Fast Charging Of Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Porous current collector for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries

Porous current collector for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries

Reconstructable Carbon Monolayer-MoS2 Intercalated Heterostructure Enabled by Atomic Layers-Confined Topotactic Transformation for Ultrafast Lithium Storage.

The intercalation structure of two-dimensional materials with expanded interlayer distance can facilitate mass transport, which is promising in fast-charging lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the designed intercalation structures will be pulverized and destroyed under tough working conditions, causing overall performance deterioration of the batteries. Here, we present that an intercalated heterostructure made of the typical layered material of MoS2 intercalated by N-doped graphene-like carbon monolayer (MoS2/g-CM) through a polymer intercalation strategy exhibits a unique behavior of reversible reconstructability as an LIB anode during cycling. A mechanism of "carbon monolayers-confined topotactic transformation" is proposed, which is evidenced by substantial in/ex situ characterizations. The intercalated heterostructure of MoS2/g-CM featuring a reconstructable property and efficient interlayer electron/ion transport exhibits an unprecedented rate capability up to 50 A g-1 and outstanding long cyclability. Moreover, the proposed strategy based on g-CM intercalation has been extended to the MoSe2 system, also realizing reconstructability of the intercalated heterostructure and improved LIB performance, demonstrating its versatility and great potential in applications.

One-step pore diffusion mechanism of Li+ in solid electrolyte interphase for fast-charging lithium-ion battery

One-step pore diffusion mechanism of Li+ in solid electrolyte interphase for fast-charging lithium-ion battery

Electrochemical-Thermal-Mechanical Coupling Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries under Fast Charging

Thermal runaway and volume expansion caused by temperature rise under fast charging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the major reasons of battery explosion and cycle performance degradation. In this work, considering the radiation heat transfer on the battery surface, an electrochemical-thermal-mechanical coupling model of cylindrical LIBs under fast charging (state of charge (SOC) ≤80%) is developed in order to investigate the distributions of the temperature and stress. Then, choosing 18650 LIBs as the object, the charge efficiency, temperature, and stress distributions are compared between fast charging and galvanostatic operation under SOC≤80%, respectively. Finally, the influences of the thickness, particle radius, the maximum lithium-ion concentration of the cathode, and initial electrolyte concentration on the temperature, radial stress, and hoop stress of LIB during charge are explored, respectively. Numerical results show that fast charging improves 20.8% of the charge efficiency. Increasing the cathodic thickness and decreasing the cathodic maximum lithium-ion concentration or initial electrolyte concentration can reduce the temperature of LIB during the charge. The results of this work will provide some reference value for the design of LIBs under fast charging.

FeNb11O29 and related niobate anodes for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries: a review

AbstractThe main request to be fulfilled for the wide distribution of electric vehicles is the availability of fast-charging lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, fast charging accelerates the degradation of a battery, particularly at ambient temperature, and the main responsible one is the anode compartment. The research is indeed devoted to developing new anode materials for LIBs with outstanding performances at high rates. FeNb11O29 (FNO), a double shear phase, also known as a Wadsley–Roth phase, with an intrinsic pseudocapacitance, was recently proposed as anode in LIBs, thanks to its high theoretical capacity (400 mAh g−1), high operating voltage (~ 1.6 V vs Li+/Li) and an amazing structural stability. In this review, after the discussion of strengths and weaknesses of FNO, the structural features of both its polymorphic forms, with a particular focus on the niobium and iron neighbourhoods, will be described. Then, the working mechanism and the structure-electrochemistry relationships will be treated, with an in-depth analysis of the pseudo-capacitive behaviour, i.e., the key to understand its electrochemical performances. The strategies to mitigate its main drawbacks, i.e., the poor electronic conductivity and the limited lithium diffusion, will be also dealt with. In the final paragraph, the electrochemical performances of some other analogues niobates will be briefly described.

Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Testing on Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Battery’s Capacity Fading

Fast charging technology provides a solution to the issue of charging time for power supplies with long life requirements. However, it will shorten the charging period while also hastening the power battery’s capacity degradation, reducing its service life. The ultrasonic inspection technique has been widely used for the internal structure detection and reaction process characterisation of lithium-ion batteries because of its nondestructive testing properties. This paper presents a method for monitoring the capacity attenuation of a fast-charging battery by calculating the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient α. The experimental findings indicate that the battery’s capacity is more vulnerable to lithium plating during high-rate charging. The parameter α can be employed to illustrate the energy dissipation characteristics of sound as it propagates through the electrode. Moreover, the inhomogeneous ageing of battery electrode material is observed and quantified based on the differences in acoustic signals, which provides new insights into battery health management and uneven ageing assessment.

