while the highest total exposure to BC was in fast ferry mode.