Interfacial carbon tailoring of porous SiOx/carbon nanotube hybrids towards high-rate lithium storage

Fast charging Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is highly required with the massive development of the electric vehicle market. Integrating silicon with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has shown great promise for constructing high-rate anodes of LIBs. However, current reported silicon axially coated CNTs electrodes fail to provide a robust conductive connection within the interfacial layer, causing unsatisfactory rate performance. In this paper, a series of novel coaxial hollow nanocables of SiOx/C coated CNTs composite were presented based on a simple sol–gel method and subsequent calcination. Due to the uniform composition of carbon and SiOx at sub-nanometer scale in the coating layer, a strong 3D conductive network is formed between the internal carbon nanotubes and the neighboring electrode particles. When utilized as LIBs anodes, such novel hybrids manifest high reversible capacity (511 mA h g−1 remained after 500 cycles at 0.5 A g−1), high-rate capability (232 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1) and ultra-long high-current cycling stability (396 mA h g−1 remained after 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1). The structural characterization and electrochemical dynamics analysis show that the synergistic effect of abundant mesoporous channels in the coating layer and strong carbon 3D conductive network makes this unique composite structure exhibit excellent electrochemical performance. This work sheds novel light on the wisely design of advanced Si-based anodes with enhanced fast charging performance.

Balancing the Ion/Electron Transport of Graphite Anodes by a La-Doped TiNb2O7 Functional Coating for Fast-Charging Li-Ion Batteries.

A functional coating layer (FCL) is widely applied in fast-charging lithium-ion batteries to improve the sluggish Li+ transport kinetics of traditional graphite anodes. However, blindly increasing the Li+ conductivity for FCL reduces the overall electron conductivity of the anodes. Herein, we decoupled the effect of La-doping on TiNb2O7 (TNO) in terms of the phase evolution, Li+/electron transport, and lithiation behavior, and then proposed a promising La0.1TNO FCL with balanced Li+/electron transport for a fast-charging graphite anode. By optimizing the doping concentration of La, more holes are introduced into the TNO as electron carriers without causing lattice distortion, thus maintaining the fast Li+ diffusion channel in TNO. As a result, the graphite with La0.1TNO FCL delivers an excellent capacity of 220.2 mAh g-1 (96.3% retention) after 450 cycles at 3 C, nearly twice that of the unmodified one.

High Voltage Electrolyte Design Mediated by Advanced Solvation Chemistry Toward High Energy Density and Fast Charging Lithium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractElectrolyte is critical for transporting lithium‐ion (Li+) in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, there is no universally applicable principle for designing an optimal electrolyte. In most cases, the design process relies on empirical experiences and is often treated as highly confidential proprietary information. Herein, a solvation structure‐related model for the quantitative design of electrolytes is introduced, focusing on the principles of coordination chemistry. As a paradigmatic example, a high‐voltage electrolyte (i.e., 4.5 V vs anode) aimed at achieving a high energy density and fast charging LIB, which is specifically composed of an emerging, well‐constructed hybrid hard carbon‐silicon/carbon‐based anode, and lithium cobalt oxide cathode, is developed. Not only the functions of each electrolyte component at the molecular scale within the Li+ solvation structure are analyzed but also an interfacial model is introduced to elucidate their relationship with the battery performance. This study represents a pioneering effort in developing a methodology to guide electrolyte design, in which the mutual effects of the Li+ de‐solvation process and solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the electrode surface are explored concurrently to understand the root cause of superior performance. This innovative approach establishes a new paradigm in electrolyte design, providing valuable insights at the molecular level.

Amorphous Anode Materials for Fast-charging Lithium-ion Batteries.

Fast-charging technology is set to revolutionize the field of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), driving the creation of next-generation devices with the ability to get charged within a short span of time. From the anode perspective, it is of paramount importance to design materials that can withstand continuous Li+ insertion/deinsertion at high charging rates and still remain unaffected by factors such as mechanical fractures, electrolyte side reactions, polarisation, lithium plating and heat generation. Herein, the recent advancements in the design of amorphous materials as anodes for fast-charging LIBs have been discussed. While the development of this particular class of materials for application in high-rate anodes has been paid limited attention in recent literature, it holds immense promise for improving the fast-charging capabilities. This concept summarizes the recent strides made in this emerging field, outlining the strategies employed in the design of amorphous anodes and emphasizing the crucial role played by the amorphous nature in achieving fast-charging performance. Further, the successive initiatives that can be undertaken to drive the progress of amorphous materials for fast charging LIBs have also been detailed, which could potentially improve their commercial viability.

Surface Decoration of TiC Nanocrystals onto the Graphite Anode Enables Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries.

To significantly reduce the charging time of commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), it is essential to control the surface properties of graphite anodes because the charging process involves sluggish interfacial kinetics between graphite and the electrolyte. For the effective surface modification of graphite, herein we demonstrate the surface decoration with titanium carbide (TiC) nanocrystals onto graphite particles via a simple wet-coating process. The high electrical conductivity, low Li+ adsorption energy, and small surface diffusion barrier of the TiC nanocrystals facilitate fast Li+ adsorption and migration in the graphite surface by reducing the overpotential upon the charging process. The feasibility of the TiC nanocrystal-decorated graphite (TiC@AG) anode is thoroughly examined with an in-depth understanding of the interfacial reaction mechanism. Furthermore, the full-cell with a commercial cathode (LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2) and TiC@AG anode demonstrates an impressive capacity retention (94.5%) after 300 cycles under fast-charging condition (3 C-charging and 1 C-discharging) without any sign of Li plating. The charging time of the TiC@AG full-cell was estimated at 16.2 min (80% of state of charge), which is substantially shorter than that of the artificial graphite full-cell. Our findings offer practical insights into the design principles of advanced graphite anodes, contributing to the realization of fast-charging LIBs.

High-Rate SiO Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Enabled by Rationally Interfacial Hybrid Encapsulation Engineering.

The development of a high-rate SiO lithium-ion battery anode is seriously limited by its low intrinsic conductivity, sluggish interfacial charge transfer (ICT), and unstable dynamic interface. To tackle the above issues, interfacial encapsulation engineering for effectively regulating the interfacial reaction and thus realizing a stable solid electrolyte interphase is significantly important. Hybrid coating, which aims to enhance the coupled e-/Li+ transport via the employment of dual layers, has emerged as a promising strategy. Herein, we construct a hybrid MXene-graphene oxide (GO) coating layer on the SiO microparticles. In the design, Ti3C2Tx MXene acts as a "bridge", which forms a close covalent connection with SiO and GO through Ti-O-Si and Ti-O-C bonds, respectively, thus greatly reducing the ICT resistance. Moreover, the Ti3C2Tx with rich surface groups (e.g., -OH, -F) and GO outer layers with an intertwined porous framework synergistically enable the pseudocapacitance dominated behavior, which is beneficial for fast lithium-ion storage. Accordingly, the as-made Si@MXene@GO anode exhibits considerably reinforced lithium-ion storage performance in terms of superior rate performance (1175.9 mA h g-1 at 5 A g-1) and long cycling stability (1087.6 mA h g-1 capacity retained after 1000 cycles at 2.0 A g-1). In-depth interfacial chemical composition analysis further reveals that an inorganically rich interphase with a gradient distribution of LiF and Li2O formed at the electrolyte/anode interface ensures mechanical stability during repeated cycles. This work paves a feasible way for maximizing the potential of SiO anodes toward fast-charging lithium-ion batteries.

Fluorine-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers Grafted Graphite Anode Inducing a LiF-Dominated SEI Inorganic Layer for Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries.

The electrochemical kinetic processes of Li+ ions, including the desolvation of the Li+ ions from the electrolyte to the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), the transportation of desolvated Li+ ions across the SEI, and the charge transfer at the interface between the SEI and graphite, determine the rate performance and cycling stability of the graphitic anode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this work, fluorine-terminated self-assembled monolayers were grafted on the surface of spherical graphite particles to regulate the chemical composition and structure of SEI formed on the graphite surface in the presence of conventional ester electrolytes. The comprehensive characterization and first-principles calculation results illustrate that a uniform LiF-dominated SEI film can be generated on the as-functionalized graphite anode due to the carbon-fluorine bonds' cleavage of fluorine-terminated self-assembled monolayers. The LiF-dominated SEI film is particularly beneficial for desolvated lithium-ion transport across the SEI, affording LiCoO2//graphite full cells with substantially enhanced fast-charging capability and cycle stability. This strategy should be potentially useful for modifying other anode materials to regulate the interfacial chemistry between the anode and electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries.

Fast-charging graphite anode for lithium-ion batteries: Fundamentals, strategies, and outlooks

The basic requirements for lithium-ion batteries in the field of electric vehicles are fast charging and high energy density. This will enhance the competitiveness of electric vehicles in the market while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and effectively preventing environmental pollution. However, the current lithium-ion batteries using graphite anodes cannot achieve the goal of fast charging without compromising electrochemical performance and safety issue. This article analyzes the mechanism of graphite materials for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries from the aspects of battery structure, charge transfer, and mass transport, aiming to fundamentally understand the failure mechanisms of batteries during fast charging. In addition, we review and discuss recent advances in strategies for optimizing fast-charging performance and summarize current improvement methods in graphite electrodes, electrolytes, battery structures, and charging algorithms. Moreover, the challenges and promising concepts for developing future fast-charging graphite anode are emphasized. This review is of great significance for better designing and optimizing graphite materials for high-safety and fast-charging lithium-ion batteries.

3D Pathways Enabling Highly-Efficient Lithium Reservoir for Fast-Charging Batteries.

Enhancing the mobility of lithium-ions (Li+ ) through surface engineering is one of major challenges facing fast-charging lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In case of demanding charging conditions, the use of a conventional artificial graphite (AG) anode leads to an increase in operating temperature and the formation of lithium dendrites on the anode surface. In this study, a biphasic zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-AG anode, designed strategically and coated with a mesoporous material, is verified to improve the pathways of Li+ and electrons under a high charging current density. In particular, the graphite surface is treated with a coating of a ZIF-8-derived carbon nanoparticles, which addresses sufficient surface porosity, enabling this material to serve as an electrolyte reservoir and facilitate Li+ intercalation. Moreover, the augmentation in specific surface area proves advantageous in reducing the overpotential for interfacial charge transfer reactions. In practical terms, employing a full-cell with the biphasic ZIF-AG anode results in a shorter charging time and improved cycling performance, demonstrating no evidence of Li plating during 300 cycles under 3.0C-charging and 1.0C-discharging. The research endeavors to contribute to the progress of anode materials by enhancing their charging capability, aligning with the increasing requirements of the electric vehicle applications.

Early prediction of knee point and knee capacity for fast-charging Lithium-ion battery with uncertainty quantification and calibration

Early prediction of knee point and knee capacity for fast-charging Lithium-ion battery with uncertainty quantification and calibration

Multiscale Correlative Imaging Reveals Sequential and Heterogeneous Degradations in Fast-Charging Batteries

Fast-charging lithium-ion batteries provide a promising solution to addressing the range anxiety of electric vehicles (EVs) but they face challenges in durability and safety. Kinetically-driven lithium-plating on the anode is...

In-Operando Detection Method for Lithium Metal Deposition during Fast Charging of Lithium-Ion Batteries Derived from Impedance Modeling

Lithium-ion batteries play a key role in the electrification of the transport sector. However, to replace combustion engines with battery-powered electric drive trains, the fast charging capability is essential. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the optimum operating window for lithium-ion cells. A strict criterion for optimization is to prevent lithium metal deposition at the anode, as this undesired side reaction can pose serious safety risks. An efficient technique to optimize charging strategies while tracking lithium plating is needed, as existing approaches have limitations such as a lack of in-line capability, low time precision, or complex experimental setups. In this study, a simple lithium metal deposition detection method is derived from a three-electrode setup. This in-operando method is applied during fast charging using dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. To model the acquired impedance spectra, a novel equivalent circuit is developed. The model is used to elucidate characteristic impedance features of anodes with deposited lithium metal. These observed characteristic features are then applied to a simplified measurement method in full cells using a single-frequency signal. The precision and high temporal resolution of both methods are demonstrated through validation. Furthermore, the simplified method can be applied in in-operando applications, making it suitable for diverse research and industrial contexts.

In-Situ Convertible Amorphous Silicon Nitride (SiNx) Anode: Resolving the Long-Term Cyclic Instability of Silicon

Silicon (Si) has shown its promises as anode material for next-generation high-energy lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity1. However, its practical application has been impeded by the severe cyclic instability caused by a large volume change during (de) lithiation. Recently, a new family of silicon-based anode materials called “in-situ convertible-type anode materials” has emerged to resolve the cyclic instability of silicon.2,3 This family includes sub-stoichiometric oxides, nitrides, and carbides of silicon (SiAx, where A = N, C, O). The working principle of these materials follow two mechanisms: (1) irreversible conversion and (2) reversible alloying/dealloying. During initial lithiation, the conversion reaction occurs, forming Si-Li nanodomains inside a stable Li-conductive matrix denoted as LiySixA (A=N, C, O). In the subsequent cycles, the Si-Li nanodomains reversibly alloying/dealloying with Li, while the Li-conductive matrix ensures stable cycling and good rate capability. Such composition mitigates the challenges associated with Si’s large volume change ensuring long-term cyclic stability.In this study, we demonstrate our approach on the development of silicon-rich, sub-stochiometric, amorphous silicon nitride (SiNx) nanoparticles, as an in-situ convertible-type anode material and its long-term cyclic performance for LIBs. In this approach, the SiNx nanoparticles are produced via the decomposition of silane gas in the presence of ammonia using an industrially scalable, free space reactor (FSR), which is developed and customized in our research institute (IFE) (Fig. 1a). Proper proportions of silane and ammonia gases are introduced into the reactor, leading to the nucleation and growth of SiNx nanoparticles. The synthesized SiNx nanoparticles exhibited Si-rich domain and amorphous structure with particle size between 100 nm - 200 nm (Fig. 1b), as confirmed by SEM, TEM and XRD characterizations. The presence of nitrogen in silicon dominated composition is revealed by energy dispersive electron spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The scalability and reproducibility of the FSR synthesis method makes it a promising approach for the industrial production of SiNx for advance anode materials for LIBs.The electrochemical performance of the synthesized SiNx anode is evaluated by galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical performance of the SiNx performed on the electrodes with the active mass loading of 0.987 mg/cm2 and cycled at C/5 rate has preserved its capacity about 852 mAh/g after around 600 cycles. As seen from Fig. 1c, the improved cyclic stability of the SiNx compared with pure silicon indicates that the Li-conductive matrix plays crucial role in stabilizing the anode. The authors emphasize the need for further investigation and collaboration, particularly in advance characterization, to better understand the composition and mechanisms of the Li-conductive matrix in the SiNx anode. Such detailed understanding can significantly benefit the conversion-type anode materials for their widespread use in future LIB technologies.References Zuo, X., Zhu, J., Müller-Buschbaum, P. & Cheng, Y.-J. Silicon based lithium-ion battery anodes: A chronicle perspective review. Nano Energy 31, 113–143 (2017).Ulvestad, A. et al. Stoichiometry-Controlled Reversible Lithiation Capacity in Nanostructured Silicon Nitrides Enabled by in Situ Conversion Reaction. ACS Nano 15, 16777–16787 (2021).Kilian, S. O. et al. Active Buffer Matrix in Nanoparticle-Based Silicon-Rich Silicon Nitride Anodes Enables High Stability and Fast Charging of Lithium-Ion Batteries. Advanced Materials Interfaces 9, 2201389 (2022). Figure 1

Surface chemistry induced robust SEI on graphite surface via soft carbon coating enables fast lithium storage

The realization of fast-charging lithium-ion batteries with long cycle life using graphite anode is typically hindered by the uncontrollable lithium plating on graphite surface. Herein we have systematically investigated the effects of soft carbon coating on SEI properties and Li+ storage capability. A variety of analytical studies combined with three-electrode impedance measurement and interface analysis demonstrate that the carbon coating effectively mitigates the formation of resistive films on the graphite surface, leading to facilitated charge transfer and low energy barrier. The depth-profiling XPS analysis clearly shows that the formation of a uniform, robust and LiF-rich SEI plays a dominant role in enhancing the interfacial kinetics, whereas the Li+ diffusion in bulk electrode is merely affected. As a result, the graphite anode with carbon coating exhibits enhanced fast-charging performance and cycle life, including a capacity retention ratio of 98.3 % after 100 cycles at 2C-CV. In general, this work reveals the critical role of coating layer chemistry in regulating the SEI properties and Li+ storage performance, which provides a valuable guidance for the rational design of practical graphite anode for fast-charging.